Transcript
US History
J. High
US HistoryHigh
Farm Prices
$0 $10 $20 $30 $40 $50 $60 $70
1929
1933
1937
1941
Yea
r
Prices Received by Famers
Bank Failures
010002000300040005000
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
Year
# of
Ban
k Fa
ilur
es
050
100150200250300
Ind
ex o
f V
alue
Year
Construction Trends, 1919-1939
1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938
US 100 90 81 73 72 73 78 97 100 98
Japan 100 95 95 103 112 112 118 125 131 145
Canada 100 95 83 73 70 71 78 90 100 102
Europe 100 97 91 90 94 97 102 107 113 116
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Years
Worldwide Economic Growth
Millions of
Dollars
United States Business Cycle, 1890-1940
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
Dol
lars
Per
Sha
re
Year
Stock Market Prices, 1921-1932
02468
101214
1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939
Pri
ce I
ndex
Year
The Stock Market, 1919-1939
Volume of Sales on the NY Stock Exchange( in millions of shares)
0
1
2
3
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Bil
lion
s of
Dol
lars
Years
Consumer Debt, 1920-1931
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
Civ
ilia
n L
abor
For
ce U
nem
ploy
men
t (p
erce
nt)
Years
Unemployment, 1925-1945
0
10
20
30
40
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1925 1930 1935 1940 1945
Dol
lars
(in
Bill
ions
)
Years
Wages and Salaries
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1928 1932 1936 1940 1944
Thousands of
Failures
Years
US Business Failures, 1928-1944
Expansion
Peak
Contraction
Recession
Depression
Recovery
1.What is the main concern of American citizens depicted in the cartoon?
2.Why do you think the artist chose a wave to represent Economic Peril?
3.Roosevelt, Hoover, and Smith are the Presidential candidates in 1932.
Consider the dilemma facing the American citizen and identify which campaign is going to capture the MOST votes.
Peril- exposure to injury, loss, or destruction; grave risk; jeopardy; danger
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J. High
US History
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We're in the Money," lyrics by Al Dubin, music by Harry Warren (from the film Gold Diggers of 1933, 1933)
We're in the money, we're in the money; We've got a lot of what it takes to get along! We're in the money, that sky is sunny, Old Man Depression you are through, you done us wrong. We never see a headline about breadlines today. And when we see the landlord we can look that guy right in the eyeWe're in the money, come on, my honey, Let's lend it, spend it, send it rolling along!
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The Bonus Expeditionary Force was a group of World War I veterans along with their families who participated in a demonstration in Washington, D.C., in 1932. The purpose of the demonstration was to receive payment of a bonus that had been promised to them in 1924 for reward for their service. The bonus payment was to be allocated to the veterans in 1945, but due to the widespread economic depression many needed the funds immediately.The bill that would have enabled the disbursement of funds was passed in the House of Representatives, but rejected in the Senate. The veterans were offered reimbursement for travel home, which some accepted. Others stayed in the capitol to live a vagrant-like lifestyle; others became violent, which resulted in assaults against the police. Once the assaults occurred federal forces were used to clear the city of the marchers. The clearing of the camps resulted in the wounding of hundreds of veterans, as well as several deaths. Although this temporarily solved the problem, once Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected, portions of the Bonus Army returned to the city to plead their case again. This time, although the president did not support the bonus bill, he and Eleanor were both concerned with the plight of the veterans. Eleanor served as an ambassador to many of the troops, spending time talking to many. Roosevelt did veto the bill; however the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration were attempts to employ many of the veterans that were in need. It was not until 1936 that Congress officially passed a bill that arranged for benefits to be disbursed to veterans.
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Walker Evans, "Floyd Burroughs and Tengle children, Hale County, Alabama," Summer 1936.
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As agricultural technology took off in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the American Great Plains became the nation's breadbasket. New technology -- specifically, the widespread use of tractors -- exponentially increased the amount of land exposed to the plow. In the early 1930s, however, the ecological companion to the economic devastation of the Great Depression struck -- severe drought, accompanied by high winds, left thousands of acres without any form of ground covering to prevent erosion. As a result, the high winds picked up millions of tons of soil and deposited it across the country. At first, the enormity of the dust storms inspired amazement and awe; however, that sense of wonder soon gave way to despair, as the constantly blowing dust turned day into night and left people asking if "this was the wrath of God." As you examine this image, consider the effect that such photographs had on government officials and the broader American public as they sought political solutions to the suffering caused by the Great Depression.
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GERMAN DEPRESSION(Deutsch Marks)
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That's all right, Mr. President. We can just shake hands with ourselves. 1.In your own words, describe what each cartoon means.
2. What additional information is added by the captions?
3. What character traits and values is the cartoonist emphasizing?
4. What kind of influence do you think cartoons have on how the public perceives political officials, especially the president?
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Economic Peril
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F.D.R. (D) Hoover (R)
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F.D.R. (D) Hoover (R)
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F.D.R. (D) Hoover (R)
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F.D.R. (D) Hoover (R)
F.D.R. (D) Hoover (R)
F.D.R. (D) Hoover (R)
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1932 Election
Citizen in boat:
“Help! Roosevelt, Hoover, Smith, Oh! Anybody!
1. What is the main concern of American citizens depicted in the cartoon?
2. Why do you think the artist chose a wave to represent Economic Peril?
3. Roosevelt, Hoover, and Smith are the Presidential candidates in 1932.
4. Consider the dilemma facing the American citizen and identify which campaign is going to capture the MOST votes.
The 1932nd Psalm E. J. Sullivan wrote the following satire in 1932.
“Hoover is my shepherd, I am in want,
He maketh me to lie down on park benches,
He leadeth me by still factories,
He restoreth my doubt in the
Republican Party.
He guided me in the path of the
Unemployed for his party’sake,
Yea, though I walk through the alley of the soup kitchens,
I am hungry.
I do not fear evil, for thou art against me;
Thy Cabinet and thy Senate, they do discomfort me;
Thou didst prepare a reduction in my wages;
In the presence of my creditors thou anointed my income with taxes,
So my expense overruneth my income.
Surely proverty and hard times will follow me
All the days of the Republican administration.
And I shall dwell in a rented house forever.
Amen.”
1. What was the author’s opinion of Hoover?
2. How may this song have influenced the American public? Voters?
THIS IS ON YOUR
HANDOUT!
Hoover’s PoliciesProgram/
EffortDescription Effectiveness
Relationship to Rugged
Individualism
Would you support this
program?Why/Why Not?
President’s Committee
for Unemployme
nt Relief (PCUR)
Encourage public to donate to charities
Red Cross, YMCA
Ineffective b/c spent $157,000 spent
Completely voluntary
Relieved government of responsibility to the people
No – because there is too much
depending on public generosity
Yes – spreading a positive comm. Att
Encourage ind.
public-worksprograms
Federal contract awarded to construction projects w/in statesPublic Buildings, highway, dam
Ineffective $800 mill
Projects ran out w/out a perm. improvement
Encouraged companies to be productive for funding
No – agreed with Mellon (laissez faire) & Social
DarwinismYes – did provide
jobs, stimulate eco
agricultural efforts
Federal Farm Board$500 mill for loans, supplies, and storage
BoooooPlanted more crops and lowers pricesBut helped get supplies…saved some farms
Didn’t give people direct relieve JUST encouraged farmers to help themselves : (
Yes – relieved some stress on
farmers
No – giving farmers what they didn’t
need
Reconstruction Finance
Corporation (RFC)
Federal Gov. gave tax payer money to LARGE CORPORATIONS!!!
Helped some large corp. avoid collapseDidn’t help small business
Didn’t give to individual AmericansTrying to “trickle down” –MellonGeneral Pop. Needs more
No – some good, but isn’t addressing
the most severe problem
No -
Hoover’s PoliciesProgram/
EffortDescription Effectiveness
Relationship to Rugged
Individualism
Would you support this
program?Why/Why Not?
President’s Committee
for Unemployme
nt Relief (PCUR)
Designed to assist state/local effort to give to charitiesYMCA, Salvation Army, RedCrossApproach wealthy people
Raised some money but not enough to have a lasting impact
Involved private donations – all voluntary
Yes – helps needyNo – the
government needs to do more than
asking for aid, need tax
public-worksprograms
Gov provided contracts/material to states (roads, dam, bridges)
Temporary b/c gave jobsNot enough – to change perm.
Money is going to people for jobs doneNot $$ for nothing
Yes – provided jobs & infrastructure
agricultural efforts
Federal Farm Board offered $$$ - seeds, pay loans, materials
Effect priced neg. or not at allReduce expenses : )
Not giving direct reliefFarm harder
No – b.c they needDirect $$$
Price control!!
Reconstruction Finance
Corporation (RFC)
Lend billl in tax $$ to stabilize banks, RR comp, insurance, BIG BUSINESS“trickle down”
Represented major shift in governmentGov involvement
No direct aid to people BUT helped indirectly
No – missed the most severe victims
of the GD
WWI Veteran Bonus (1924) Veterans Lobby &
Congress Acts
“Bonus Army” Marches to Washington D.C. (1932)
“Bonus City”Hoover Calls MacArthur
Army Chief of Staff
Two Killed
Several Injured
Public Outrage
BONUS ARMY
“mob…animated by the essence of revolution”
Washington Press
“What a pitiful spectacle is that of the great American
Government, mightier in the world, chasing unarmed men,
women, and children with army tanks”
WARM UP!!
Directions- Write your answer on the back of your Election1932 packet
1. What common event of the Great Depression is depicted in these photos?
2. Describe how President Hoover addressed the problem.
3. Identify TWO solutions that would be MORE effective than the Hoover approach.
Hoover vs. Roosevelt
1. Why is Hoover unable to shake the “ordinary citizen’s” hand?
2. Which of Hoover’s character traits and values is the cartoonist emphasizing?
3. How will this portrayal of President Hoover affect the public’s opinion of the President?
“That's all right, Mr. President. We can just shake hands with ourselves”
Source: http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu Darling, 1929
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