Total station

The introduction and applications ofTOTAL STATION

(Leica TS02/06/09)

LUONG BAO BINHDept. of Geomatics Engineering

University of Technology, HCMC, VN

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Contents

• Introduction– Fundamental measurements– Why is the total station?– Modern technologies

• Basic functions– Target offset– Height transfer– Hidden point– Check tie

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Contents (cont.)

• Applications – Surveying & Traverse– Stake out– Free station– Reference line & Reference arc– Tie distance– Area and volume– Remote height– Coordinate geometry calculations– Road 2D and 3D

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Fundamental measurementsAngle with theodolites

Distance with tape or EDM

Leveling with levels

Should we combine themin an instrument?

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Why is the total station?

• Problem: in practice, not only individual measurements but also the combinations of measurements and the calculations are required for many tasks.

• Solution: the total station

Electronictheodolite EDM Firmware+ + = Total

station

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Advantages of total station

• All-in-one instrument for multi-task• Reliable and highly accurate• Integrated applications available for many

common tasks• Automatic and easy in data storage and

transfer• A complete procedure from surveying to

map plotting is available with appropriate softwares

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Accuracy and rangePrism mode

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Accuracy and rangeNon-prism mode

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Modern technologies• Reflectorless (non-prism mode)• Integrated GPS (smart station)• Auto tracking (robotic)

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Integrated GPS

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Integrated GPS

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Basic functions

• Target offset• Height transfer• Hidden point• Check tie

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Target offset

Determines the target point P2 from:_ the offset point P1 and_ two distances: traverse offset and length offset

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Cylinder offset

Determines the center P1 and radius R from_ three points on the border

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Height transfer

Determines the instrument height at P0 from:_ the point(s) Pi with known height(s)

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Hidden point

Determines the hidden point P1 from:_ two points 1 and 2, and _ distances d1 & d2 on the rod

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Check tie

Calculates from 2 measured points P1 & P2::_ slope and horizontal distance _ azimuth_ grade_ height difference_ coordinates diference

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Applications

• Traverse and Surveying• Stake out• Free station• Reference line & Reference arc• Area and volume• Remote height• Coordinate geometry calculations• Road 2D & 3D

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Traverse

• Helmet transformation• Adjustment• Checking point and tolerance• Start the traverse with or without known

backsight• Measure sideshot

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Traverse

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Traverse

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Stake outPolar mode Orthogonal mode Cartesian mode

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Free stationDetermines the instrument position P0 from at least 2 known points Pi

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Reference line

• Reference Line is an application that facilitates the easy stake out or checking of lines, for example, for buildings, sections of road, or simple excavations. It allows the user to define a reference line and then complete the following tasks with respect to that line:– Line & offset– Point & Grid stake out– Line segmentation stake out

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Base lineBase line is defined by 2 pointswhich can be:_ measured, or_ entered / selected from memory

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Reference line

Reference line is created by:_ parallel / longitudinal offset_ rotatedfrom base line / base point

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Line & offsetto calculate:_ offsets_ height differenceof target point relative to ref. line

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Stake out

Point stake out

Grid stake out

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Line segmentation stake out

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Reference arc

• Line & offset• Stake out:

– Point– Arc– Chord– Angle

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Reference arc

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Line & offset

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Stake out (point & angle)

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Stake out (arc & chord)

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Tie distancePolynomial method

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Tie distanceRadial method

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Area

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Volume

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Remote height

to compute points (without prism)directly above the base prism

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Geometry calculations

• Inverse and Traverse• Intersection• Offset• Extension

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Inverse

to calculate:_ distance_ direction_ height difference_ gradebetween 2 known points

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Traverseto calculate the positionof a new point using:_ distance_ bearingfrom a known points

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Intersections Bearing-Bearing

(2 lines)Bearing-Distance(a line & a circle)

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IntersectionsDistance-Distance

(2 circles)

By Points(4 points on 2 lines)

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Offsets

Distance-offset Set point Plane offset

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Extensionto calculate the extended point

from a known base line

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Road 2D

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Road 3DQuadratic Parabola