TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY. FOLLOWING ARE THE MAJOR TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS THAT IS BEING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.
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TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
FOLLOWING ARE THE MAJOR TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS THAT IS BEING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
STAGE TYPE OF WORK
MACHINERIES
PRELIMENARY SITEDEVELOPMENTFOUNDATIONSUPER STRUCTUREWATERBODIES MANAGEMENT,FINISHINGTUNNELINING CANALS TUNNELING CANALSROAD MAKING,ASPHALTING
EARTH MOVINGEXCAVATING , GRABBING ,CLEARANCESHORT TRANSPORTATION OF SOILLONG RANSPORTATIONCOMPACTING, EXCAVATING LOADING DIGGINGDEWATERINGROCK BREAKINGCONCREATINGMATERIAL HANDLINGPLASTERINGSTONE CUTTINGDRILLING, DIGGINGEARTH MOVING CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENTSURFACE FINISHING
DOZERS TRACK OR WHEELEDSCRAPPERSDUMPERS , TIPPERS HEAVY ROLERS SHEEP FOOT ROLLERSVIBRATING ROLLERSCOMPACTING MACHINEPUMPS POWE HAMMERS COMPOSITE MACHINESPNEUMATIC TOOLSMIXERS,CONVAYOR BELTS,AGITATORS,VIBRATORSTOWER CRANES,MOBILE CRANESPLASTERING MACHINESPOWER SAWSAIR COMPRESSORS,EXCAVATORS, BACK HOE,MOTER GRADERS, PAVERSHOT MIXER PLANT
DOZER TRACK
SCRAPER
DUMPER
TIPPER
HEAVY ROLLER SHEEP FOOT ROLLER
VIBRATING ROLLER
POWER HAMMER
PNEUMATIC TOOLS
MIXER , CONVEYOR BELT
CONVEYOR BELT
PRIMARY EARTH EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT S ARE THE TRACTOR MOUNTED EXCAVATORS .IT OPERATES ON STATIONARY MOOD .THEY DUMP EXCAVATED MATERIALS ON THE SIDES OR DIRECTILY INTO THE WAITING TIPPERS /DUMP TRACK THEY GRADUALLY MOVE THE POSITION
AS THE WORK PROGRESS
FACE SHAVELS IT OPERATES FROM A FLAT
SURFACE,PRODUCING UPWORD DIGGING ACTION ,EXCAVATING AND FILLING THE BUCKET AS IT CLIMBES.AFTER THE BUCKET FILLED ITS UPPER PART SWING S TO THE DUMPING POSITION WHER THE BUCKET EMPTIED IN A WAITING TRUCK. THERE AFTER IT RETURNS TO ITS ORIGINAL POSITION AND STARTS THE NEXT CYCLE OF EXCAVATION . BUCKET CAPACITY VARIES FROM 0.3M3 TO 3.25M3 AND ITS CUTTING LENGTH VARIES FROM 7M TO 10.5M
FACE SHOVEL
BACK HOE OR EXCAVATORS IT IS PRIMARILY USED FOR EXCAVATING
BELOW ITS TRACK LEVELS BACK HOE ARE GENERALLY TRACK MOUNTED BUT SMALL CAPACITY EQUIPMENT HAVE WHEEL MOUNTED TO ADD TO THEIR MOBILITY
BUCKETS HAVING STRUCK CAPACITY 0.38 M3 TO 3.25M3 CAPABILITY OF DIGGING DEPTH FROM 5M TO 9.5 M .
BACK HOE
EARTH EXCAVATING AND FITTING EQUIPMENT
TYPE OF EQUIPMENT
FEATURE BUCKET STRUCK CAPACITY
1. FACE SHOVEL MAXIMUM CUTTINGHt(M)
IDEAL OUTPUT /Hr(LOOSE , EASY DIGGING)
7.0 7.0 7.0 7.5 8.5 10.
60
90 120 180 220 300
2. BACK HOE OR EXCAVATER
MAXIMUM DIGGING DEPTH (M)
IDEAL OUTPUT / HR
5.0
6.5 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.0
48
72 96 144 176 240
BUCKET SIZE 0.38 0.57 0.76 1.14 1.53 2.30
ENGINE HP 50 75 100 130 160 200
OUTPUT PLANNING DATAPLANNED OUTPUT = IDEAL OUTPUT *
CORRECTION FACTOR * PERFORMANCE FACTOR
IDEAL OUTPUT = BUCKET OUTPUT/CYCLE* NO OF CYCLES/HR
BUCKET OUTPUT /CYCLE = BUCKET STRUCK CAPACITY
NO OF CYCLES = 60/EACH CYCLE TIME IN MIN
CORRECTION FACTOROUTPUT ADJUSTMENT FACTOR FOR SECONDARY TASK
EQUIPMENT
NATURE OF SECONDARY TASK
TASK n
SHOVEL MOVEMENT FROM EXCAVATING PLACE TO MALVADING PLACE
TASK n
1.WITHIN VICINITY 1.0
2. LITTLE MOVEMENT
0.6 TO 0.9
3. APPRECIABLE MOVEMENT
0.4 TO 0.6
BACK HOE TRENCHING1. EQUAL TO BUCKET WIDTH
1.0
2. MORE THAN BUCKET WIDTH
0.7 TO 0.9
CORRECTION FACTOR EQUIPMENT FACTOR
MULTIPLIES FACE SHOVEL
1.00
BACK HOE 0.80
SOIL DIGGING FACTOR DIGGING
EFFORTFACTOR MULTIPLIES
EASY DIGGING 1.00
MEDIUM DIGGING
0.85
SWING FACTOR ANGLE OF SWING
45
60
75 90 120 150 180
FACTOR VALUE 1.2 1.16 1.07 1.0 0.88 0.79 0.71
LOAD CASTING FACTOR
METHOD OF CASTING
FACTOR MULTIPLIES
OPEN AREA RESTRICTED AREA
SIDE CASTING
1.0 0.8
LOADING IN VEHICLE
0.8 0.6
EXAMPLEESTIMATE THE HOURLY PRODUCTION IN BULK
VOL (CCM) OF A BACK HOE WITH BUCKET CAPACITY OF 0.96cum EMPLOYED ON EXCAVATION OF A FOUNDATIN FOUR METRES DEEP IN HARD DIGGING SOIL . THE EXCAVATED EARTH IS TO BE LOADED IN WAILING DUMP TRACKS PLACED AT A SWING ANGLE OF 75 . THE EXPECTED PERFORMANCE IS 83%
IDEAL OUTPUT ASSUMED – 150 CUBIC M/HR BACKHOE OUTPUT USING EQUIPMT
CONVERSION = A* 0.8
CORRECTION FACTORSOIL FACTOR FOR HARD DIGGING - 0.67FOOD FACTOR FOR LOADING INTO VEHICLE -
0.87SWING FACTOR FOR 75 - 1.05CORRECTION FACTOR = 0.67*0.87*1.05 = 0.56PERFORMANCY n = 0.83HENCE EXPECTED OUTPUT = IDEAL OUTPUT * CORRECTION FACTOR *
PERFORMANCE n = 150*0.8*0.56*0.83 = 56 cubm/hr
HAULING EQUIPMENTREAR DUMPER TIPPER AND REAR DUMPER
TRICULOR AS HIGH WAY HAULINGGENERALLY FRONT END LOADERS AND
EXCAVATORS ARE USED TO LOAD TIPPERS AND DUMPERS
THE NO OF HAULAGE VEHICLE REQUIRED = 1 + CYCLE TIME / TRIP OF
VEHICLE/LOAD FILLING TIME OF VEHICLE
HAULING EQUIPMENT
PROBLEMCONSTRUCTION OF A MILITARY HELIPAD AT AN
ATTITUDE OF 2400 m INVOLVES 80,000 CUBM (LOOSE) OF AREA EXCAVATION OF SOFT SOIL . THE TASK IS TO BE COMPLETED IN 200 WORKING HRS . THE COMPANY ENTRUSTED WITH THE EXECUTION OF THE TASK HAS TOO DOZER EACH WITH AN OUTPUT OF 220CUBM/HR UNDER JOB CONDITION.
IT ALSO HOLDS WHEELAND 22 CUBM DUMP TRUCKS ONE LOADER CAN LOAD IN TRUCKS BOUT 120CUBM OF EXCAVATED SOIL/Hr
THE DUMP TRUCK CYCLE TIME FOR DISPOSED OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS IN 35 MINUTES .
THIS INCLUDES 7 MINUTES OF LOADING TIME BY A LOADER TEAM CONSISTING OF 2 LOADERS
ESTIMATE THE OUTPUT OF FRONT END LOADER FOR LOADING EXCAVATED SOIL HEAP INTO DUMP TRUCKS AND DETERMINE APPROXIMATELY THE NO OF DOZERS , LOADERS AND DUMPERS REQUIRED TO COMPLTE THE TASK ON TIME
ATTITUDE AT HEIGHT OF 2400 cmTHE SOIL REQUIRED FOR HELIPAD IS 80888 CUBcmTIME PERIOD OF COMPLETION – 200 HRS MACHINERIES USED DOZERS - 2NOSOUTPUT OF EACH DOZER IS 220CUBM/HRALSO WHEEL LOADER MACHINE IS USED CAPACITY OF EACH BUCKET IS 22CUBMWHEEL LOADER OUTPUT/HR – 120CUBM/HREACH CYCLE TIME OF DUMP TRUCK – 35 MINTIME OF FRONT END LOADER ?NO OF DOERS , LOADERS ,DUMPER?
NOWOUTPUT/HR OF EACH DOZER 220CUBM/HRTOTAL WORKING HR OF EACH DOZER – 200OUTPUT = 220 * 200 = 44000 CUBMEXCAVATION QUANTITY = 80000CUBMNO OF DOZERS = 80000/44000 = 1.8i.e 2 DOZER
LOADERS REQUIRED = EXCAVATION /HR BY DOZERS/ LOADER OUTPUT /HR
= NO OF DOZERS*DOZEROUTPUT/HR
LOADER OUTPUT /HR = 2*220/120 = 4 LOADERS1 DOZER = 2 LOADER (1 TEAM) 2 TEAMS
DUMPERS REQUIRED FOR EACH LOAD OF TEAM = 1 + DUMPER CYCLE TIME
LOADING TIME = 1+ 35/7 = 1+5 = 6TOTAL DUMPERS REQUIRED = 6*2 = 12
LOADERFRONT END WHEEL LOADER ARE
GENERALLY AVAILABLE AND THEY ARE EQUIPPED WITH A FRONT MOUNTED GENERAL PURPOSE BUCKET EACH TRANSPORTER FOR SHORT DISTANCE
IT IS AVAILABLE AS WHEEL MOUNTED AND TRACK MOUNTED
IT CAN SPREAD AND COMPACT THE FILLING MATERIAL
OUTPUT DATA THE OUTPUT DEPENDS UPON THE SIZE OF
BUCKET AND HP OF ENGINEBUCKET CAPACITY ARE SPECIFIED BY THE
MANUFACTURER EITHER IN TERMS OF HEAPED CAPACITY OR STRUCK CAPACITY
PLANNING IN MODE ON LOOSE SOIL STRUCK CAPACITY OF THE BUCKET
HEAPED CAPACITY IS CONVERTED TO STRUCK CAPACITY
BUCKET CAPACITY = BUCKET HEAPED CAPACITY * FILL FACTOR
FILL FACTOR NATURE OF SOIL BUCKET FILL
FACTOR
COMMON EARTH
0.95
SAND AND GRAVEL 0.95
HARD CLAY 0.80
BLASTED ROCK 0.70
BULL DOZERIT IS ONE OF THE HEAVY EARTH MOVING
MACHINERY USED FOR , IT COME UNDER EARTH CUTTING AND HAULING EQUIP.
1.DITCHING2.GRUBBING3.STUMPING4.PIONEERING5.STRIPPING6.MOVING AND LEVELLING
BULL DOZERIT IS TO CUT AND SHIFT EARTH FROM ONE PLACE
TO OTHER . THEY ARE AVAILABLE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLADES
IT IS A VERSATILE MACHINEBULL DOZER IS USED TO MOVE EARTH UPTO
100m EXCAVATING TO A SHALLOW DEPTH OF 200m AT A TIME
OTHER TYPES OF EARTH CUTTING AND HAULING EQUIP
1.FRONT END LOADER2.TOWED SCRAPER3.MOTORISED SCRAPER
BULL DOZER
IT COMES UNDER DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLADES(4NO)
“S” BLADE STRAIGHT USED FOR FORWARD PUSHING OF EARTH
“U” BLADE IT HAS LARGE CAPACITY AND IS USED FOR PUSHING LOOSE MATERIAL
ANGLE “A” BLADE FOR PUSHING SOIL TO ONE SIDE , IT IS REQUIRED IN HILL ROAD FORMATION CUTTING
“P” BLADE FOR PUSH LOADING A SCRAPPER
BULL DOZER OUTPUTDOZER OPTIMUM OUTPUT =
DOZER IDEAL OUTPUT * CORRECTION FACTOR
DOZER PLANNING DATA =
DOZER OPTIMUM OUTPUT * PERFORMANCE FACTORS
NOW CORRECTION FACTORS DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS
1 . BLADE FACTOR S 1.00
A
0.75
U 1.25
2. TRANSMISSION FACTOR - 80% OF IDEAL OUTPUT
3.GRADE FACTOR - AS PER SLOPE FOR PLANNING PURPOSE IT CAN BE TAKEN
AS
4. SOIL FACTOR
DOWN HILL +2.5 * GRADE %
UP HILL -2 * GRADE %
DIGGING EFFORT
NATURE OF SOIL
SOIL FACTOR
EASY DIG SAND,GRAVEL 1.0
MEDIUM DIG COMMON EARTH IN NATURAL STATE
0.85
HARD DIG HARD STUFF CLAY , SOFT ROCK
0.67
5.SWING FACTOR IN PLACE (OR BANK) VOLUME = BULK VOL SWELL FACTOR
FLY WHEEL HP
ONE WAY HAUL DISTANCE IN METRES
15M 30M 45M 60M
60 -75 220 115 78 73
75 - 125 375 195 132 123
125 - 200 514 266 180 169
200 275 705 350 246 229
EXAMPLEDETERMINE THE OUTPUT OF A BULL DOZER
HAVING 215 HP ENGINE FILLED WITH A GRADE RATEDCAPACITY 4.40CUBM
THE DOZER IS EMPLOYED FOR EXCAVATING A HARD CLAYED AREA WITH AVERAGE HAULAGE OF 50M ON A GROUND WITH DOWN SLOPE OF 10% .IT HAS A DIRECT DRIVE TRANSMISSION AND ITS EXPECTED PERFORMANCE IN 50MIN/HR
SOLUTION OUTPUT/HR = IDEAL
OUTPUT/HR*CORRECTION FACTOR * PERFORMANCE FACTOR
1. IDEAL OUTPUT/HR FOR 50M HAULAGE OF 215 HP DOZER WITH “S” BLADE OF CAPACITY 4.4CUBM = 200CUBM/HR
2. CORRECTION FACTOR APPLICABLE SOIL FACTOR FOR HARD DIGGING= 0.67 BLADE FACTOR FOR “A”BLADE = 0.65GRADE FACTOR FOR 10% DOWN GRADE ASSISTANCE = 1+
2.5 * 10% = 1.25TRANSMISSION FACTOR FOR DIRECT DRIVE – 0.8SWELLING FACTOR OF CLAYED SOIL – 1.3 LOOSE VOL BANK VOL = 1/1.3CORRECTION FACTOR = 0.67*0.65*1.25*0.8*0.4355*1/1.3=
0.335PERFORMANCE FACTOR FOR 50MIN/HR = 0.83 OUTPUT = 200 *0.83*0.335 = 55.61CUBM/HR
COMPACTING EQUIPMENTTYPES OF COMPACTING EQUIPMENT –
SMOOTH DRUM VIBRATION , PADDED , DUAL DRUM ASPHALT
NOW PRODUCTION OF SPREADING EQUIPMENT
TIME FOR COMPLETING JOB: NO OF PASSES *DISTANCE IN Km AVG SPEED IN Km/Hr * n FACTOR
COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION DEPENDS ON THE COMPACTED THICKNESS OF MATERIAL
AVERAGE SPEEDFLY WHEEL POWERWEIGHT OF OPERATINGFREQUENCY OF VIBRATION
COMPACTED SOIL /SUB BASE /ASPHALTICCONCRETE IM CUBM/HR
= W*S*L*0.83 P W= EFFECTIVE ROLLING WITH WIDTH OF COMPACTION
(M) S= AVERAGE SPEED OF COMPACTION (M/HR) L = COMPACTED THICKNESS OF THE MATERIAL P= NO OF PASSES REQD TO ACHIEVE DESIRED
COMPACTION ( DEPENDS UPON WEIGHT AND TYPE OF COMPACTIONAND THE REQD DENSITY TO ACHIEVE)
WHILE SELECTING THE ROLLER OR WIDTH IN RELATION TO WIDTH OF THE LAYDOWN LANE TO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION
NO OF PASSES DEPEND UPON WEIGHT AND TYPE OF THE COMPACTER AND THE REQUIREMENT OF DENSITY TO BE ACHEIVED
CRANES AND HOISTS CRANES ARE HOISTING DEVICES AND THEY
ARE USED FOR LIFTING MATERIAL/ EQUIPMENTS MACHINERY
BASICALLY THEY ARE OF TWO TYPES OF CRANES
1. MOBILE CRANES2.TOWER CRANES
MOBILE CRANES ARE THE BEST MEANS FOR LIFTING AND SHIFTING OF SMALL TO HEAVY LOADS. THEY ARE OF THREE TYPES
1.GRAWLER MOUNTED CRANES 2. SELF PROPELLED RUBBER TYRED
WHEELS CRANE3. TRUCK MOUNTEDTOWER CRANES 1.STATIONARY CRANES 2.TRAVELLING CRANES3.CLIMBING CRANES
MOBILE CRANE TOWER CRANE
ESTIMATING CRANE OUTPUTCAPACITY TO HANDLE LOAD = GRA=OVE
OUTPUT/HR= LOAD/CYCLE* CYCLES/HRTO REFER MACHINERY MANUAL FOR
LOAD/CYCLE AND CYCLES/HR
ACTIVITYHOOKING LOAD AT g. l 1.0MIN
RAISING LOAD FROM g.l TO A HT OR 30m AT 60 m/min
0.5MIN
Slewing through 120deg at 60 deg/min 2.0MIN
TRAVELLING ON RAILS FOR 45 m AT 30m/min 1.5MIN
MOVING TROLLEY AT JIP LEVEL FOR UNLOADING AND POSITIONING BY 15m AT 15m /min
1.0MIN
UNHOOKING LOAD 1.0MIN
LOWERING LOAD BY 5M at 60 TO 100 m/min and resting at THE PROPER PLACE
1.0MIN
RAISING HOOK BY 5 METRES (OVERTAPPING) 0.0MIN
SLEWING ORIGINAL LOADING POSITION 1.0MIN
MOVING TROLLEY AT JIB LEVEL TO OADING POSTN 0.5MIN
TRAVELLING ON RAIL TO ORIGINAL LOADING POSTN 1.5MIN
LOWERING HOOK 0.5MIN
TOTAL CYCLE/TIME 11.0MIN
TOTAL CYCLE / TIME:.n = 44 min/hr AND SHIFTING AT 5 TONS
LOAD IN EACH CYCLE 5 TON LOADS * CYCLES IN ONE HOUR (OF
44 MIN) 44 * 5 11 = 20 TON/HR
METHOD OF COMPUTING OWNING AND OPERATING COST OF AN EQUIPMENTTO GET COST OF EQUP/HR , TO
UNDERSTAND OWNING AND OPERATING COST
EQPT – LOADER : - FLYWHEEL POWER 112HP
PAYLOAD = 2722kg
(A)
COST AT SITE FOR 1.53 CUBM (FOR EARTH)
Rs 1500000 .00
LESS TYRE REPLACEMENT COST Rs. 40000 . 00
LANDED PRICE LESS COST OF TYRES Rs. 1460000 . 00
LESS : RESALE VALUE : Rs . 150 000 . 00
(B) NET VALUE FOR DEPRECIATION : Rs 1310000.00 (C) OWNING COST 1. DEPRECIATION : NET DEPRECIATION VALUE LIFE IN HRS = 1310000.00 = Rs 81.88 HR 16000ASSUMING ANNUAL USE IN HRS = 16000 HRS
®INTEREST @ 12% AND INSURANCE @ 1% LANDED PRICE * % INVESTMENT =
TOTAL ANNUAL RATE ANNUAL USE IN HRS = RS.67,03/HR
REPAIR COSTREPAIR COST TYRES: REPLACEMENT COST = 40000 ESTIMATED LIFE
3200 = Rs 12.50NORMAL REPAIR = 90% OF LANDED COST – TYRE
COST TOTAL HOUR = 0.9 * 1500000 – 40000 = Rs
81.88/hr 16000
SERVICE COSTFUEL – 11Kg /HR * Rs 4 = Rs 44.00/HR (a )Lubricant greace etc - Rs 10.00/HR (b )Total service cost = 44 + 10 = 54.00/HROPERATION SALARY – 80.00 = Rs.10.00/HR 8TOTAL OWNING AND OPERATING COST PER
HOUR = DEPREATION + INTEREST @ 12% AND INSURANCE @ 1% + TYRE REPAIR COST + NORMAL REPAIR COST + TOTAL SERVICE COST + OPERATOR SALARY
= 81.88+ 67.03+12.03+81.88+ 54.00 + 10.00 = Rs 307.29/HR
THANK YOU
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