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Pusat Khidmat N4aklumat AkaGemuc I ! ºvnfrRS 1Tt MALAYSIA SARAWAK.
EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD
P. KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIMAS
11111111 IYII11IUINN11IM 1000166054
ABDUL FARID BIN ABDUL RAIIMAN
This report is submitted to Faculty of Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak
(UNIMAS) as to fulfil the requirements of Bachelor Degree Program
Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System
h'acult, v of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
2OOG
UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD
SESI PENGAJIAN : 2001/2006
II
, J. 4.
Sava. ABDUL FARID BIN ABDUL RANMAN (HUR(JF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tu. juan pengajian sahaja. Membuat pendigitan untuk membanguankan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. ** Sila tandakan ( , ý)
di kotak yang berkenaan.
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UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD
SESI PENGAJIAN : 2001/2006
Saya, ABDUL FARID BIN ABDUL RAHMAN (HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
I. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidniat Maklurnat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat
salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membaný.: uankan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat
salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian ting"i. 5. ** Sila tandakan (ý) di kotak yang berkenaan.
SULIT fMengandungi makIumat ýand herdarlah kexlamatan atau kepentingan Mala_ý. in seperu vangternuiktuh di dalam nhIA RnIIS In RnSMI 19721
TERHAD IMcngandungi mal. lumat II; RIL11) N ang tclah dhcnuikan oIch raamsasiihadan di mana pcncchdikan dilalankanl
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CATATAN * lcsis dimaksudkan schagai tc, i, hagi Ijazah Doktor Fal, at; th. Sarjana Jan Sar, jana %1uda ** Jika tc, is ini SH II dan II: RI IAI). ila lamhirkan surat d; riFada hihak hcrkua, a. i reani, a, i
hcrkcnaan den-gall mcmatakan sekali schah dan tcmhoh tesis ini ncrlu dikclaskan schaeai st 11,11dan IIFRI1,11).
APPROVAL SHEET
This project report attached here to, entitle "Experiment of Flame Spread on
Wood" prepared and submitted by ABDUL FARID BIN ABDUL RAHMAN-6211
as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
with Honours in Mechanical and Manufacturing System is hereby read and approve
by:
Date:
Mdm. Shanti Faridah Salleh
(Project Supervisor)
DEDICATION
I could not have done this alone without your help and support. I would like to
express my greatest gratitude to my lecturers, colleagues, friends and my loving
family. Thanks a million.
APPRECIATION
First of all, I would like to express my sincere and greatest gratitude and thanks to
my supervisor, Madam Shanti Faridah Salleh, who put a lot of encouragement,
guidance and advice for me to complete this project.
I also would like to express thankfulness to all my family members especially my
parents for their unconditional love, moral and financial support. Not forgetting my
friends particularly, Mr. Perkins n Mohd. Firdaus Abdullah, Mr. Abdul Mutalib
Lampong and Mr. Abang Razali Mohd. Munir for their help and support.
I owe a considerable debt to the technicians especially Mr. Mohd. Rhyer of
Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System department for their cooperation
and assistance.
Next, my sincere thanks to all the lecturers especially to Mr. Nazeri Abdul Rahman
and the entire staff of Faculty of Engineering for their help and advice.
Last but not least, to those who have spent their time and energy to help and support
me in completing this project. thank you very much.
ABSTRACT
Fire is generally an energy source which provides heat. Fire can be useful if
utilized under control conditions, but it can harmful and hazardous in certain
circumstances. Throughout the time, technology has evolved in various ways and fire
resistant techniques are no exceptions. Flame retardants are one example of the
technology that purpose is to slow the burning process of a substrate or building
materials such as wood. Flame retardant coatings are not a new technology. The
basic formulation originated decades ago. The main objective of this project is to
study the effects of flame retardant coatings in comparison with other types of
coatings. Studies on the variety of coatings are conducted in order to have a good
understanding of the technology. A simple experiment is conducted to test the
functionality of the various coatings and their advantages and disadvantages. At the
end of this project, recommendations for future improvements for this study are also
discussed at the end of this report.
ABSTRAK
Secara amnya, api adalah salah satu daripadajenis tenaga yang menghasilkan
haba. Api boleh menjadi satu tenaga yang berguna jika digunakan dalarn keadaan
yang terkawal, tapi ia boleh merebak menjadi kuasa yang mendatangkan masalah
dan berbahaya dalam keadaan yang tertentu. Dalam sepanjang masa ini, teknologi
telah berubah dalam bermacam-macam cara dan kaedah melawan api juga tidak
ketinggalan. Perlambatan nyalaan api atau "flame retardant" adalah salah satu contoh
teknologi yang secara khususnya berfungsi untuk memperlambatkan proses
pembakaran bahan binaan seperti kayu. "Flame retardant adalah bukan satu teknologi
yang baru. Perumusan asasnya bermula daripada beberapa dekad yang lalu. Objektif
utama projek im dilaksanakan adalah untuk mengkaji efek "flame retardant" ini jika
dibandingkan dengan jenis-jenis cat yang lain. Kajian mengenai jenis cat yang
berlainan ini telah dijalankan untuk memahami teknologi ini secara mendalam.
Eksperimen yang sederhana telah dijalankan untuk menguji keberkesanan cat yang
berlainan jenis ini dan mengetahui kelebihan serta kelemahan cat tersebut. Di akhir
perlaksanaan projek ini, cadangan-cangan untuk memperbaiki projek ini juga
dibincangkan di bahagian akhir laporan ini.
I'usai Khidmat Maklumat Akauemix UNI VERSITZ MALAYSIA SARAWAK,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Dedication
Appreciation
Abstract
Abstrak
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Chapter Overview
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Ignition sources
2.1.2 Ignited material
2.1.3 Flaming and smoldering combustion
2.1.4 Fire spread and heat release rates for first ignited
PAGE
ii
III
IV
V
vi
x
tii
I
I
I
5
7
7
7
material 8
2.1.5 Building fires 9
2.1.6 Flame spread 10
2.1.7 Smoke developed 11
2.1.8 Laboratory tests 11
2.1.8.1 NFPA Standard No. 255 12
2.1.8.2 Standard ASTM E-84 12
2.1.8.3 No. 723 of Underwriters' Laboratories. Inc 13
2.2 Paint
2.2.1 Alkyd
2.2.2 Varnish
2.2.3 Flame retardant
2.3 Wood
2.3.1 Engineered wood
2.3.1.1 Types of engineered wood
2.3.1.2 Characteristics
2.3.2 Composite wood
2.3.2.1 Plywood
Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Specimen preparation
3.3 Support design
3.4 Experiment set-up and procedures
3.5 Experiment set-up done by Underwriters'
17
19
22
?;
27
27
27
28
29
29
32
32
� _�,
35
3.5 Evaluation of the experiment
Chapter 4: Data and Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Experiment description
4.3 Result of experiment using Interlac 665 paint
4.4 Result of experiment using Siscoseal paint
4.5 Result of experiment using Gardex paint
4.6 Data review
4.6.1 Interlac 665 paint
4.6.2 Siscoseal paint
4.6.3 Gardex paint
4.7 Discussion
4.7.1 Chemical composition of flame retardant
4.7.1.1 Asbestos
4.7.1.2 Polybrominated diphenyl ether
4.7.1.3 Polychlorinated biphenyl
4.7.1.4 Chlorendic acid
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Recommendation
5.2.1 Experiment design
5.2.1.1 Smoke developed
5.2.1.2 Proposed design
37
42
42
44
49
54
59
59
61
63
65
65
66
67
67
68
71
72
73
74
78
References 80
Appendices 82
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE NUMBER
I Classification of different wood materials according to
Flame Spread Index (FSI). 11
2 The Flame Spread Index and Smoke Production Index
of different types of wood. 14
3 Reported Flame Spread Indices. 15
4 Reported Flame Spread Indices of Factory Finished
Products. 16
5 Veneer Grades (American Plywood Association). 30
6 Experiment results. 38
7 Experiment results using Interlac 665 paint. 44
8 Experiment results using Interlac 665 paint (Test no. 1). 45
9 Experiment results using Interlac 665 paint (Test no. 2). 46
10 Experiment results using Interlac 665 paint (Test no. 3). 47
11 Experiment results using Siscoseal paint. 49
12 Experiment results using Siscoseal paint (Test no. 1). 50
13 Experiment results using Siscoseal paint (Test no. 2). 51
14 Experiment results using Siscoseal paint (Test no. 3). 52
15 Experiment results using Gardex paint. 54
16 Experiment results using Gardex paint (Test no. 1). 55
17 Experiment results using Gardex paint (Test no. 2). 56
18 Experiment results using Gardex paint (Test no. 3). 57
19 Smoke developed results. 75
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE NUMBER
I Smoke from a wildfire. 2
2 Graph of growth of fire. 6
3 Diagram of the two different stages of fire scenario. 10
4 Diagram of chemical composition of melamine
phosphate. 25
5 Diagram shows the developing char on wood. 26
6 Fire tests for wooden facades. 26
7 Example of specimen. 33
8 Diagram of the design of the support. 34
9 Actual design of the support. 34
10 Experiment setup. 35
11 Location of hook to be inserted. 36
12 Flame travel results (Test no. 1). 39
13 Flame travel results (Test no. 2). 40
14 Flame travel results (Test no. 3). 40
15 Flame travel results (Test no. 4). 41
16 Graph shows the flame spread of Interlac 665
paint (Test no. 1). 45
17 Graph shows the flame spread of Interlac 665
paint (Test no. 2). 46
18 Graph shows the flame spread of Interlac 665
paint (Test no. 3). 47
19 Sample before the experiment (Interlac 665 paint). 48
20 Sample after the experiment. 48
21 Graph shows the flame spread of Siscoseal
paint (Test no. 1). 50
22 Graph shows the flame spread of Siscoseal
paint (Test no. 2). 51
23 Graph shows the flame spread of Siscoseal
paint (Test no. 3). 52
24 Sample before the experiment (Siscoseal paint). 53
25 Sample after the experiment. 53
26 Graph shows the flame spread of Gardex
paint (Test no. 1). 55
27 Graph shows the flame spread of Gardex
paint (Test no. 2). 56
28 Graph shows the flame spread of Gardex
paint (Test no. 3). 57
29 Sample before the experiment (Gardex paint). 58
30 Sample after the experiment. 58
31 Graph shows the results obtained from test no. 1.
test no . 2 and test no. 3 of the experiment using
Interlac 665 paint. 60
32 Smoke developed during experiment (Interlac 665). 61
33 Graph shows the results obtained from test no. 1,
test no. 2 and test no. 3 of the experiment using
Siscoseal paint.
34 Smoke developed during experiment
(Siscoseal paint).
35 Graph shows the results obtained from test no. 1,
test no. 2 and test no. 3 of the experiment using
Gardex paint.
36 Smoke developed during experiment
(Gardex paint).
37 Smoke results (Test no. l ).
38 Smoke results (Test no. 2).
39 Smoke results (Test no. 3).
40 Smoke results (Test no. 4)
41 Basic components of a design of a sensor.
42 Proposed design of furnace.
62
63
64
65
76
76
77
77
78
79
NOMENCLATURE
English symbols
ft. Feet
in. Inch
mV Millivolt
m Meter
min. Minutes
sec. Seconds
°C Degrees Celsius
EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
As a result of awareness the importance of installing safer building materials to
our building especially our laboratory and lecture rooms, the author had been given the
title of this thesis which is to conduct an experiment which proves the purpose of a
flame retardant application. Commonly, buildings in Malaysia are not applied with
flame retardant applications, especially buildings such as schools and houses. Hence the
main purpose of this project is to prove the advantages and disadvantages of various
building paints available and compared the result with a flame retardant paint.
1.2 Background
Fire is known as a useful element in which it can provide energy in terms of heat
and many more. It is also known to be hazardous if it does not stabilize in a controlled
environment.
I
EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD
Figure 1.1: Smoke from a wildfire
Fire is a serious a problem for building and industrial applications. Every year, it
causes several thousand deaths, and damages are estimated at several billion U. S dollars
and at similar level in Europe. Buildings are most vulnerable to fire because of the
various activities inside the buildings. especially houses which are mostly made of wood
structural composites.
Everyday, in the United States, fires damage or destroy an average of 1,700
homes, 300 apartment buildings, 61 schools, 69 restaurants and 135 industrial plants [11.
Fires can cost a terrible toll in dreadful disfigurement or deaths, as well as the loss of
treasured possessions. The cost of repair, plus the loss of income in hotels, restaurants,
industrial plants, etc. is staggering. On an annual basis, fires will:
i. Claim over 12,000 lives in the United States
ii. Injure over 300,000 Americans, of which approximately 50,000 will be
confined in hospitals for 6 weeks to 2 years
2
EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD
iii. Destroy 12 billion dollars worth of property
1.3 Objectives
The overall objective of this thesis is to study different building paints including
flame retardant paint on plywood. Below are the objectives of my project.
The objectives of this project are:
i. Exploration of plywood and flame retardant paint
ii. Study the principle of a flame retardant testing
iii. To learn three types building paints and their advantages and
disadvantages
1.4 Chapter Overview
The content of this thesis is mainly to describe the roles of Flame Retardant in
wood application. The report is presented in few chapters which include introduction,
literature review, research methodology, result and discussion and finally conclusion.
In this chapter, the reader will know briefly about the objectives of the research,
which are flame retardant coating in wood application and the importance of flame
retardant coatings to building's safety.
In the second chapter which is Literature Review the reader will be bring into
more detail about the research. The flame retardant and its characteristic will he
discussed through the chapter and also its roles in reducing flame spread and building
safety and also the comparison of different types of coatings or paints.
3
EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD
The experiment and laboratory work done in the research is discussed in the third
chapter which is the research methodology. Briefly, the third chapter will explain on
how the objective of the research can be obtained through the experiment and laboratory
work.
Chapter four include the result of the experiments done. Every result from the
experiment is presented in tables and appropriate graphs. Each result will he discussed in
details. Conclusion is discussed in the last chapter. The objective whether flame
retardant could be used to reduce flame spread in wood application shall be included in
the chapter.
4
EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The ease with which a material burns in air (or occasional gas such as oxygen) is
also known as flammability (Schultz, N. 1986). It does not matter whether it is in gas,
liquid or solid form.
Fuels, which can be described as flammability of gases, liquids and their vapors,
and of discrete dusts and liquid droplets, are the most concerned elements in the process
industries. Fire and explosion are examples of the result of ignition of fuels. Escape of
flammable materials often followed by unplanned fires and explosions of flammable air
mixtures, which possibly will result from an unrestrained reaction or an explosion within
the process or storage plant.
Products of the process industries such as plastics, textiles and building or
structure materials, most of their flammability has been a major concern in our homes.
offices, stores, schools, and hotels among others. Mostly the plant and structure supplies
used in the process industries require fire protection, even though the constructional
supplies used are mostly of low flammability.
5
EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD
All things in this world have a certain temperature at which it will burst into
flames. The temperature at which things will burst into flames is called a material's flash
point. The flash point of wood is 300°C or 572 degrees Fahrenheit. Fire is created when
wood is exposed to heat at this temperature; hence it releases hydrocarbon gases, mix
with oxygen, thus it combust [10]. The concept of fire triangle; fire will only be created
with the subsistence of three elements, which are:
i. Fuel
ii. Oxygen
iii. Heat or ignition source
Fire tends to grow in stages. The graph in Figure 2.1 shows that there are three
stages in fire growth; induction period, steady state and lastly, decay. The fire starts with
a deliberate initiation period, but once ignition is reached it develops very rapidly, until
the oxygen supplies are limited. The fire decays once the fuel is consumed.
Steady state
0
C) V
ýa, Q
E (1) ý
Growth
Ignition
InducOon-perW
Time
Figure 2. I : Graph of growth of fire
Decay
6
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