Transcript
The Portuguese Empire
History 140
By Ryan Babers
History of Portugal Dates back to early Middle Ages Roman name- Portus Cale, and early settlement located
at the mouth of the Duro River
2000 B.C. Romans took the Iberian Peninsula from theCarthaginians during the 2nd Punic Wars. RenamedPortus Cale (Port of Cale)
The name would eventually evolve into Portugal
Almost all of the peninsula was annexed to the RomanEmpire
The Carthaginians were expelled from their coastalcolonies
Rome installed a colonial regime, and Lusitania Grew inprosperity and many of modern day Portugal’s cities werefounded
15th & 16th century Portugal Ascended to world powerstatus during European Age of Discovery
Military decline with battle of Alcacer Wuibir in Morocco1578 and Spain’s aborted attempt to conquer England in1588
Portuguese history cont. Early 5th century Germanic tribes, the Suevi & Buri
invaded the Iberian peninsula and colonized Gallaecia(Modern Northern Portugal and Galicia)
The Buri settled in the region Terras de Boiro (Lands ofthe Buri)
In 711 A.D. the Islamic Moors (Berbers & Arabs) fromNorth Africa invaded the peninsula and destroyed theVisigothic kingdom
War broke out after the Moors kicked the Goths out andthey fought to reclaim land. Known as war of Reconquest
In 1065 Portugal gained it’s independence under rule ofGarcia II due to Feudal power struggles, Portuguese andGarcian nobles rebelled
The country rejoined under Garcia II’s brother, Alfonso VIof Leon
On June 24, 1128, Portugal officially declares its nationalorigin with the battle of Sao Mamede
Alfonso proclaimed himself first prince of Portugal andeventually first King of Portugal
In 1249 to 1250 the Algarve (Southernmost Region) wasreconquered from the Moors
Portugal advanced in maritime, geographic, mathematicaltechnology
The Portuguese Empire Also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire or
Portuguese Colonial Empire
Was the first global empire in history
Longest-lived of the modern European colonial empiresspanning almost 6 centuries
With recent gains in science and technology, Portuguesesailors started to explore the coast of Africa in 149 to finda sea route to the valuable Asian spice trade market
In 1500, Pedro Alvares accidentally discovers Brazil
A string of outposts or “padroes” were created alongAfrican, Middle Eastern, and Asian coastlines
Between 1580 & 1640 Portugal partnered with Spain butruled separately
Portugal became subject of attacks by France, Britain,and the Netherlands due to new partnership with Spainwhich also began the decline for Portugal
During the 17th century, Portuguese trade monopolycollapsed in the Indian Ocean with losses to the Dutch inPortuguese India and Southeast Asia
Brazil had become Portugal’s prized possession untilBrazil broke away in 1822
Portuguese empire was reduced to colonies on theAfrican coastline
Colonial Brazil In 1500 Pedro Alvares Carbal landed in Brazil and made
claim under King Manuel I of Portugal
Portuguese extracted brazil wood from the rainforest forit’s value and red dye
The Treaty of Tordesillas signed in 1494 created theTordestillas Meridian, dividing the world between theKings of Portugal & Castile (Spain)
All Land discovered or to be discovered east of themeridian was to be property of Portugal, west of it Spain
Treaty was most likely the most decisive event in Brazilianhistory
The Treaty of Madrid likewise mapped out Brazil’scoastline
In 1534, King John III divided land into 15 captavies ofBrazil which were given to Portuguese noblemen
Only Pernambuco and San Vicente prospered
Most captaincies failed due to the resilience of indigenouspeoples, shipwrecks, and internal disputes, between thecolonies
City of Olinda prospered from sugarcane mills whichsugar was very valuable to Europe empires at the time
Colonial Brazil Sao Vincente profited more traffic of indigenous slaves
A large fleet led by Tome de Sousa set sail to Brazil toestablish a government in the colony
Tome became the first Governor-General of Brazil
He established the capital City, Sulvador da Bahia(Northeastern Brazil)
During the establishment of the government much of theinhabitants rebelled and resisted
In 1763, the capital was moved to Rio de Janeiro
Governor Tome brought over the first Jesuits who alsohelped in the founding of Rio de Janeiro
Most Jesuits were successful at converting the nativesdue to the understanding of their culture
During 1530-1700, Brazil profited from it’s sugarcaneindustry as well as its cotton and tobacco but declinedwith competition from the French and Dutch
The Spanish Empire
The History of Spain Rome in the 4th century much like the Portuguese ruled
most of present day Spain in the Iberian Peninsula (knownas Hispania)
After the Roman empire had collapsed from invadingGermanic tribes, the Iberian Peninsula was controlledmostly by the Visigoths
Some of the late Roman empire’s influence remained withthe Visigothic empire
With the arrival of the Moors in the 8th century, they hadbegun to control much of the Iberian Peninsula
The Battle of Covadonga had signified a Muslim defeatand under King Pelagrus of Asturias a monarchy wascreated being one of the first stages of the Reconquista
The spread of Christianity had rivaled Islam rule in thearea and drove out many Muslims however, they hadinfluence the peninsula with their technology, culture, andsociety
During the reconquista, new Christian kingdoms arose
The Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of Aragon hadbecome most important kingdoms
The Catholic monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinandof Aragon married in 1469 laying down the foundation forthe Kingdom of Spain
In 1492 Christopher Columbus had been authorized toexplore the “New World” and was the first European to doso
Isabella had strategize for long-term political stability byarranging special marriages for her five children
A vast majority of Jews and Muslims from former Islamrule and Jewish settlement were given an ultimatum toconvert to Christianity or face expulsion from Spain
Gypsies who also inhabited the area also shared thesame fate or were ordered for execution
Habsburg Spain Hapsburg Spain is the history of Spain over 16th & 17th
centuries (1506-1700) where Spain was ruled by themajor branch of the Hapsburg dynasty under Charles Vand Philip II of Spain
Spain had reached its peak under Hapsburg rule andbegan to decline near the end of the 17th century
The Spanish Habsburg had created the first de factounified state in the Iberian Peninsula with the inclusion ofPortugal
Through several political changes, Spain eventually wasunited under a single ruler, Ferdinand II of Aragon
Before Ferdinand II’s rise to power a confederacy was inplace if kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre
In 1516m Ferdinand II died which led to the ascension ofthe young Charles to the throne as Charles I of castile andAragon which founded the monarchy of Spain
Charles had inherited all of the new world claimed bySpain
With territorial Habsburg acquisitions, Charles eventuallywould become Emperor Charles V
Hapsburg Spain France facing being surrounded by Habsburg territories
invaded Spain’s territories mostly in Italy and Navarre(2nd Franco-Spanish conflict)
France was easily defeated and forced to abandon Milanagain
After the death of Charles in 1558, Philip II came to powerand repelled the French once more
Spain relied heavily on it’s assets overseas
It’s most important colonial city establishment in the newworld was Mexico city in 1524 which served as anadministrative HQ in the region
The Spanish Empire The Spanish empire was one of the first modern global empires
and one of the largest in world history
Religion played a very strong role in the spread of the Spanishempire
The ideology that Spain could bring Christianity to the new worldplayed a strong role in the expansion of Spain’s empire
Spanish sea exploration and expansion opened up trade routesacross the Atlantic to the Americas and across the Pacificbetween East Asia and Mexico through the Philippines
After arrival, Spanish conquistadors had disintegrated theAztec, Inca, and Mayan governments
Spain was dominating the seas and hit a cultural golden age inthe 16th & 17th centuries
Disease had wiped out much of the natives in Spain’s newterritories who were seen as potential growth to their economy
Spain experienced a golden age in the 17th century which was aperiod of arts and letter in the Spanish empire coinciding with thepolitical decline and fall of the Habsburgs
A Greek artist El Greco settled in Spain and infused Spanish artwith Italian renaissance styles and helped create a uniqueSpanish style of painting
Spanish literature was also in the spotlight that showcased thefamous work of Miguel de Cervantes and Lope de Vega
Hernan Cortez had achieved Spanish conquest of theAztec empire in 1519-521
The new territory would become Viceroyalty of New Spainor present day Mexico
The conquest of the Incas by Francisco Pizarro was ofequal significance as well (Viceroyalty of Peru)
In the Pacific (1565), the Spanish made its first Spanishsettlement in the Philippines founded by Miguel Lopez deLegazpi and the service of Manila galleons was instituted
The galleons shipped goods from all over Asia across thePacific to the Mexican coast
Goods would then be shipped to Spanish treasure fleetsfor shipment to Spain
The Spanish post of Manila was established for trade in1572
The islands of Guam, Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands,and Palau followed
Struggle & Survival in Colonial America:The people of the Portuguese and Spanish Colonies
in America
(Por) Damiana da Cunha (Female) , Tribal group: Caiapo Origin: Goias, Brazil
Luis da Cunha is the godfather of Damiana
Damiana is the Indian heroine of Goias- granddaughter ofAngrai-oxa
Was a teacher, missionary, mediator, frontierswoman, andexpedition leader
Was baptized and given the Christian name, Damiana inhonor of her godfather
In her teenage years she went to live in the new village ofMaria Primera as a hostage in the governor’s householdto be raised in European fashion as an ambassador of(Caiapo)
She may have possibly attended a domestic school inspinning cotton and weaving on wooden looms where shehad received extensive training from non-white women
Her 1st husband from Portugal left but she remarried to aBrazilian Manuel Pereira da Cruz, a civilian, former militiacorporal, and poor Mulatto peasantPresent day Goias, Brazil
Damiana continued Damiana lived in the context of the late colonial aldeia,
the secular descendant of the old frontier mission-stationof earlier times
Her ideals regarding the conditions of Indian life weredeveloped there
She had distinguished herself as a communal leader
Supporter of the church and mediator between inhabitantsand colonial and Brazilian state
Principal Indian leader of the community
She Died in 1831
(Por) Catarina de Monte Sinay Female, Nun and Entrepreneur Desterro Convent of Bahia Brazil
Became Madre Catarina de Monte Sinay (Nun) Vowed to God, the Virgin, Saint Francis, and Saint
Clare she would forever honor her sacred promise tolive in poverty, chastity, and obedience
Signified a spiritual wedding; “Bride of Christ”
For 6 years she lived as a pupil and secular ward of thenuns
Bahia was the leading sugar producer but lost it’s edgeto British, French, and Dutch Islands emerging assugar producers in the Caribbean and pacific
Bahia was left in a state of depression
Catarina continued The church had been so well integrated with the natural
order in Bahia which was known as the Bay of All Saintsand All Sinners
Catarina felt her relationship with God was direct andimmediate because of her passion for the lord
She had been drawn to the faith by the procession, thecolors, the rhythm of movement and sound
She also felt purified by performing such rituals andbelieved the convent life was satisfying. She hadparticipated in elaborate rituals
The convent life provided her with companionship of hersister and other friends
Catarina felt the humility within taking much interest in herintelligence and skill at business and financial dealings
She had accumulated an immense amount of wealth fromher father and herself which she had made profits frommaking sweets
Most of her wealth she had given away
(Esp.) Diego Vasicuio Male, Native priest of Peru
Mission was to convert Indians of Peru into sincere,observant Catholics
He and others were influential member(s) of Indiancommunities, and worked through individual, informalcontacts with their neighbors to hand down Gods andgospels from one generation of believers to another
Was taught to recite proper prayers and perform thespecific ceremonies of the cult
Diego and other had been key elements to converting theIndians of Peru
He had defended the Sormina Cult from a parish priestwho wanted to eradicate them
Diego was over 90 years at the time he had testified tothe parish priest
He had left his home to serve in the militia or to find apraying job to meet tribute obligations
Diego continued Due to heavy deaths in the mita mines, he had
to serve in the mita more frequently than hoped
The working conditions had been brutal formany Indians who made up majority of theworkers
The mid 17th century saw the cult flourishingagain
(Esp.) Isabel Moctezuma Aztec female, Mexico-New Spain
(Donas Isabel (Tecuichpo Ixcaxochitzin)- daughter ofMoctezuma II
Daughter of Emperor and Cathololic queen of Spain
Devout Catholic and Hispanicized woman who bridged theworlds of Spanish and Indian together
Was a symbol of great legal and sociological importance to theHispanization and Christianization of Mexico
Awarded encomienda of Tacuba by Hernan Cortes
Encomienda would provide her with a suitable dowry formarriage which was seem as a signifier to the evangelization ofMexico
Mix of races in New Spain was to be founded on principle of thelegitimate grounds of holy matrimony, providing a solid matrix fora new society
Isabel was thought to hasten evangelization of the country
Had become wife of Cortes (as mistress)
Isabel continued
(Esp.) Miguel Hernandez Male, free mulatto (mixed black/white ancestry)
Born in Mexico city
Lived a good, full life in the 16th century
Married with kids, his wife a Mexican Indian (Aztec)
Miguel faced racism, at the time life was difficult for peopleof mixed blood
Very average man who wasn’t spiritual or adventurous
Has a distinct signature, was literate, and wrote out worlds
Unusual for mulattos, blacks, and Indians
Legitimate son of Pedro & Ana Hernandez
2nd generation Mexican
Miguel continued Was a muleteer- A person who drives mules
Moved to the provinces for opportunities to avoid harshracism in city
The town of Queretaro promoted economic growth thatgenerated social opportunities
Miguel became one of the leading mulatto citizens (due tohis skills and traits)
He had become friends with commoners and higher classcitizens, whites
Defied stereotypes
Constructed own freighting business
Many of his friends had lived next to him
(Esp.) Micaeia Angela Carrillo Female, Mexico-New Spain
Labored fields, manufactured pulque, a intoxicating drink,proded, rode horseback
Her daughter Maria Antonia also participated in samework
Prior to her death Micaeia provided her kids with propertyand training in a craft
Lived in Nuestra Senora de Asucron Amozoque, apredominantly Indian village near Puebla de los Angeles
Puebla was in a good location for commercial tradebetween the colonial capital and its principal port
Micaeia continued Puebla was in a good location for commercial trade
between the colonial capital and its principal port
Amozoque was comprised of Spaniards, mestizos, andmalattoes, and also some local Indians
Dona Micaela and her family rented and owned landswithin Indian Amozoque
Micaela had purchased land worth more than 1000 pesos
She married a cacique, Juan Tapia y Luna and increasedher nobility in the town
They occupied a halfway position between Indian andSpanish society. They embraced the privileges of theIndian nobility
Her husband died in 1730 and had begun to rent magueyplants on other people’s land
The plants sap had helped Micaeia raise her kids andsupported her with wealth
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