Utility Engineers, PC. Generation Transmission Distribution.
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Electric Utility Infrastructure Norman P. Baron, PE and James J. Havrilla, PE, Esq.
Pennsylvania Municipal Electric AssociationOctober 15, 2015
Utility Engineers, PC
Generation Transmission Distribution
Utility Components
Generation - electric energy generation takes primary energy (fuel resources) to create a secondary form of energy (electricity).
Transmission – process of transferring electric energy from one location to another in an electric power system.
Distribution - final stage in the delivery of electricity to end users. Carries electricity from the transmission system and delivers it to consumers.
Utility Components
Safety Customer Service
ReliableCost-effectiveSufficient
Short TermLong Term
Planned Loads Unplanned Loads
System Goals
Safety- No electrical hazards
◦ Customers◦ Utility personnel
Safety
Multiple utility power sources◦ Supplying multiple connection paths to the loads
served. Selecting quality electrical equipment and
conductors Using the best installation methods. System alarms
◦ monitoring ◦ diagnostics
Reliable
Budget - key factor in assessing competing designs. ◦ Initial cost of installation
Material Labor
In House Outside Contractors
◦ Life cycle cost
Cost Effective
System design to accommodate changes. Future expansion
◦ Additional load Justification with trending and historical data.
Transformers◦ increase capacity◦ fan cooling◦ pump cooling
Circuits◦ Capacity◦ Quantity
Sufficient
System redundancy – Ability to take electrical equipment out of service without dropping loads.◦ Dual Transformers◦ Transfer Bus◦ Circuit Ties◦ Redundant Equipment
Service Continuity
Transformer Evaluation Transformer Choices
Remanufactured Rebuilt New
Evaluate operating losses Higher first cost compared to life cycle cost Utility energy charge applied for the losses in the
transformer considering initial cost and cost of money (life cycle cost)
Efficiency
Substation Structure◦ Aluminum 50+ Years◦ Steel 40 Years
Power Transformers 40 Years Distribution Transformers 25 Years Distribution Switch 25 Years Circuit Breakers 40 Years Instrument Transformers 45 Years Relay and Control 15 Years Communications 10 Years SCADA 15 Years
Typical Asset Life
Fencing 20 Years Distribution Lines 40 Years Street Lighting 20 Years Meters, Mechanical 20 Years Meters, Solid State 12 Years Poles
◦Steel 55 Years◦Concrete 55 Years◦Wood 45 Years
Towers 50 Years Underground Conduit 50 Years Underground Conductors 25 Years Fiber Optic 20 Years
Typical Asset Life
Design Standards Construction Standards Loading Maintenance
◦ Policy◦ Procedure◦ Practice
Operating Practice
Impacts on Asset Life
Environment◦ Switching◦ Lightning and Surges◦ Location
Impacts on Asset Life
◦ System Location◦ Temperature◦ Moisture◦ Protection◦ Load factor◦ Power factor
Operating Environments
Scheduled Maintenance Diagnostic Maintenance Predictive Maintenance
Maintenance
Per Manufacturer Recommendations Manage Risk with
Predictive Maintenance◦ Testing◦ Diagnostics◦ Monitoring
Maintenance
System Equipment
Substation Structure◦ Aluminum 50+ Years◦ Steel 40 Years
System Equipment
Power Transformers 40 Years
System Equipment
Unit Substation Transformers 40 Years
System Equipment
Distribution Transformers 25 Years
System Equipment
Distribution Transformers 25 Years
System Equipment
Distribution Switch 25 Years
System Equipment
Group Operated Air Break Switch 25 Years
System Equipment
Circuit Breakers 40 Years
System Equipment
Instrument Transformers 45 Years
System Equipment
Relay and Control 15 Years
System Equipment
Communications 10 Years
System Equipment
SCADA 15 Years (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
System Equipment
Substations
Typical Substation Equipment
Power transformers are the most significant portion of municipal system assets representing 35 percent of typical substation costs.
Major concern to every electric utility. All transformers are not the same.
◦ Materials◦ Construction◦ Cooling
Transformers
After Failure - ◦ When equipment fails it is repaired or replaced.
Outage Maintenance - ◦ Equipment is de-energized and maintenance is
performed. Predictive Maintenance –
◦ Based on early indications, equipment is maintained.
Maintenance Alternatives
Acceptance Test – Verifies that equipment supplied is functional and within specifications.
Diagnostic Test – Detection of specific issues or problems.
Predictive – Identifies early indications of potential issues.
Testing
Distribution
Typical Distribution Equipment
Open Construction
Typical Distribution Line
Armless Construction◦ 3 covered conductors on fiberglass supports.
Typical Distribution Line
Hendrix Cable Construction◦ Hendrix Cable - 3 covered conductors supported
by a messenger and separated and by spacers.
Typical Distribution Line
Underground
Typical Distribution Line
15 KV Cutout◦ Solid Blade◦ Fusible
First Line of Protection for Faults
Distribution Equipment
Surge Arrester Load Break Cutout Termination
Distribution Equipment
Surge Arrester
Distribution Equipment
Group Operated Air Break Switch
Distribution Equipment
Recloser
Distribution Equipment
Sectionalizer
Distribution Equipment
Lighting Security Meter Replacement
Trends
Electric Utility Infrastructure
Norman P. Baron, PE and James J. Havrilla, PE, Esq.
Questions?
Utility Engineers, PC
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