U.S. Foreign Policy Over Time
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U.S. Foreign Policy Over Time
American Imperialism
U.S. Imperialism: HAWAII1820-1890: Americans moved in –
missionaries & fruit plantation owners
1891: Queen Liliuokalani came to
power / tried to reduce US power in Hawaii
1893: Americans overthrew her 1898: Hawaii annexed by US
U.S. Imperialism: CHINABy 1890s: Euro powers carved China into “spheres of influence”
Got exclusive trade rights to Chinese ports
1899: US declared “Open Door Policy” to allow free trade by any
nation in any port
U.S. Imperialism: CUBA1895: Cuba dec independence from SpainTo defeat revolution, Spain used brutal tactics
(1st concentration camps / starvation)
US newspapers sensationalized events in Cuba (“yellow journalism”)
1898: USS Maine sent – protect US interests in Cuba
Mysteriously exploded, US declared war“Remember the Maine; to hell with Spain”
Spanish-American War fought to liberate Cuba & the Philippines from Spanish control;
War lasted only 113 days
Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders
As a result of the Spanish-American War, Cuba was liberated & the USA annexed the
Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico
U.S. Imperialism: PUERTO RICO
Puerto Rico still a U.S. territory
U.S. Imperialism: PHILIPPINES1898: Philippines annexed by US / not given independence
Filipino-American War began
Filipino-American War lasted 3 yearsCost more $ & US lives than Span-Am War
U.S. Imperialism: DOMINICAN REPUBLICT Roosevelt – “Big Stick Diplomacy”: Active foreign policy w/a strong navy to
accomplish goals
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine: US has “police powers” to protect Latin
America from European imperialism
U.S. Imperialism: PANAMATR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” for Panama Canal: Encouraged Panama to rebel from Colombia
U.S. Imperialism: MEXICOUS intervened in Mexican affairs when Huerta overthrew Diaz & again when
Carranza overthrew Huerta
Mexico & US almost went to war when Mexican rebel Pancho Villa
killed 33 Americans
US Becomes a World Power■ Turn of century: US became world power:
– US asserted dominance in Span-Am War
– US built 3rd largest navy in the world
– Annexed Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto
Rico, many Pacific islands
– Asserted economic control over almost all of Latin America
US Becomes a World Power
■ 1900-20 (Progressive Era):–Developed aggressive foreign policy
under Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson■ Policies all worked for:
– US wealth– military power– prestige, esp in Latin America
“Big Stick Diplomacy”
“Dollar Diplomacy”
“Moral Diplomacy”
American Foreign Acquisitions, 1917
Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”
TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”■ TR hoped to expand upon US’s world
stature after Span-Am War:
–Believed US Protestant culture superior / hoped to spread values
–To US econ & pol stature in world: US needs military strength & readiness
TR & Sec of State Elihu Root applied “big stick” diplomacy
most effectively in Latin America
“Speak softly & carry a big stick, you will go far”
—TR’s favorite African proverb
TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”■Top FP objective:
–Build Panama Canal & used “big stick” to get it:
–Colombia rejected US offer to lease land for canal
–TR supported Panama’s independence
–1903: Panama independence & US signed lease for a canal
Facilitate world trade / allow USN to merge Atlantic & Pacific fleets quickly
US paid $10 million for the canal & leased it for $250,000 per year
Span-Am War revealed major flaw in USN: took too long to get Pacific fleet to Atlantic
1914: Canal opened /gave US huge econ advantage in Western Hemisphere
“The inevitable effect of our building the Canal must be to require us to police the
surrounding premises”—Sec of State Elihu Root
The Roosevelt Corollary■ One of TR’s greatest concerns:
–Euro intervention in Latin America–1903: Germany & England
threatened to invade Venezuela to recoup unpaid debts
–1904: TR issued Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine claiming special “police powers” in Western Hemisphere
TR warned Euros to stay out AND warned Latin American nations to be more responsible
OR US would intervene
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904
Additionally, Lodge Corollary in 1912 denied foreign companies right to buy ports or establish
military sites in Latin America
Roosevelt Corollary justified armed intervention in Dominican Republic & Haiti, Cuba,
Nicaragua, & Mexico
Attempts to maintain order in Latin America led to US-friendly regimes acting as dictators
Big Stick Diplomacy■ TR’s FP extended to Asia as well:
–1905: Negotiated end to Russo-Japanese War (Nobel Peace Prize)
–1907: Gentlemen’s Agreement limited Japanese immigration
–1908: Root-Takahira Agreement protected Open Door Policy in China
“Constable of the World ”
William Howard Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
Taft and Dollar Diplomacy■ Taft elected after TR / continued
aggressive FP – “Dollar Diplomacy”–Use $$$ rather than military
strength in foreign policy –Latin America: US banks assumed
debts to Europe–Attempted to build RRs in China
Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
Moral Diplomacy■ Wilson knew domestic policy before
becoming POTUS, not FP
■ Moral Diplomacy could bring peace & democracy w/o militarism & war
■ “Human rights” in Latin America, but defended Monroe Doctrine / intervened more than TR or Taft
“It would be the irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with
foreign affairs”—Wilson in 1912
Wilson appointed pacifist WJ Bryan as Sec of State
Apologized to Colombia for US
support of the Panamanian revolt
TR replied: “I didn’t steal the Panama Canal…I built it”
Moral Diplomacy in Mexico1913: Mex Pres Madero overthrown by dictator
Victoriano HuertaWilson refused to recognize Huerta / demanded he step down so legitimate elections could be
held for a new president
Huerta refused
Wilson sent military to occupy Veracruz – forced Huerta to flee to Europe
Mex rebel Pancho Villa tried to provoke war by raiding US for supporting his rival CarranzaWilson sent military to find Villa
(unable to do so)
Moral diplomacy seemed to failWar w/Mex seemed sure
Then WWI started – forced US to change focus to Europe
Conclusions■After Span-Am War, US assumed
aggressive FP:–Maintain order–Forestall foreign intervention–Protect U.S. economic interests
–By WWI, US saw FP evolve from strict neutrality, to imperialist, to police officer
Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) & Farewell Address (1796)
Annexation of Alaska, Hawaii, & Philippines; Open Door policy in China
“Big Stick,” “Dollar,” & “Moral” diplomacies
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