Transcript
BY: LAURA BROWN & CAMRYN JOSEPH P.5
Unit 6: Learning
Key Ideas
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive processes of Learning
How We Learn:
Learning- a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience
2 types of Associative learning: 1. Classical Conditioning- type of learning in
which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
2. Operant Conditioning- A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning first described by Ivan Pavlov and the infamous “dogs”!
Classical Conditioning Acronyms
UR or unconditioned response is a not learned: salivating when food** is presented
US or unconditioned stimulus** is the food.CR or conditioned response is how the bell
signaled food for the dog CS or conditioned stimulus is the bell that
had been neutral but now means foodRemember: Conditioned = Learned Unconditioned = Unlearned
Processes of Classical Conditioning:
Higher-order conditioning- a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a new and neutral stimulus creating a second often weaker conditioned stimulus
Example: By using a dog and a bell in the Pavlov trials, the dog salivates to the bell, then the bell can be paired repeatedly with a flash of light and the dog will eventually salivate to the light alone as well as the bell.
Processes Continued
Extinction -the diminishing of a conditioned response
Occurs when a conditioned stimulus no longer signals an impending unconditioned stimulus
Example: In previous example, if you ring a bell over and over again and never feed the dog, the dog will ultimately learn not to salivate when the bell rings
Processes Continued
Spontaneous Recovery Appears after extinction and without training
The response briefly appears upon
presentation of the conditioned stimulus after a brief period of not having it.
Processes Continued
Generalization - Occurs once a response has been conditioned
Similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus elicits similar responses
Example: Little Albert was conditioned to fear white rats, he also feared other things that resemble white such as white rabbits and Santa Clause’ white beard
Processes Continued
Discrimination - The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimulus
Example: The dog knows the sound of the bell for the food so he will not respond to a bell being played on the radio.
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning A type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Operant Conditioning
Law of Effect Developed by E.L Thorndike, conducted experiments in a puzzle box
States that behaviors followed by satisfying or positive
consequences are strengthened and more likely to occur Behaviors followed by annoying or negative consequences are
weakened and less likely to occur
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner Interested in the ABCs of Behavior Designed an operant chamber (Skinner Box)
Contained a bar or key that an animal can
manipulate to obtain a food or water: reinforcer
Operant Conditioning
B. F. Skinner Developed four different training procedures
-Positive Reinforcement -Negative Reinforcement -Positive Punishment -Negative Punishment
Operant Conditioning
***Positive- something is added (not always good!)
***Negative-something is taken away(not always bad)
Operant Learning
Reinforcement Schedules Continuous Reinforcement- reinforce the desired response every
time it occurs
Partial Reinforcement- Reinforcing a response only part of the time
Fixed-Ratio Schedule- Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (Every so many)
Fixed-Interval Schedule- Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (Every so often)
Variable-Ratio Schedule- Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (Unpredictable #)
Variable-Interval Schedule- Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (Unpredictably often)
Operant Learning
Fixed-ratio- “definite, definite number, fixed amount” (buy 2 shirts get one free)
Fixed-interval- “definite period of time” (Checking cookies after the 10 min baking period)
Operant Learning
Variable-Ratio Schedule- “unpredictable #”, gamblers schedule”
(Playing a slot machine)
Variable-Interval Schedule- “unpredictable amount of time “ (Mr. R’s pop quizzes)
Cognitive Processes in Learning
Latent Learning- learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Insight learning- a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem , occurs after little or no interaction with our environment
Observational learning- learning by observing others
Cognitive Processes in Learning
Observational learning (continued)
Mirror Neurons- frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing something!
Cognitive Processes in Learning
Albert Bandura: Bobo Doll Experiment -Kids imitated adults’ actions to a doll
We are especially likely to imitate people we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable
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