Tuesday 2.02 & 2.03 TLWD comprehension of how the growth of nationalism & sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, & language AND Analysis of the.
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Tuesday 2.02 & 2.03 TLWD comprehension of how the growth of nationalism & sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, & language ANDAnalysis of the economic & social issues that led to sectionalism & nationalism
Tuesday 2.02 & 2.03 TLWD comprehension of how the growth of nationalism & sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, & language ANDAnalysis of the economic & social issues that led to sectionalism & nationalism
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.connected most major cities.
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s
Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System
Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s
Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont
Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840
Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates
Clipper ShipsClipper Ships
The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR
By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]
TheRailroad
Revolution,1850s
TheRailroad
Revolution,1850s
Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.
Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs. RRs.
Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try
anything.anything.
They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, theninnovators.innovators.
1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.
1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Actually Actually invented by a invented by a
slave!slave!
Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory
Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle
OliverEvansOliverEvans
First prototype of the First prototype of the locomotivelocomotive
First automated First automated flour millflour mill
John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)
John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,
1858
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,
1858
Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine
z They all regarded material They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and of the country’s virtue and promise.promise.
The “American Dream”The “American Dream”
A German visitor in the 1840s, A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:Friedrich List, observed:
Anything new is quickly introduced Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an old ways. The moment an American hears the word American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.“invention,” he pricks up his ears.
Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860
The blue line shows, for comparison, the The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.had risen to $104.
Distribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American During the American
Revolution,Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of10% ofthe population.the population.
v 1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned top 4% owned overover 65% of the wealth. 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% top 1% ownedowned over 50% of the wealth. over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening! widening!
Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory
System”)
Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory
System”)
The Lowell/Waltham System:
First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
The Lowell/Waltham System:
First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850
Lowell MillLowell Mill
Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom
New EnglandTextile
Centers:
1830s
New EnglandTextile
Centers:
1830s
New England Dominance in Textiles
New England Dominance in Textiles
Starting for LowellStarting for Lowell
Lowell GirlsLowell Girls
What was their typical What was their typical “profile?”“profile?”
Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses
What was boardinghouse life What was boardinghouse life like?like?
Lowell Mills Time Table
Lowell Mills Time Table
Antebellum
American
Art
Antebellum
American
Art
TheHudson River
School:
1820s-1870
TheHudson River
School:
1820s-1870
► These artists captured the undiluted power of nature
► Paint the nation’s most spectacular and undeveloped areas [the new Garden of Eden].
► Nature was the best source of wisdom &fulfillment.
► They created visual embodiments of the ideals ofthe Transcendentalists. * Painting is the vehicle through which the universal mind could reach the mind of mankind. * Art is the agent of moral & spiritual transformation.
► These artists captured the undiluted power of nature
► Paint the nation’s most spectacular and undeveloped areas [the new Garden of Eden].
► Nature was the best source of wisdom &fulfillment.
► They created visual embodiments of the ideals ofthe Transcendentalists. * Painting is the vehicle through which the universal mind could reach the mind of mankind. * Art is the agent of moral & spiritual transformation.
BackgroundBackground
1. Paint grand, scenic vistas.
2. Humans are an insignificant [even non-existent] part of the picture.
3. Experiment with affects of light on waterand sky.
4. Symbol of the school a broken tree stump
1. Paint grand, scenic vistas.
2. Humans are an insignificant [even non-existent] part of the picture.
3. Experiment with affects of light on waterand sky.
4. Symbol of the school a broken tree stump
Characteristics of the Hudson River SchoolCharacteristics of the Hudson River School
A new art for a new land.A new art for a new land.
► Transcendentalist thinking.► Westward expansion.► American nationalism --> What is
America? * Creation of a national mythology
► Racism and Native Americans.► Concern for political extremism.► The price paid for progress and the
advances of civilization.
► Transcendentalist thinking.► Westward expansion.► American nationalism --> What is
America? * Creation of a national mythology
► Racism and Native Americans.► Concern for political extremism.► The price paid for progress and the
advances of civilization.
Issues/Themes Addressed by the Antebellum Artists
Issues/Themes Addressed by the Antebellum Artists
In Nature’s WonderlandThomas Doughty, 1835In Nature’s WonderlandThomas Doughty, 1835
NiagaraFrederic Church, 1857
NiagaraFrederic Church, 1857
View of the Catskills, Early Autumn
Thomas Cole, 1837
View of the Catskills, Early Autumn
Thomas Cole, 1837
View from Mt. Holyoke: The OxbowThomas Cole, 1836
View from Mt. Holyoke: The OxbowThomas Cole, 1836
The Course of Empire: The Savage State
Thomas Cole, 1834
The Course of Empire: The Savage State
Thomas Cole, 1834
The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or The Pastoral State - Thomas Cole,
1836
The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or The Pastoral State - Thomas Cole,
1836
The Course of Empire: Consummation
Thomas Cole, 1836
The Course of Empire: Consummation
Thomas Cole, 1836
The Course of Empire: DestructionThomas Cole, 1836
The Course of Empire: DestructionThomas Cole, 1836
The Course of Empire: DesolationThomas Cole, 1836
The Course of Empire: DesolationThomas Cole, 1836
Kindred Spirits – Asher Durand, 1849
Kindred Spirits – Asher Durand, 1849
Watercolors by John AudubonWatercolors by John Audubon
Stanley Hawk Barred Owl
The
Luminists
The
Luminists
Boston Harbor from Constitution Wharf
Robert Salmon, 1833
Boston Harbor from Constitution Wharf
Robert Salmon, 1833
The Constitution in Boston Harbor
Fitz Hugh Lane, 1848-49
The Constitution in Boston Harbor
Fitz Hugh Lane, 1848-49
Fur Trappers Descending the Missouri
George Caleb Bingham, 1845
Fur Trappers Descending the Missouri
George Caleb Bingham, 1845
TheClassical Styles of Greece &
Rome
TheClassical Styles of Greece &
Rome
Neo-Classical Architecture: U. S. Customs House, 1836Neo-Classical Architecture: U. S. Customs House, 1836
Jefferson Rotunda(Univ. of VA), 1819-26
Jefferson Rotunda(Univ. of VA), 1819-26
The Capitol RotundaThe Capitol Rotunda
Patriotic
Art
Patriotic
Art
The Landing of the PilgrimsUnknown Artist, 1830s
The Landing of the PilgrimsUnknown Artist, 1830s
Washington Crossing the DelawareEmmanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1851
Washington Crossing the DelawareEmmanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1851
George Washington Horatio Greenough, 1841
George Washington Horatio Greenough, 1841
Our Banner in the Sky - Frederic Church, 1861
Our Banner in the Sky - Frederic Church, 1861
The“Frontier
”Artists
The“Frontier
”Artists
Young Omahaw, War Eagle, Little Missouri, and Pawnees - Charles Bird
King, 1821
1. The “Noble Savage” Image
1. The “Noble Savage” Image
Buffalo Bull’s Back Fat, Head Chief,
Blood Tribe - George Caitlin, 1832
Buffalo Bull’s Back Fat, Head Chief,
Blood Tribe - George Caitlin, 1832
2. The “Stoic” Indian2. The “Stoic” Indian
Mato-Tope – Karl Bodmer, 1830s
Mato-Tope – Karl Bodmer, 1830s
3. The “Demonic” Indian3. The “Demonic” Indian
Osage Scalp Dance John Mix Stanley, 1845
Osage Scalp Dance John Mix Stanley, 1845
Last of the Race – Tompkins Matteson, 1847
Last of the Race – Tompkins Matteson, 1847
4. The “Doomed” Indian4. The “Doomed” Indian
Dying Indian Chief Contemplating the Progress of Civilization Thomas Crawford, 1857
Dying Indian Chief Contemplating the Progress of Civilization Thomas Crawford, 1857
A portend of the future??
A portend of the future??
Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)
Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)
Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.”
“Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.
Transcendentalist ThinkingTranscendentalist Thinking Man must acknowledge a body of
moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof:
1. The infinite benevolence of God.
2. The infinite benevolence of nature.
3. The divinity of man.
They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions
Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)
Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)
Therefore, if man was divine, it would be wicked that he should be held in slavery, or his soul corrupted by superstition, or his mind clouded by ignorance!!
Thus, the role of the reformer was to restore man to that divinity which God had endowed them.
Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers
Concord, MA
Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers
Concord, MA
Ralph WaldoEmerson
Ralph WaldoEmerson
Henry DavidThoreau
Henry DavidThoreau
Nature(1832) Walden
(1854)
Resistance to Civil
Disobedience(1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
“The American Scholar”
(1837) R3-1/3/4/5
The Transcendentalist AgendaThe Transcendentalist Agenda Give freedom to the slave.
Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.
Give learning to the ignorant.
Give health to the sick.
Give peace and justice to society.
Their pursuit of the ideal led to a distorted view of humannature and possibilities: * The Blithedale Romance
A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-
1864)
A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-
1864)
One should accept the world as an imperfect place: * Scarlet Letter * House of the Seven Gables
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