What is the cost of Progress? Progressive Era US History Alameda High School.

What is the cost of Progress?

Progressive Era

US History

Alameda High School

1890-1920

At home Unit:– Gilded Age & Progressive Response

Abroad: America Becomes a World Power– American Expansion– WWI

SO THEN…WHAT WAS THEPROGRESSIVE RESPONSE!

•Immigration•Industrialization •Urbanization

Politics (Lack of Laws/Regulation)

Life: Education, Discrimination, Free Time

Gilded Age (What does gilded mean?)

Progressives respond to conditions brought on by rapid Industrialization!

The Industrial Revolution was the second greatest shift in all of human history, following the agricultural revolution which occurred about 11,000 years ago.

Industrialization effected EVERYTHING about life, including urbanization (movement to cities)

Cities weren’t quite ready for the safe influx of people and living conditions were harsh

The separation between rich and poor was huge

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Homework: Memorize the following vocabulary list for a pop quiz next week…

Gilded Age Progressivism Middle Class Working Class Robber Barons Captains of Industry Corruption Muckraking

Social Darwinism Gospel of wealth Industrialism Urbanization Progress Immigration Labor unions Party platform

Introductory Film

The Century: America’s Time

The American Industrial Revolution led to Gilded Age America

One of biggest shifts in human history, parelled to the agricultural revolution 12,000 years ago

America leading industrial producer by 1900

Increased wages and job opportunities, but often terrible living & working conditions

PROGRESSIVES were CHALLENGING the conditions of

the GILDED AGE

Take Notes…America in the Gilded Age

Immigration The Growth of Cities

(Urbanization)

The Rise of Industry &

Big Business

Politics

How did industry improve life?

Increased wage for industrial workers More jobs available White collar jobs increased and a new middle

class emerged (though it was still small) Cities grew quickly America was leading in all industrial

categories making the country wealthy

Big Business, Robber Barons & Social Darwinism

Corporations were new and this transformed capitalism

Robber Barons v. Captains of Industry…more jobs for workers, but often low pay and harsh working conditions

Social Darwinism: survival of fittest in gaining wealth

Social Gospel emerges as practice of wealthy John D. Rockefeller

http://sparkmotive.blogspot.com/2008/04/john-d-rockefeller-american.html

Monopolies & Trusts

Corporate consolidation was new & common practice of 19th century– Monopolies: only one business dominates

industry– Trust: separate companies under one managing

board– This practice not regulated, and limited

competition so they controlled price– Examples: Standard Oil Trust (Rockefeller) and

Carnegie Steel (Andrew Carnegie)

POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE

ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS

Boss Tweed ran NYC

MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL Some political bosses were

corrupt Some political machines

used fake names and voted multiple times to ensure victory (“Vote early and often”) – called Election fraud

Graft (bribes) was common among political bosses

Construction contracts often resulted in “kick-backs”

The fact that police forces were hired by the boss prevented close scrutiny

THE TWEED RING SCANDAL William M. Tweed, known as

Boss Tweed, became head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machines

Between 1869-1871, Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city

Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion

Tweed was sentenced to 12 years in jail – released after one, arrested again, and escaped to Spain

Boss Tweed

CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE

Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the hiring system

The system had been based on Patronage; giving jobs and favors to those who helped a candidate get elected

Reformers pushed for an adoption of a merit system of hiring the most qualified for jobs

The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan commission to make appointments for federal jobs based on performanceApplicants for federal jobs

are required to take a Civil Service Exam

The Worker in Industrial America

Job conditions harsh for many While industrial wage rose, they

still barely were a living wage– As a result, many times the

entire family had to work which led to increase in child labor

With unions came better wages No government regulation of

working conditions often led to unsafe, unfair conditions for poor

Middle class nearly doubled, though still small

Child Labor in Mines

http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/dust.jpg

Organized Labor & Great Strikes

Unions were discouraged by bosses

Some industries did organize such as railroads and their wages and conditions improved

Strikes were a tool of unions, example is Pullman Strike of 1894

Pullman Strike, 1894

content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/...

Draw the following 4 characters in your notebook & answer the question…

HAS INDUSTRIALIZATION IMPROVED LIFE IN AMERICA????– A factory owner– A factory worker– A union organizer– A Government official

In the West

The country was expanding Farming was becoming more efficient and goods

could move easily because of railroads Populism was taking hold, seeking to align with

urban progressives. They believed in:– Increased circulation of money– Unlimited minting of silver– A progressive income tax– Gov’t ownership of communication & transportation systems

Turner thesis and the closing of the frontier often led to xenophobia

Rural conditions looked different from urban centers of the east

Discrimination at the turn of the century was heavy…

Plessey v. Ferguson legalizes segregation of the races, Jim Crow laws big in South

Xenophobia (fear of immigrants) While pubic education expanded, all people

did not have equal access– Women – Immigrants & assimilation– View of minority education (Washington v.

Dubois)booker.notebook

What was it like to live in a Gilded Age city? (1870-1900) (CH 8)

With industrialization came urbanization

Overcrowded and unsanitary conditions

Heavy pollution No government assistance for

poor No labor regulations No wage regulations Xenophobia Large waves of immigrants, esp

from Eastern and southern Europe

UNSAFE!

www.uen.org

Cities Grow…

6 cities over ½ million by 1900 (up from 2) and 32 ¼ million (up from 7)

By 1920, over ½ of Americans lived in cities with 68 cities having over 100,000 people

Life was harsh, esp. for immigrants– Housing was slum like in tenements– No ventilation, sanitary system, sewage system,

or garbage and no fire protection– City governments were corrupt

A Nation United?

NO! Collection of political

factions and machines Ghettos,

neighborhoods and ethnic enclaves

Extreme rich and poor all competing to realize THEIR “American” Dream!

www.associatedcontent.com

IMMIGRANTS AND

URBANIZATIONAMERICA BECOMES A MELTING

POT IN THE LATE 19TH & EARLY 20TH CENTURY

NEW IMMIGRANTS Millions of immigrants

entered the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Some came to escape difficult conditions, others known as “birds of passage” intended to stay only temporarily to earn money, and then return to their homeland

EUROPEANS Between 1870 and 1920,

about 20 million Europeans arrived in the United States

Before 1890, most were from western and northern Europe

After 1890, most came from southern and eastern Europe

All were looking for opportunity

CHINESE Between 1851 and

1882, about 300,000 Chinese arrived on the West Coast

Some were attracted by the Gold Rush, others went to work for the railroads, farmed or worked as domestic servants

An anti-Chinese immigration act by Congress curtailed immigration after 1882

Many Chinese men worked for the railroads

JAPANESE In 1884, the Japanese

government allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit Japanese workers

The U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 increased Japanese immigration to the west coast

By 1920, more than 200,000 Japanese lived on the west coast

THE WEST INDIES AND MEXICO

Between 1880 and 1920, about 260,000 immigrants arrived in the eastern and southeastern United States form the West Indies

They came from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands

Mexicans, too, immigrated to the U.S. to find work and flee political turmoil – 700,000 Mexicans arrived in the early 20th century

LIFE IN THE NEW LAND In the late 19th century

most immigrants arrived via boats

The trip from Europe took about a month, while it took about 3 weeks from Asia

The trip was arduous and many died along the way

Destination was Ellis Island for Europeans, and Angel Island for Asians

ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK

Ellis Island was the arrival point for European immigrants

They had to pass inspection at the immigration stations

Processing took hours, and the sick were sent home

Immigrants also had to show that they were not criminals, had some money ($25), and were able to work

From 1892-1924, 17 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island’s facilities

ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR

ANGEL ISLAND WAS CONSIDERED MORE HARSH THAN ELLIS ISLAND

FRICTION DEVELOPS

While some immigrants tried to assimilate into American culture, others kept to themselves and created ethnic communities

Committed to their own culture, but also trying hard to become Americans, many came to think of themselves as Italian-Americans, Polish-Americans, Chinese-Americans, etc

Some native born Americans disliked the immigrants unfamiliar customs and languages – friction soon developed Chinatowns are found in many

major cities

IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS As immigration increased,

so did anti-immigrant feelings among natives

Nativism (favoritism toward native-born Americans) led to anti-immigrant organizations and governmental restrictions against immigration

In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which limited Chinese immigration until 1943

Anti-Asian feelings included restaurant boycotts

Why were people immigrating to the United States at this time? Where were they from?

US was extremely xenophobic at the turn of the century…

– Link to political cartoons anti immigration Cartoons.doc– why:?

Why were immigrants coming?– Push v. Pull factors– Largest period of immigration in US history– Fleeing revolutionary upheavals (ex. Mexico), fleeing

religious persecution (ex. Jews in E Europe), economic necessity (ex SE Europe)

Life like for immigrants…– Unsafe factory work, unhealthy ghettos (slums), life

desperate cycle of poverty, exhausting labor and early death

THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION

Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19th century in the Northeast & Midwest

Most immigrants settled in cities because of the available jobs & affordable housing

By 1910, immigrants made up more than half the population of 18 major American cities

MIGRATION FROM COUNTRY TO CITY

Rapid improvements in farm technology (tractors, reapers, steel plows) made farming more efficient in the late 19th century

It also meant less labor was needed to do the job

Many rural people left for cities to find work- including almost ¼ million African AmericansDiscrimination and segregation were

often the reality for African Americans who migrated North

URBAN PROBLEMS Problems in American

cities in the late 19th and early 20th century included:

Housing: overcrowded tenements were unsanitary

Sanitation: garbage was often not collected, polluted air

Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements

URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED

Transportation: Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems

Water: Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever was common

Crime: As populations increased thieves flourished

Fire: Limited water supply and wooden structures combined with the use of candles led to many major urban fires – Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 were two major fires

Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in 1871

PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITY

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

To Summarize the Gilded Age

Industrialism

Need for cheap labor– Immigration– Exploitation of workers

Urbanization– Urban squalor

Need for Change

Wealthy industrialistsInnovationLife easier

American wealthy & powerful

Ideas for reform emerge…

The Progressive Movement! Refresh our thinking: How does technology impact

humanity? Response? Adapt? Today, this is happening? What problems are going on? Are people trying to solve them? Watch video – if this group is a modern progressive:

– What problems are they trying to solve?– How did they get people to care about them?– What solutions do they advocate?

Timeline Activity: Use the timelines to preview these questions about the Progressives:

What problems do the Progressives seem to be trying to solve?

Who-individuals and organizations-were the Progressives?

How did the Progressives get people to care about their problems?

What solutions did they advocate?

The Origins of the Progressive Movement

Roots of 20th Century Reform– Populists– Nativism– Prohibition– Purity crusades– Charity reform– Social gospel philosophy– Settlement houses

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/progressivism/index.cfm

Who were the Progressives?

Product of a political debate surrounding progress in America, so historians call the period from 1890-1920 the Progressive Era

Difficult to define them b/c they had many different beliefs, never a unified group

Generally:– White Middle class (often women)– Believed in 4 common things

Gov’t should be accountable to citizens Gov’t should curb the power & influence of wealthy Gov’t should have expanded powers to improve lives of

citizens Gov’t should be more efficient and less corrupt

What were their goals? Remember…different & sometimes contradictory:

End to “white slavery” (prostitution and sweat shops)

Prohibition “Americanization” of

immigrants Anti-trust legislation Rate regulation of

private utilities

Full gov’t ownership of private utilities

Women’s suffrage End to child labor

Progressive Tactics

Muckraking: Journalists and authors who, some say, stretched the truth to sensationalization events to draw public attention to problems

– Example: Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Organized Political Lobby Private Charities/Settlement Houses

BY 1912, have a national political platform to run as a 3rd party.

REFORMERS MOBILIZE Jacob Riis was a reformer who

through his pictures hoped for change– he influenced many

The Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to the poor

Some reformers established Settlement Homes

These homes provided a place to stay, classes, health care and other social services

Jane Addams was the most famous member of the Settlement Movement (founded Hull House in Chicago)

Jane Addams and Hull House

Primary Document Analysis

http://chnm.gmu.edu/7tah/units/unit-lessons.html You must produce:

– Poster for your assigned area of concern for the Progressives

Child Labor Working Conditions Rise of Organized Labor Women’s Suffrage Temperance Movement

– Identify & Describe your topic Choose 3 primary documents that best exemplify your cause &

complete an analysis form of it prepare for presentation on your subject

Exemplar & Rubric On BoardYour Final Product

In your analysis of your primary document packet, you are looking for problems, people, methods & solutions to your assigned topic– Read documents & complete analysis forms

Select the photos, cartoons and documents they want to exhibit and write captions for each in their own words

Place into final exhibit & rehearse presentation

Presentations…

Topic Problems People Methods & Solutions

Journal…

Based on the presentations, write three paragraphs, one each to – Describe the three biggest problems Progressives

were facing– Explain the role of the key individuals or groups in

the movement– Describe the methods and solutions they offered

Muckraking:Comparing Then and Now: Is muckraking more or less successful today than in the Progressive period? Why do you think? How is it the same/different? What did we learn from the Progressive journalists?

Jungle Fast Food Nation

China’s Labor Article

China’s Environmental Article

Author

Purpose

Format (book, movie?)

Concern(s)

Response to what? What is wrong?

Successful? Why or Why not?

Read the article…

Read the article that describes the biggest problems facing the nation (you might not agree-maybe there are others you care about…perhaps you want to focus locally or globally)

You Decide…Storyboard Infomerical or Write a Song

What is the biggest issue facing your generation?

Who is concerned about it? What methods are being used to combat it? What goals to reformers have? What do you think should be done?

Now, its time to evaluate the success of the movement!

Page 389-407 describe the political successes of the Progressive Era

As you read these pages, record all of the legislation which the Progressive achieved in your notebook use chart on board

After you are finished, look back at your journaling activity & notes from the presentations

Based on your analysis of side-by-side comparison, write a five paragraph essay which responds to the question

– To what extent were the Progressives successful in achieving their goals?

– Outline & rough draft IS HOMEWORK– Peer edit Monday before conclude content, HW will be final copy

To what extent were the Progressives successful in achieving their goals?

THESIS/Introduction : Get to the Point! Counter agruement, your arguement. Be assertive. For example, “Progressive America was a turbulent world in which greed and corruption ruled. In this context many middle-class reformers came together to make the US a better place. While many historians would argue that the Progressive Movement was highly successful in combating the injustices of their time, the evidence will demonstrate that they fell short of meeting their own reform goals.”

– I. Area A Evidentiary Support Evidentiary Support Transition Sentence

– II. Area B Evidentiary Support Evidentiary Support Transition Sentence

– III. Area C Evidentiary Support Evidentiary Support Transition Sentence

– IV. Conclude Write a thesis statement which gets directly to the point Make sure all evidence supports topic sentences Make sure all topic sentences support Thesis

The Limits of Progressivism

The changes made by Progressives were limited to certain groups in the United States.

Progressives championed municipal reforms, but did little for tenant or migrant farmers.

Progressive Presidents took little action to pursue social justice reforms. Wilson continued the Jim Crow practice, begun under Taft, of separating

the races in federal offices. At the 1912 Progressive Party convention, Roosevelt declined to seat

black delegates from the South for fear of alienating white Southern Progressives.

By 1916, the reform spirit had nearly died. It was replaced by American concerns about World War I.

Chapter 11, Section 3

Women’s Suffrage

Go to textbook slides General Classes: Reading Comprehension

Questions after notes Honors: Finish essay for HW EXAM next class, BRING ALL MATERIALS!

Exam…

Group assessment based on standards You may utilize your resources 50 Minutes

– Political Cartoon– Sinclair excerpt/muckraking (4 ?) Document Based– Define Progressive Era– Immigrant experience (expected streets paved with gold, what was

reality)– How did Progressives effect role of federal gov’t?– Immigrants: settlement house worker v. nativist– Robber barons or captains of industry?– Why did population in cities boom?– Gilded Age?– What was cost of Industrial Revolution?