Pusat Khidmat N4aklumat AkaGemuc I ! ºvnfrRS 1Tt MALAYSIA SARAWAK. EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD P. KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIMAS 11111111 IYII11IUINN11IM 1000166054 ABDUL FARID BIN ABDUL RAIIMAN This report is submitted to Faculty of Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) as to fulfil the requirements of Bachelor Degree Program Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System h'acult, v of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2OOG
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Pusat Khidmat N4aklumat AkaGemuc I ! ºvnfrRS 1Tt MALAYSIA SARAWAK.
EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD
P. KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIMAS
11111111 IYII11IUINN11IM 1000166054
ABDUL FARID BIN ABDUL RAIIMAN
This report is submitted to Faculty of Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak
(UNIMAS) as to fulfil the requirements of Bachelor Degree Program
Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System
h'acult, v of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
2OOG
UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD
SESI PENGAJIAN : 2001/2006
II
, J. 4.
Sava. ABDUL FARID BIN ABDUL RANMAN (HUR(JF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tu. juan pengajian sahaja. Membuat pendigitan untuk membanguankan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. ** Sila tandakan ( , ý)
di kotak yang berkenaan.
I
SU LIT
TERIIAU
TIDAK TFR{fAD
(Mcngandungt maklumat ýand bcrdarjah kcsclamuuan auw kcpentingan Mala\ . m seperU Nang tcrmaktuh di dalam AK IA R: MISIA RASMI IQ7')
Ihlrngandungi maklunru l'FRIIAU
reani<a., ihadan di mana pcncclidikan dilalankan 1
1UR', tclah ditcnwkan olch
Disahkan uleh
Z3JANDATAN(JAN PFNULIS) ('I'AN(, 1f(TANG
Alamat tctap:.
AN PI: NYEI, IA)
ý Lu. ti ý° ýý:
cýdv Sc t(
-ý ýNama Penyelia
'I"arikh: ` Tarikh: 1l 4-
CATATAN * lcsi, dimak, udkan schagai tusis hagi Ijaiah Doktor Falsalhh. tiarjana dan tiarj, ina Muda ** Jika Icslti im SI1IJIdan 11 R1 (Al). sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak hcrhuasa nrgatti, a, i
hcrkcnaan dcngan mcnýatakan sckali , ýhah dan tcmpoh tcsis im pcrlu dikclask; ul , cha, ai S( 'III dun I1: RI1AI).
UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD
SESI PENGAJIAN : 2001/2006
Saya, ABDUL FARID BIN ABDUL RAHMAN (HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
I. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidniat Maklurnat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat
salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membaný.: uankan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat
salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian ting"i. 5. ** Sila tandakan (ý) di kotak yang berkenaan.
SULIT fMengandungi makIumat ýand herdarlah kexlamatan atau kepentingan Mala_ý. in seperu vangternuiktuh di dalam nhIA RnIIS In RnSMI 19721
TERHAD IMcngandungi mal. lumat II; RIL11) N ang tclah dhcnuikan oIch raamsasiihadan di mana pcncchdikan dilalankanl
, rIDAK "I ERHAD
Disahkan olch
Q(TANDAIFANGAN Pl: NU1. IS) (TANI>ATAN(i AN PF, NYLLIA)
fllamat tetap:, 9ý. -J- -ý, : c L, -ý 5, 1(_(L Nama Pcwelia
Tarikh: Farikh: 4 PI--
CATATAN * lcsis dimaksudkan schagai tc, i, hagi Ijazah Doktor Fal, at; th. Sarjana Jan Sar, jana %1uda ** Jika tc, is ini SH II dan II: RI IAI). ila lamhirkan surat d; riFada hihak hcrkua, a. i reani, a, i
hcrkcnaan den-gall mcmatakan sekali schah dan tcmhoh tesis ini ncrlu dikclaskan schaeai st 11,11dan IIFRI1,11).
APPROVAL SHEET
This project report attached here to, entitle "Experiment of Flame Spread on
Wood" prepared and submitted by ABDUL FARID BIN ABDUL RAHMAN-6211
as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
with Honours in Mechanical and Manufacturing System is hereby read and approve
by:
Date:
Mdm. Shanti Faridah Salleh
(Project Supervisor)
DEDICATION
I could not have done this alone without your help and support. I would like to
express my greatest gratitude to my lecturers, colleagues, friends and my loving
family. Thanks a million.
APPRECIATION
First of all, I would like to express my sincere and greatest gratitude and thanks to
my supervisor, Madam Shanti Faridah Salleh, who put a lot of encouragement,
guidance and advice for me to complete this project.
I also would like to express thankfulness to all my family members especially my
parents for their unconditional love, moral and financial support. Not forgetting my
friends particularly, Mr. Perkins n Mohd. Firdaus Abdullah, Mr. Abdul Mutalib
Lampong and Mr. Abang Razali Mohd. Munir for their help and support.
I owe a considerable debt to the technicians especially Mr. Mohd. Rhyer of
Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System department for their cooperation
and assistance.
Next, my sincere thanks to all the lecturers especially to Mr. Nazeri Abdul Rahman
and the entire staff of Faculty of Engineering for their help and advice.
Last but not least, to those who have spent their time and energy to help and support
me in completing this project. thank you very much.
ABSTRACT
Fire is generally an energy source which provides heat. Fire can be useful if
utilized under control conditions, but it can harmful and hazardous in certain
circumstances. Throughout the time, technology has evolved in various ways and fire
resistant techniques are no exceptions. Flame retardants are one example of the
technology that purpose is to slow the burning process of a substrate or building
materials such as wood. Flame retardant coatings are not a new technology. The
basic formulation originated decades ago. The main objective of this project is to
study the effects of flame retardant coatings in comparison with other types of
coatings. Studies on the variety of coatings are conducted in order to have a good
understanding of the technology. A simple experiment is conducted to test the
functionality of the various coatings and their advantages and disadvantages. At the
end of this project, recommendations for future improvements for this study are also
discussed at the end of this report.
ABSTRAK
Secara amnya, api adalah salah satu daripadajenis tenaga yang menghasilkan
haba. Api boleh menjadi satu tenaga yang berguna jika digunakan dalarn keadaan
yang terkawal, tapi ia boleh merebak menjadi kuasa yang mendatangkan masalah
dan berbahaya dalam keadaan yang tertentu. Dalam sepanjang masa ini, teknologi
telah berubah dalam bermacam-macam cara dan kaedah melawan api juga tidak
ketinggalan. Perlambatan nyalaan api atau "flame retardant" adalah salah satu contoh
teknologi yang secara khususnya berfungsi untuk memperlambatkan proses
pembakaran bahan binaan seperti kayu. "Flame retardant adalah bukan satu teknologi
yang baru. Perumusan asasnya bermula daripada beberapa dekad yang lalu. Objektif
utama projek im dilaksanakan adalah untuk mengkaji efek "flame retardant" ini jika
dibandingkan dengan jenis-jenis cat yang lain. Kajian mengenai jenis cat yang
berlainan ini telah dijalankan untuk memahami teknologi ini secara mendalam.
Eksperimen yang sederhana telah dijalankan untuk menguji keberkesanan cat yang
berlainan jenis ini dan mengetahui kelebihan serta kelemahan cat tersebut. Di akhir
perlaksanaan projek ini, cadangan-cangan untuk memperbaiki projek ini juga
dibincangkan di bahagian akhir laporan ini.
I'usai Khidmat Maklumat Akauemix UNI VERSITZ MALAYSIA SARAWAK,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Dedication
Appreciation
Abstract
Abstrak
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Chapter Overview
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Ignition sources
2.1.2 Ignited material
2.1.3 Flaming and smoldering combustion
2.1.4 Fire spread and heat release rates for first ignited
PAGE
ii
III
IV
V
vi
x
tii
I
I
I
5
7
7
7
material 8
2.1.5 Building fires 9
2.1.6 Flame spread 10
2.1.7 Smoke developed 11
2.1.8 Laboratory tests 11
2.1.8.1 NFPA Standard No. 255 12
2.1.8.2 Standard ASTM E-84 12
2.1.8.3 No. 723 of Underwriters' Laboratories. Inc 13
2.2 Paint
2.2.1 Alkyd
2.2.2 Varnish
2.2.3 Flame retardant
2.3 Wood
2.3.1 Engineered wood
2.3.1.1 Types of engineered wood
2.3.1.2 Characteristics
2.3.2 Composite wood
2.3.2.1 Plywood
Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Specimen preparation
3.3 Support design
3.4 Experiment set-up and procedures
3.5 Experiment set-up done by Underwriters'
17
19
22
?;
27
27
27
28
29
29
32
32
� _�,
35
3.5 Evaluation of the experiment
Chapter 4: Data and Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Experiment description
4.3 Result of experiment using Interlac 665 paint
4.4 Result of experiment using Siscoseal paint
4.5 Result of experiment using Gardex paint
4.6 Data review
4.6.1 Interlac 665 paint
4.6.2 Siscoseal paint
4.6.3 Gardex paint
4.7 Discussion
4.7.1 Chemical composition of flame retardant
4.7.1.1 Asbestos
4.7.1.2 Polybrominated diphenyl ether
4.7.1.3 Polychlorinated biphenyl
4.7.1.4 Chlorendic acid
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Recommendation
5.2.1 Experiment design
5.2.1.1 Smoke developed
5.2.1.2 Proposed design
37
42
42
44
49
54
59
59
61
63
65
65
66
67
67
68
71
72
73
74
78
References 80
Appendices 82
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE NUMBER
I Classification of different wood materials according to
Flame Spread Index (FSI). 11
2 The Flame Spread Index and Smoke Production Index
of different types of wood. 14
3 Reported Flame Spread Indices. 15
4 Reported Flame Spread Indices of Factory Finished