The introduction and applications of TOTAL STATION (Leica TS02/06/09) LUONG BAO BINH Dept. of Geomatics Engineering University of Technology, HCMC, VN
The introduction and applications ofTOTAL STATION
(Leica TS02/06/09)
LUONG BAO BINHDept. of Geomatics Engineering
University of Technology, HCMC, VN
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Contents
• Introduction– Fundamental measurements– Why is the total station?– Modern technologies
• Basic functions– Target offset– Height transfer– Hidden point– Check tie
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Contents (cont.)
• Applications – Surveying & Traverse– Stake out– Free station– Reference line & Reference arc– Tie distance– Area and volume– Remote height– Coordinate geometry calculations– Road 2D and 3D
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Fundamental measurementsAngle with theodolites
Distance with tape or EDM
Leveling with levels
Should we combine themin an instrument?
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Why is the total station?
• Problem: in practice, not only individual measurements but also the combinations of measurements and the calculations are required for many tasks.
• Solution: the total station
Electronictheodolite EDM Firmware+ + = Total
station
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Advantages of total station
• All-in-one instrument for multi-task• Reliable and highly accurate• Integrated applications available for many
common tasks• Automatic and easy in data storage and
transfer• A complete procedure from surveying to
map plotting is available with appropriate softwares
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Accuracy and rangePrism mode
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Accuracy and rangeNon-prism mode
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Modern technologies• Reflectorless (non-prism mode)• Integrated GPS (smart station)• Auto tracking (robotic)
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Integrated GPS
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Integrated GPS
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Basic functions
• Target offset• Height transfer• Hidden point• Check tie
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Target offset
Determines the target point P2 from:_ the offset point P1 and_ two distances: traverse offset and length offset
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Cylinder offset
Determines the center P1 and radius R from_ three points on the border
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Height transfer
Determines the instrument height at P0 from:_ the point(s) Pi with known height(s)
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Hidden point
Determines the hidden point P1 from:_ two points 1 and 2, and _ distances d1 & d2 on the rod
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Check tie
Calculates from 2 measured points P1 & P2::_ slope and horizontal distance _ azimuth_ grade_ height difference_ coordinates diference
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Applications
• Traverse and Surveying• Stake out• Free station• Reference line & Reference arc• Area and volume• Remote height• Coordinate geometry calculations• Road 2D & 3D
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Traverse
• Helmet transformation• Adjustment• Checking point and tolerance• Start the traverse with or without known
backsight• Measure sideshot
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Traverse
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Traverse
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Stake outPolar mode Orthogonal mode Cartesian mode
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Free stationDetermines the instrument position P0 from at least 2 known points Pi
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Reference line
• Reference Line is an application that facilitates the easy stake out or checking of lines, for example, for buildings, sections of road, or simple excavations. It allows the user to define a reference line and then complete the following tasks with respect to that line:– Line & offset– Point & Grid stake out– Line segmentation stake out
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Base lineBase line is defined by 2 pointswhich can be:_ measured, or_ entered / selected from memory
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Reference line
Reference line is created by:_ parallel / longitudinal offset_ rotatedfrom base line / base point
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Line & offsetto calculate:_ offsets_ height differenceof target point relative to ref. line
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Stake out
Point stake out
Grid stake out
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Line segmentation stake out
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Reference arc
• Line & offset• Stake out:
– Point– Arc– Chord– Angle
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Reference arc
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Line & offset
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Stake out (point & angle)
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Stake out (arc & chord)
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Tie distancePolynomial method
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Tie distanceRadial method
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Area
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Volume
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Remote height
to compute points (without prism)directly above the base prism
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Geometry calculations
• Inverse and Traverse• Intersection• Offset• Extension
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Inverse
to calculate:_ distance_ direction_ height difference_ gradebetween 2 known points
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Traverseto calculate the positionof a new point using:_ distance_ bearingfrom a known points
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Intersections Bearing-Bearing
(2 lines)Bearing-Distance(a line & a circle)
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IntersectionsDistance-Distance
(2 circles)
By Points(4 points on 2 lines)
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Offsets
Distance-offset Set point Plane offset
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Extensionto calculate the extended point
from a known base line
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Road 2D
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Road 3DQuadratic Parabola