Tuesday 2.02 & 2.03 TLWD comprehension of how the growth of nationalism & sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, & language AND Analysis of the.

Tuesday 2.02 & 2.03 TLWD comprehension of how the growth of nationalism & sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, & language ANDAnalysis of the economic & social issues that led to sectionalism & nationalism

Tuesday 2.02 & 2.03 TLWD comprehension of how the growth of nationalism & sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, & language ANDAnalysis of the economic & social issues that led to sectionalism & nationalism

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.connected most major cities.

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates

Clipper ShipsClipper Ships

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR

By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.

Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs. RRs.

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try

anything.anything.

They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, theninnovators.innovators.

1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.

1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Actually Actually invented by a invented by a

slave!slave!

Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

OliverEvansOliverEvans

First prototype of the First prototype of the locomotivelocomotive

First automated First automated flour millflour mill

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine

z They all regarded material They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and of the country’s virtue and promise.promise.

The “American Dream”The “American Dream”

A German visitor in the 1840s, A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:Friedrich List, observed:

Anything new is quickly introduced Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an old ways. The moment an American hears the word American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.“invention,” he pricks up his ears.

Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860

The blue line shows, for comparison, the The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.had risen to $104.

Distribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American During the American

Revolution,Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of10% ofthe population.the population.

v 1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned top 4% owned overover 65% of the wealth. 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% top 1% ownedowned over 50% of the wealth. over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening! widening!

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850

Lowell MillLowell Mill

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

New England Dominance in Textiles

Starting for LowellStarting for Lowell

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

What was their typical What was their typical “profile?”“profile?”

Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses

What was boardinghouse life What was boardinghouse life like?like?

Lowell Mills Time Table

Lowell Mills Time Table

Antebellum

American

Art

Antebellum

American

Art

TheHudson River

School:

1820s-1870

TheHudson River

School:

1820s-1870

► These artists captured the undiluted power of nature

► Paint the nation’s most spectacular and undeveloped areas [the new Garden of Eden].

► Nature was the best source of wisdom &fulfillment.

► They created visual embodiments of the ideals ofthe Transcendentalists. * Painting is the vehicle through which the universal mind could reach the mind of mankind. * Art is the agent of moral & spiritual transformation.

► These artists captured the undiluted power of nature

► Paint the nation’s most spectacular and undeveloped areas [the new Garden of Eden].

► Nature was the best source of wisdom &fulfillment.

► They created visual embodiments of the ideals ofthe Transcendentalists. * Painting is the vehicle through which the universal mind could reach the mind of mankind. * Art is the agent of moral & spiritual transformation.

BackgroundBackground

1. Paint grand, scenic vistas.

2. Humans are an insignificant [even non-existent] part of the picture.

3. Experiment with affects of light on waterand sky.

4. Symbol of the school a broken tree stump

1. Paint grand, scenic vistas.

2. Humans are an insignificant [even non-existent] part of the picture.

3. Experiment with affects of light on waterand sky.

4. Symbol of the school a broken tree stump

Characteristics of the Hudson River SchoolCharacteristics of the Hudson River School

A new art for a new land.A new art for a new land.

► Transcendentalist thinking.► Westward expansion.► American nationalism --> What is

America? * Creation of a national mythology

► Racism and Native Americans.► Concern for political extremism.► The price paid for progress and the

advances of civilization.

► Transcendentalist thinking.► Westward expansion.► American nationalism --> What is

America? * Creation of a national mythology

► Racism and Native Americans.► Concern for political extremism.► The price paid for progress and the

advances of civilization.

Issues/Themes Addressed by the Antebellum Artists

Issues/Themes Addressed by the Antebellum Artists

In Nature’s WonderlandThomas Doughty, 1835In Nature’s WonderlandThomas Doughty, 1835

NiagaraFrederic Church, 1857

NiagaraFrederic Church, 1857

View of the Catskills, Early Autumn

Thomas Cole, 1837

View of the Catskills, Early Autumn

Thomas Cole, 1837

View from Mt. Holyoke: The OxbowThomas Cole, 1836

View from Mt. Holyoke: The OxbowThomas Cole, 1836

The Course of Empire: The Savage State

Thomas Cole, 1834

The Course of Empire: The Savage State

Thomas Cole, 1834

The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or The Pastoral State - Thomas Cole,

1836

The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or The Pastoral State - Thomas Cole,

1836

The Course of Empire: Consummation

Thomas Cole, 1836

The Course of Empire: Consummation

Thomas Cole, 1836

The Course of Empire: DestructionThomas Cole, 1836

The Course of Empire: DestructionThomas Cole, 1836

The Course of Empire: DesolationThomas Cole, 1836

The Course of Empire: DesolationThomas Cole, 1836

Kindred Spirits – Asher Durand, 1849

Kindred Spirits – Asher Durand, 1849

Watercolors by John AudubonWatercolors by John Audubon

Stanley Hawk Barred Owl

The

Luminists

The

Luminists

Boston Harbor from Constitution Wharf

Robert Salmon, 1833

Boston Harbor from Constitution Wharf

Robert Salmon, 1833

The Constitution in Boston Harbor

Fitz Hugh Lane, 1848-49

The Constitution in Boston Harbor

Fitz Hugh Lane, 1848-49

Fur Trappers Descending the Missouri

George Caleb Bingham, 1845

Fur Trappers Descending the Missouri

George Caleb Bingham, 1845

TheClassical Styles of Greece &

Rome

TheClassical Styles of Greece &

Rome

Neo-Classical Architecture: U. S. Customs House, 1836Neo-Classical Architecture: U. S. Customs House, 1836

Jefferson Rotunda(Univ. of VA), 1819-26

Jefferson Rotunda(Univ. of VA), 1819-26

The Capitol RotundaThe Capitol Rotunda

Patriotic

Art

Patriotic

Art

The Landing of the PilgrimsUnknown Artist, 1830s

The Landing of the PilgrimsUnknown Artist, 1830s

Washington Crossing the DelawareEmmanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1851

Washington Crossing the DelawareEmmanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1851

George Washington Horatio Greenough, 1841

George Washington Horatio Greenough, 1841

Our Banner in the Sky - Frederic Church, 1861

Our Banner in the Sky - Frederic Church, 1861

The“Frontier

”Artists

The“Frontier

”Artists

Young Omahaw, War Eagle, Little Missouri, and Pawnees - Charles Bird

King, 1821

1. The “Noble Savage” Image

1. The “Noble Savage” Image

Buffalo Bull’s Back Fat, Head Chief,

Blood Tribe - George Caitlin, 1832

Buffalo Bull’s Back Fat, Head Chief,

Blood Tribe - George Caitlin, 1832

2. The “Stoic” Indian2. The “Stoic” Indian

Mato-Tope – Karl Bodmer, 1830s

Mato-Tope – Karl Bodmer, 1830s

3. The “Demonic” Indian3. The “Demonic” Indian

Osage Scalp Dance John Mix Stanley, 1845

Osage Scalp Dance John Mix Stanley, 1845

Last of the Race – Tompkins Matteson, 1847

Last of the Race – Tompkins Matteson, 1847

4. The “Doomed” Indian4. The “Doomed” Indian

Dying Indian Chief Contemplating the Progress of Civilization Thomas Crawford, 1857

Dying Indian Chief Contemplating the Progress of Civilization Thomas Crawford, 1857

A portend of the future??

A portend of the future??

Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)

Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)

Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.”

“Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.

Transcendentalist ThinkingTranscendentalist Thinking Man must acknowledge a body of

moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof:

1. The infinite benevolence of God.

2. The infinite benevolence of nature.

3. The divinity of man.

They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions

Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)

Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)

Therefore, if man was divine, it would be wicked that he should be held in slavery, or his soul corrupted by superstition, or his mind clouded by ignorance!!

Thus, the role of the reformer was to restore man to that divinity which God had endowed them.

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Henry DavidThoreau

Henry DavidThoreau

Nature(1832) Walden

(1854)

Resistance to Civil

Disobedience(1849)

Self-Reliance (1841)

“The American Scholar”

(1837) R3-1/3/4/5

The Transcendentalist AgendaThe Transcendentalist Agenda Give freedom to the slave.

Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.

Give learning to the ignorant.

Give health to the sick.

Give peace and justice to society.

Their pursuit of the ideal led to a distorted view of humannature and possibilities: * The Blithedale Romance

A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-

1864)

A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-

1864)

One should accept the world as an imperfect place: * Scarlet Letter * House of the Seven Gables