Theme3 spain and portugal

The Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire

History 140

By Ryan Babers

History of PortugalHistory of Portugal Dates back to early Middle Ages Roman name- Portus Cale, and early settlement located at

the mouth of the Duro River

2000 B.C. Romans took the Iberian Peninsula from the Carthaginians during the 2nd Punic Wars. Renamed Portus Cale (Port of Cale)

The name would eventually evolve into Portugal

Almost all of the peninsula was annexed to the Roman Empire

The Carthaginians were expelled from their coastal colonies

Rome installed a colonial regime, and Lusitania Grew in prosperity and many of modern day Portugal’s cities were founded

15th & 16th century Portugal Ascended to world power status during European Age of Discovery

Military decline with battle of Alcacer Wuibir in Morocco 1578 and Spain’s aborted attempt to conquer England in 1588

Dates back to early Middle Ages Roman name- Portus Cale, and early settlement located at

the mouth of the Duro River

2000 B.C. Romans took the Iberian Peninsula from the Carthaginians during the 2nd Punic Wars. Renamed Portus Cale (Port of Cale)

The name would eventually evolve into Portugal

Almost all of the peninsula was annexed to the Roman Empire

The Carthaginians were expelled from their coastal colonies

Rome installed a colonial regime, and Lusitania Grew in prosperity and many of modern day Portugal’s cities were founded

15th & 16th century Portugal Ascended to world power status during European Age of Discovery

Military decline with battle of Alcacer Wuibir in Morocco 1578 and Spain’s aborted attempt to conquer England in 1588

Portuguese history cont.Portuguese history cont. Early 5th century Germanic tribes, the Suevi & Buri invaded

the Iberian peninsula and colonized Gallaecia (Modern Northern Portugal and Galicia)

The Buri settled in the region Terras de Boiro (Lands of the Buri)

In 711 A.D. the Islamic Moors (Berbers & Arabs) from North Africa invaded the peninsula and destroyed the Visigothic kingdom

War broke out after the Moors kicked the Goths out and they fought to reclaim land. Known as war of Reconquest

In 1065 Portugal gained it’s independence under rule of Garcia II due to Feudal power struggles, Portuguese and Garcian nobles rebelled

The country rejoined under Garcia II’s brother, Alfonso VI of Leon

On June 24, 1128, Portugal officially declares its national origin with the battle of Sao Mamede

Alfonso proclaimed himself first prince of Portugal and eventually first King of Portugal

In 1249 to 1250 the Algarve (Southernmost Region) was reconquered from the Moors

Portugal advanced in maritime, geographic, mathematical technology

Early 5th century Germanic tribes, the Suevi & Buri invaded the Iberian peninsula and colonized Gallaecia (Modern Northern Portugal and Galicia)

The Buri settled in the region Terras de Boiro (Lands of the Buri)

In 711 A.D. the Islamic Moors (Berbers & Arabs) from North Africa invaded the peninsula and destroyed the Visigothic kingdom

War broke out after the Moors kicked the Goths out and they fought to reclaim land. Known as war of Reconquest

In 1065 Portugal gained it’s independence under rule of Garcia II due to Feudal power struggles, Portuguese and Garcian nobles rebelled

The country rejoined under Garcia II’s brother, Alfonso VI of Leon

On June 24, 1128, Portugal officially declares its national origin with the battle of Sao Mamede

Alfonso proclaimed himself first prince of Portugal and eventually first King of Portugal

In 1249 to 1250 the Algarve (Southernmost Region) was reconquered from the Moors

Portugal advanced in maritime, geographic, mathematical technology

The Portuguese EmpireThe Portuguese Empire Also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire or

Portuguese Colonial Empire

Was the first global empire in history

Longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost 6 centuries

With recent gains in science and technology, Portuguese sailors started to explore the coast of Africa in 149 to find a sea route to the valuable Asian spice trade market

In 1500, Pedro Alvares accidentally discovers Brazil

A string of outposts or “padroes” were created along African, Middle Eastern, and Asian coastlines

Between 1580 & 1640 Portugal partnered with Spain but ruled separately

Portugal became subject of attacks by France, Britain, and the Netherlands due to new partnership with Spain which also began the decline for Portugal

Also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire or Portuguese Colonial Empire

Was the first global empire in history

Longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost 6 centuries

With recent gains in science and technology, Portuguese sailors started to explore the coast of Africa in 149 to find a sea route to the valuable Asian spice trade market

In 1500, Pedro Alvares accidentally discovers Brazil

A string of outposts or “padroes” were created along African, Middle Eastern, and Asian coastlines

Between 1580 & 1640 Portugal partnered with Spain but ruled separately

Portugal became subject of attacks by France, Britain, and the Netherlands due to new partnership with Spain which also began the decline for Portugal

During the 17th century, Portuguese trade monopoly collapsed in the Indian Ocean with losses to the Dutch in Portuguese India and Southeast Asia

Brazil had become Portugal’s prized possession until Brazil broke away in 1822

Portuguese empire was reduced to colonies on the African coastline

During the 17th century, Portuguese trade monopoly collapsed in the Indian Ocean with losses to the Dutch in Portuguese India and Southeast Asia

Brazil had become Portugal’s prized possession until Brazil broke away in 1822

Portuguese empire was reduced to colonies on the African coastline

Colonial BrazilColonial Brazil In 1500 Pedro Alvares Carbal landed in Brazil and made

claim under King Manuel I of Portugal

Portuguese extracted brazil wood from the rainforest for it’s value and red dye

The Treaty of Tordesillas signed in 1494 created the Tordestillas Meridian, dividing the world between the Kings of Portugal & Castile (Spain)

All Land discovered or to be discovered east of the meridian was to be property of Portugal, west of it Spain

Treaty was most likely the most decisive event in Brazilian history

The Treaty of Madrid likewise mapped out Brazil’s coastline

In 1534, King John III divided land into 15 captavies of Brazil which were given to Portuguese noblemen

Only Pernambuco and San Vicente prospered

Most captaincies failed due to the resilience of indigenous peoples, shipwrecks, and internal disputes, between the colonies

City of Olinda prospered from sugarcane mills which sugar was very valuable to Europe empires at the time

In 1500 Pedro Alvares Carbal landed in Brazil and made claim under King Manuel I of Portugal

Portuguese extracted brazil wood from the rainforest for it’s value and red dye

The Treaty of Tordesillas signed in 1494 created the Tordestillas Meridian, dividing the world between the Kings of Portugal & Castile (Spain)

All Land discovered or to be discovered east of the meridian was to be property of Portugal, west of it Spain

Treaty was most likely the most decisive event in Brazilian history

The Treaty of Madrid likewise mapped out Brazil’s coastline

In 1534, King John III divided land into 15 captavies of Brazil which were given to Portuguese noblemen

Only Pernambuco and San Vicente prospered

Most captaincies failed due to the resilience of indigenous peoples, shipwrecks, and internal disputes, between the colonies

City of Olinda prospered from sugarcane mills which sugar was very valuable to Europe empires at the time

Colonial BrazilColonial Brazil Sao Vincente profited more traffic of indigenous slaves

A large fleet led by Tome de Sousa set sail to Brazil to establish a government in the colony

Tome became the first Governor-General of Brazil

He established the capital City, Sulvador da Bahia (Northeastern Brazil)

During the establishment of the government much of the inhabitants rebelled and resisted

In 1763, the capital was moved to Rio de Janeiro

Governor Tome brought over the first Jesuits who also helped in the founding of Rio de Janeiro

Most Jesuits were successful at converting the natives due to the understanding of their culture

During 1530-1700, Brazil profited from it’s sugarcane industry as well as its cotton and tobacco but declined with competition from the French and Dutch

Sao Vincente profited more traffic of indigenous slaves

A large fleet led by Tome de Sousa set sail to Brazil to establish a government in the colony

Tome became the first Governor-General of Brazil

He established the capital City, Sulvador da Bahia (Northeastern Brazil)

During the establishment of the government much of the inhabitants rebelled and resisted

In 1763, the capital was moved to Rio de Janeiro

Governor Tome brought over the first Jesuits who also helped in the founding of Rio de Janeiro

Most Jesuits were successful at converting the natives due to the understanding of their culture

During 1530-1700, Brazil profited from it’s sugarcane industry as well as its cotton and tobacco but declined with competition from the French and Dutch

The Spanish EmpireThe Spanish Empire

The History of SpainThe History of Spain Rome in the 4th century much like the Portuguese ruled

most of present day Spain in the Iberian Peninsula (known as Hispania)

After the Roman empire had collapsed from invading Germanic tribes, the Iberian Peninsula was controlled mostly by the Visigoths

Some of the late Roman empire’s influence remained with the Visigothic empire

With the arrival of the Moors in the 8th century, they had begun to control much of the Iberian Peninsula

The Battle of Covadonga had signified a Muslim defeat and under King Pelagrus of Asturias a monarchy was created being one of the first stages of the Reconquista

The spread of Christianity had rivaled Islam rule in the area and drove out many Muslims however, they had influence the peninsula with their technology, culture, and society

During the reconquista, new Christian kingdoms arose

The Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of Aragon had become most important kingdoms

The Catholic monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married in 1469 laying down the foundation for the Kingdom of Spain

Rome in the 4th century much like the Portuguese ruled most of present day Spain in the Iberian Peninsula (known as Hispania)

After the Roman empire had collapsed from invading Germanic tribes, the Iberian Peninsula was controlled mostly by the Visigoths

Some of the late Roman empire’s influence remained with the Visigothic empire

With the arrival of the Moors in the 8th century, they had begun to control much of the Iberian Peninsula

The Battle of Covadonga had signified a Muslim defeat and under King Pelagrus of Asturias a monarchy was created being one of the first stages of the Reconquista

The spread of Christianity had rivaled Islam rule in the area and drove out many Muslims however, they had influence the peninsula with their technology, culture, and society

During the reconquista, new Christian kingdoms arose

The Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of Aragon had become most important kingdoms

The Catholic monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married in 1469 laying down the foundation for the Kingdom of Spain

In 1492 Christopher Columbus had been authorized to explore the “New World” and was the first European to do so

Isabella had strategize for long-term political stability by arranging special marriages for her five children

A vast majority of Jews and Muslims from former Islam rule and Jewish settlement were given an ultimatum to convert to Christianity or face expulsion from Spain

Gypsies who also inhabited the area also shared the same fate or were ordered for execution

In 1492 Christopher Columbus had been authorized to explore the “New World” and was the first European to do so

Isabella had strategize for long-term political stability by arranging special marriages for her five children

A vast majority of Jews and Muslims from former Islam rule and Jewish settlement were given an ultimatum to convert to Christianity or face expulsion from Spain

Gypsies who also inhabited the area also shared the same fate or were ordered for execution

Habsburg SpainHabsburg Spain Hapsburg Spain is the history of Spain over 16th & 17th

centuries (1506-1700) where Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Hapsburg dynasty under Charles V and Philip II of Spain

Spain had reached its peak under Hapsburg rule and began to decline near the end of the 17th century

The Spanish Habsburg had created the first de facto unified state in the Iberian Peninsula with the inclusion of Portugal

Through several political changes, Spain eventually was united under a single ruler, Ferdinand II of Aragon

Before Ferdinand II’s rise to power a confederacy was in place if kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre

In 1516m Ferdinand II died which led to the ascension of the young Charles to the throne as Charles I of castile and Aragon which founded the monarchy of Spain

Charles had inherited all of the new world claimed by Spain

With territorial Habsburg acquisitions, Charles eventually would become Emperor Charles V

Hapsburg Spain is the history of Spain over 16th & 17th centuries (1506-1700) where Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Hapsburg dynasty under Charles V and Philip II of Spain

Spain had reached its peak under Hapsburg rule and began to decline near the end of the 17th century

The Spanish Habsburg had created the first de facto unified state in the Iberian Peninsula with the inclusion of Portugal

Through several political changes, Spain eventually was united under a single ruler, Ferdinand II of Aragon

Before Ferdinand II’s rise to power a confederacy was in place if kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre

In 1516m Ferdinand II died which led to the ascension of the young Charles to the throne as Charles I of castile and Aragon which founded the monarchy of Spain

Charles had inherited all of the new world claimed by Spain

With territorial Habsburg acquisitions, Charles eventually would become Emperor Charles V

Hapsburg SpainHapsburg Spain France facing being surrounded by Habsburg territories

invaded Spain’s territories mostly in Italy and Navarre (2nd Franco-Spanish conflict)

France was easily defeated and forced to abandon Milan again

After the death of Charles in 1558, Philip II came to power and repelled the French once more

Spain relied heavily on it’s assets overseas

It’s most important colonial city establishment in the new world was Mexico city in 1524 which served as an administrative HQ in the region

France facing being surrounded by Habsburg territories invaded Spain’s territories mostly in Italy and Navarre (2nd Franco-Spanish conflict)

France was easily defeated and forced to abandon Milan again

After the death of Charles in 1558, Philip II came to power and repelled the French once more

Spain relied heavily on it’s assets overseas

It’s most important colonial city establishment in the new world was Mexico city in 1524 which served as an administrative HQ in the region

The Spanish EmpireThe Spanish Empire The Spanish empire was one of the first modern global empires

and one of the largest in world history

Religion played a very strong role in the spread of the Spanish empire

The ideology that Spain could bring Christianity to the new world played a strong role in the expansion of Spain’s empire

Spanish sea exploration and expansion opened up trade routes across the Atlantic to the Americas and across the Pacific between East Asia and Mexico through the Philippines

After arrival, Spanish conquistadors had disintegrated the Aztec, Inca, and Mayan governments

Spain was dominating the seas and hit a cultural golden age in the 16th & 17th centuries

Disease had wiped out much of the natives in Spain’s new territories who were seen as potential growth to their economy

Spain experienced a golden age in the 17th century which was a period of arts and letter in the Spanish empire coinciding with the political decline and fall of the Habsburgs

A Greek artist El Greco settled in Spain and infused Spanish art with Italian renaissance styles and helped create a unique Spanish style of painting

Spanish literature was also in the spotlight that showcased the famous work of Miguel de Cervantes and Lope de Vega

The Spanish empire was one of the first modern global empires and one of the largest in world history

Religion played a very strong role in the spread of the Spanish empire

The ideology that Spain could bring Christianity to the new world played a strong role in the expansion of Spain’s empire

Spanish sea exploration and expansion opened up trade routes across the Atlantic to the Americas and across the Pacific between East Asia and Mexico through the Philippines

After arrival, Spanish conquistadors had disintegrated the Aztec, Inca, and Mayan governments

Spain was dominating the seas and hit a cultural golden age in the 16th & 17th centuries

Disease had wiped out much of the natives in Spain’s new territories who were seen as potential growth to their economy

Spain experienced a golden age in the 17th century which was a period of arts and letter in the Spanish empire coinciding with the political decline and fall of the Habsburgs

A Greek artist El Greco settled in Spain and infused Spanish art with Italian renaissance styles and helped create a unique Spanish style of painting

Spanish literature was also in the spotlight that showcased the famous work of Miguel de Cervantes and Lope de Vega

Hernan Cortez had achieved Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire in 1519-521

The new territory would become Viceroyalty of New Spain or present day Mexico

The conquest of the Incas by Francisco Pizarro was of equal significance as well (Viceroyalty of Peru)

In the Pacific (1565), the Spanish made its first Spanish settlement in the Philippines founded by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and the service of Manila galleons was instituted

The galleons shipped goods from all over Asia across the Pacific to the Mexican coast

Goods would then be shipped to Spanish treasure fleets for shipment to Spain

The Spanish post of Manila was established for trade in 1572

The islands of Guam, Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, and Palau followed

Hernan Cortez had achieved Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire in 1519-521

The new territory would become Viceroyalty of New Spain or present day Mexico

The conquest of the Incas by Francisco Pizarro was of equal significance as well (Viceroyalty of Peru)

In the Pacific (1565), the Spanish made its first Spanish settlement in the Philippines founded by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and the service of Manila galleons was instituted

The galleons shipped goods from all over Asia across the Pacific to the Mexican coast

Goods would then be shipped to Spanish treasure fleets for shipment to Spain

The Spanish post of Manila was established for trade in 1572

The islands of Guam, Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, and Palau followed

Struggle & Survival in Colonial America: The people of the Portuguese and Spanish Colonies

in America

Struggle & Survival in Colonial America: The people of the Portuguese and Spanish Colonies

in America

(Por) Damiana da Cunha(Por) Damiana da Cunha (Female) , Tribal group: Caiapo Origin: Goias, Brazil

Luis da Cunha is the godfather of Damiana

Damiana is the Indian heroine of Goias- granddaughter of Angrai-oxa

Was a teacher, missionary, mediator, frontierswoman, and expedition leader

Was baptized and given the Christian name, Damiana in honor of her godfather

In her teenage years she went to live in the new village of Maria Primera as a hostage in the governor’s household to be raised in European fashion as an ambassador of (Caiapo)

She may have possibly attended a domestic school in spinning cotton and weaving on wooden looms where she had received extensive training from non-white women

Her 1st husband from Portugal left but she remarried to a Brazilian Manuel Pereira da Cruz, a civilian, former militia corporal, and poor Mulatto peasant

(Female) , Tribal group: Caiapo Origin: Goias, Brazil

Luis da Cunha is the godfather of Damiana

Damiana is the Indian heroine of Goias- granddaughter of Angrai-oxa

Was a teacher, missionary, mediator, frontierswoman, and expedition leader

Was baptized and given the Christian name, Damiana in honor of her godfather

In her teenage years she went to live in the new village of Maria Primera as a hostage in the governor’s household to be raised in European fashion as an ambassador of (Caiapo)

She may have possibly attended a domestic school in spinning cotton and weaving on wooden looms where she had received extensive training from non-white women

Her 1st husband from Portugal left but she remarried to a Brazilian Manuel Pereira da Cruz, a civilian, former militia corporal, and poor Mulatto peasantPresent day Goias, Brazil

Damiana continuedDamiana continued Damiana lived in the context of the late colonial aldeia, the

secular descendant of the old frontier mission-station of earlier times

Her ideals regarding the conditions of Indian life were developed there

She had distinguished herself as a communal leader

Supporter of the church and mediator between inhabitants and colonial and Brazilian state

Principal Indian leader of the community

She Died in 1831

Damiana lived in the context of the late colonial aldeia, the secular descendant of the old frontier mission-station of earlier times

Her ideals regarding the conditions of Indian life were developed there

She had distinguished herself as a communal leader

Supporter of the church and mediator between inhabitants and colonial and Brazilian state

Principal Indian leader of the community

She Died in 1831

(Por) Catarina de Monte Sinay(Por) Catarina de Monte Sinay

Female, Nun and Entrepreneur Desterro Convent of Bahia Brazil

Became Madre Catarina de Monte Sinay (Nun) Vowed to God, the Virgin, Saint Francis, and Saint

Clare she would forever honor her sacred promise to live in poverty, chastity, and obedience

Signified a spiritual wedding; “Bride of Christ”

For 6 years she lived as a pupil and secular ward of the nuns

Bahia was the leading sugar producer but lost it’s edge to British, French, and Dutch Islands emerging as sugar producers in the Caribbean and pacific

Bahia was left in a state of depression

Female, Nun and Entrepreneur Desterro Convent of Bahia Brazil

Became Madre Catarina de Monte Sinay (Nun) Vowed to God, the Virgin, Saint Francis, and Saint

Clare she would forever honor her sacred promise to live in poverty, chastity, and obedience

Signified a spiritual wedding; “Bride of Christ”

For 6 years she lived as a pupil and secular ward of the nuns

Bahia was the leading sugar producer but lost it’s edge to British, French, and Dutch Islands emerging as sugar producers in the Caribbean and pacific

Bahia was left in a state of depression

Catarina continuedCatarina continued The church had been so well integrated with the natural

order in Bahia which was known as the Bay of All Saints and All Sinners

Catarina felt her relationship with God was direct and immediate because of her passion for the lord

She had been drawn to the faith by the procession, the colors, the rhythm of movement and sound

She also felt purified by performing such rituals and believed the convent life was satisfying. She had participated in elaborate rituals

The convent life provided her with companionship of her sister and other friends

Catarina felt the humility within taking much interest in her intelligence and skill at business and financial dealings

She had accumulated an immense amount of wealth from her father and herself which she had made profits from making sweets

Most of her wealth she had given away

The church had been so well integrated with the natural order in Bahia which was known as the Bay of All Saints and All Sinners

Catarina felt her relationship with God was direct and immediate because of her passion for the lord

She had been drawn to the faith by the procession, the colors, the rhythm of movement and sound

She also felt purified by performing such rituals and believed the convent life was satisfying. She had participated in elaborate rituals

The convent life provided her with companionship of her sister and other friends

Catarina felt the humility within taking much interest in her intelligence and skill at business and financial dealings

She had accumulated an immense amount of wealth from her father and herself which she had made profits from making sweets

Most of her wealth she had given away

(Esp.) Diego Vasicuio(Esp.) Diego Vasicuio Male, Native priest of Peru

Mission was to convert Indians of Peru into sincere, observant Catholics

He and others were influential member(s) of Indian communities, and worked through individual, informal contacts with their neighbors to hand down Gods and gospels from one generation of believers to another

Was taught to recite proper prayers and perform the specific ceremonies of the cult

Diego and other had been key elements to converting the Indians of Peru

He had defended the Sormina Cult from a parish priest who wanted to eradicate them

Diego was over 90 years at the time he had testified to the parish priest

He had left his home to serve in the militia or to find a praying job to meet tribute obligations

Male, Native priest of Peru

Mission was to convert Indians of Peru into sincere, observant Catholics

He and others were influential member(s) of Indian communities, and worked through individual, informal contacts with their neighbors to hand down Gods and gospels from one generation of believers to another

Was taught to recite proper prayers and perform the specific ceremonies of the cult

Diego and other had been key elements to converting the Indians of Peru

He had defended the Sormina Cult from a parish priest who wanted to eradicate them

Diego was over 90 years at the time he had testified to the parish priest

He had left his home to serve in the militia or to find a praying job to meet tribute obligations

Diego continuedDiego continued Due to heavy deaths in the mita mines, he

had to serve in the mita more frequently than hoped

The working conditions had been brutal for many Indians who made up majority of the workers

The mid 17th century saw the cult flourishing again

Due to heavy deaths in the mita mines, he had to serve in the mita more frequently than hoped

The working conditions had been brutal for many Indians who made up majority of the workers

The mid 17th century saw the cult flourishing again

(Esp.) Isabel Moctezuma(Esp.) Isabel Moctezuma Aztec female, Mexico-New Spain

(Donas Isabel (Tecuichpo Ixcaxochitzin)- daughter of Moctezuma II

Daughter of Emperor and Cathololic queen of Spain

Devout Catholic and Hispanicized woman who bridged the worlds of Spanish and Indian together

Was a symbol of great legal and sociological importance to the Hispanization and Christianization of Mexico

Awarded encomienda of Tacuba by Hernan Cortes

Encomienda would provide her with a suitable dowry for marriage which was seem as a signifier to the evangelization of Mexico

Mix of races in New Spain was to be founded on principle of the legitimate grounds of holy matrimony, providing a solid matrix for a new society

Isabel was thought to hasten evangelization of the country

Had become wife of Cortes (as mistress)

Aztec female, Mexico-New Spain

(Donas Isabel (Tecuichpo Ixcaxochitzin)- daughter of Moctezuma II

Daughter of Emperor and Cathololic queen of Spain

Devout Catholic and Hispanicized woman who bridged the worlds of Spanish and Indian together

Was a symbol of great legal and sociological importance to the Hispanization and Christianization of Mexico

Awarded encomienda of Tacuba by Hernan Cortes

Encomienda would provide her with a suitable dowry for marriage which was seem as a signifier to the evangelization of Mexico

Mix of races in New Spain was to be founded on principle of the legitimate grounds of holy matrimony, providing a solid matrix for a new society

Isabel was thought to hasten evangelization of the country

Had become wife of Cortes (as mistress)

Isabel continuedIsabel continued

(Esp.) Miguel Hernandez(Esp.) Miguel Hernandez Male, free mulatto (mixed black/white ancestry)

Born in Mexico city

Lived a good, full life in the 16th century

Married with kids, his wife a Mexican Indian (Aztec)

Miguel faced racism, at the time life was difficult for people of mixed blood

Very average man who wasn’t spiritual or adventurous

Has a distinct signature, was literate, and wrote out worlds

Unusual for mulattos, blacks, and Indians

Legitimate son of Pedro & Ana Hernandez

2nd generation Mexican

Male, free mulatto (mixed black/white ancestry)

Born in Mexico city

Lived a good, full life in the 16th century

Married with kids, his wife a Mexican Indian (Aztec)

Miguel faced racism, at the time life was difficult for people of mixed blood

Very average man who wasn’t spiritual or adventurous

Has a distinct signature, was literate, and wrote out worlds

Unusual for mulattos, blacks, and Indians

Legitimate son of Pedro & Ana Hernandez

2nd generation Mexican

Miguel continuedMiguel continued Was a muleteer- A person who drives mules

Moved to the provinces for opportunities to avoid harsh racism in city

The town of Queretaro promoted economic growth that generated social opportunities

Miguel became one of the leading mulatto citizens (due to his skills and traits)

He had become friends with commoners and higher class citizens, whites

Defied stereotypes

Constructed own freighting business

Many of his friends had lived next to him

Was a muleteer- A person who drives mules

Moved to the provinces for opportunities to avoid harsh racism in city

The town of Queretaro promoted economic growth that generated social opportunities

Miguel became one of the leading mulatto citizens (due to his skills and traits)

He had become friends with commoners and higher class citizens, whites

Defied stereotypes

Constructed own freighting business

Many of his friends had lived next to him

(Esp.) Micaeia Angela Carrillo(Esp.) Micaeia Angela Carrillo

Female, Mexico-New Spain

Labored fields, manufactured pulque, a intoxicating drink, proded, rode horseback

Her daughter Maria Antonia also participated in same work

Prior to her death Micaeia provided her kids with property and training in a craft

Lived in Nuestra Senora de Asucron Amozoque, a predominantly Indian village near Puebla de los Angeles

Puebla was in a good location for commercial trade between the colonial capital and its principal port

Female, Mexico-New Spain

Labored fields, manufactured pulque, a intoxicating drink, proded, rode horseback

Her daughter Maria Antonia also participated in same work

Prior to her death Micaeia provided her kids with property and training in a craft

Lived in Nuestra Senora de Asucron Amozoque, a predominantly Indian village near Puebla de los Angeles

Puebla was in a good location for commercial trade between the colonial capital and its principal port

Micaeia continuedMicaeia continued Puebla was in a good location for commercial trade

between the colonial capital and its principal port

Amozoque was comprised of Spaniards, mestizos, and malattoes, and also some local Indians

Dona Micaela and her family rented and owned lands within Indian Amozoque

Micaela had purchased land worth more than 1000 pesos

She married a cacique, Juan Tapia y Luna and increased her nobility in the town

They occupied a halfway position between Indian and Spanish society. They embraced the privileges of the Indian nobility

Her husband died in 1730 and had begun to rent maguey plants on other people’s land

The plants sap had helped Micaeia raise her kids and supported her with wealth

Puebla was in a good location for commercial trade between the colonial capital and its principal port

Amozoque was comprised of Spaniards, mestizos, and malattoes, and also some local Indians

Dona Micaela and her family rented and owned lands within Indian Amozoque

Micaela had purchased land worth more than 1000 pesos

She married a cacique, Juan Tapia y Luna and increased her nobility in the town

They occupied a halfway position between Indian and Spanish society. They embraced the privileges of the Indian nobility

Her husband died in 1730 and had begun to rent maguey plants on other people’s land

The plants sap had helped Micaeia raise her kids and supported her with wealth