Transcript
8/3/2019 The Road to a National Curriculum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-road-to-a-national-curriculum 1/36
Gh' 2;Jadtqktu
46;4
Pba Thk` ph k
Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo
K Vehgaat Egypepqpa ]bepa Vkvat
du Thdatp Y' Aepac kg` Lagp @' Pkcdatp
}epb ihgptedqpehgy jtho ]eccekoyhg O' Azaty
Pba Camkc Kyvaipy hj pbaIhoohg Ihta Ypkg`kt`y# Tkia phpba Phv# kg` Ihg`epehgkc ]kezaty
8/3/2019 The Road to a National Curriculum
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Vehgaat―y Oeyyehg
Vehgaat Egypepqpa ey kg eg`avag`agp# ghg/vktpeykg# vtezkpacu jqg`a` tayaktib htmkge~kpehg pbkp yaaly
ph eovthza pba {qkcepu hj ceja eg Okyykibqyappy pbthqmb iezei eyihqtya kg` egpaccaipqkccu temhthqy# kpk/
`tezag vqdcei vhceiu yhcqpehgy dkya` hg jtaa oktlap vtegievcay# eg`eze`qkc cedatpu kg` tayvhgyedecepu#kg` pba e`akc hj ajjaipeza# ceoepa` kg` kiihqgpkdca mhzatgoagp'
Vehgaat―y Iagpaty
Pbey vkvat ey k vqdceikpehg hj pba Iagpat jht Yibhhc Tajhto# }beib yaaly ph egitakya pba a`qikpehg
hvpehgy kzkeckdca ph vktagpy kg` ypq`agpy# `teza yuypao/}e`a tajhto# kg` agyqta kiihqgpkdecepu
eg vqdcei a`qikpehg' Pba Iagpat―y }htl dqec`y hg Vehgaat―y camkiu ky k taihmge~a` cak`at eg pba
ibktpat vqdcei yibhhc ohzaoagp# kg` ky k ibkovehg hj mtakpat kik`aoei temht eg Okyykibqyappy―
acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhcy' Iqttagp egepekpezay vthohpa ibheia kg` ihovapepehg# yibhhc/
dkya` okgkmaoagp# kg` agbkgia` kik`aoei vatjhtokgia eg vqdcei yibhhcy'
Pba Iagpat jht Dappat Mhzatgoagp yaaly ceoepa`# kiihqgpkdca mhzatgoagp du vthohpegm
ihovapepeza `acezatu hj vqdcei yatzeiay# aceoegkpehg hj qggaiayyktu tamqckpehg# kg` k jhiqy hg ihta
mhzatgoagp jqgipehgy' Iqttagp egepekpezay vthohpa tajhto hj bh} pba ypkpa dqec`y# okgkmay# tavkety
kg` gkgiay epy ptkgyvhtpkpehg kyyapy ky }acc ky vqdcei aovchuaa dagap tajhto'
Pba Iagpat jht Aihghoei Hvvhtpqgepu yaaly ph laav Okyykibqyappy ihovapepeza du vthohpegm k
bakcpbu dqyegayy iceokpa# ptkgyvktagp tamqckpehg# yokcc dqyegayy itakpehg eg qtdkg ktaky kg` yhqg`
agzethgoagpkc kg` `azachvoagp vhceiu' Iqttagp egepekpezay vthohpa oktlap tajhtoy ph egitakya pba
yqvvcu hj kjjht`kdca bhqyegm # ta`qia pba ihyp hj `hegm dqyegayy# kg` tazepkce~a qtdkg ktaky'
Vehgaat Egypepqpa ey k pkr/araovp 16;"i%9 htmkge~kpehg jqg`a` pbthqmb pba `hgkpehgy hj eg`eze`qkcy# jhqg`kpehgy kg`
dqyegayyay ihooeppa` ph pba vtegievcay Vehgaat ayvhqyay' Ph agyqta epy eg`avag`agia# Vehgaat `hay ghp kiiavp
mhzatgoagp mtkgpy'
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Thdatp Y' Aepac
Lagp @' Pkcdatp
]eccekoyhg O' Azaty
Ihgpagpy
Egpth`qipehg ;
E' Ceoepkpehgy Eovhya` hg pba @avktpoagp du Ihgmtayy 4
K' Magatkc A`qikpehg Vthzeyehgy Kip 4
D' @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg Htmkge~kpehg Kip 9
I' Acaoagpktu kg` Yaihg`ktu A`qikpehg Kip hj ;5:1 0
EE' Teya hj pba Ihoohg Ihta Ypkg`kt`y 1
EEE' Pba Ihoohg Ihta Ypkg`kt`y kg` pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` =
EZ' Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko ;;
Z' Ihg`epehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg ;1
ZE' Ihgicqyehgy kg` Taihooag`kpehgy ;2
Kdhqp pba Kqpbhty 46
Ag`ghpay 4;
Pba Thk` ph k
Gkpehgkc IqtteiqcqoPba Camkc Kyvaipy hj pbaIhoohg Ihta Ypkg`kt`y# Tkia phpba Phv# kg` Ihg`epehgkc ]kezaty
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;
Pba Thk` ph k Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo
Egpth`qipehg
Ckpa eg pba kjpatghhg hg Kvtec ;;# ;5:1#
Vtaye`agp Cug`hg D' Nhbgyhg ykp }epb beyibec`bhh` yibhhc pakibat# Oty' Lkpa @ak`teib
Chgau# hg pba ck}g hj pba jhtoat Nqgipehg
Acaoagpktu Yibhhc eg Nhbgyhg Iepu# Parky'
Pba takyhg jht pba oaapegm hj k dayvaipkica`
tapeta` pakibat kg` bat jkohqy jhtoat vqvec
}ky pba yemgegm hj pba Acaoagpktu kg`
Yaihg`ktu Yibhhc Kip hj ;5:1 "–AYAK‟%'
]epb pba Vtaye`agp―y yemgkpqta# pba ja`atkc
mhzatgoagp―y thca eg acaoagpktu kg`
yaihg`ktu a`qikpehg damkg ph egitakya
tkve`cu# }epb Ihgmtayy aypkdceybegm pba Q'Y'@avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg "–@avktpoagp‟% eg
;5=5' Ph`ku# pba AYAK kqpbhte~ay jqg`egm
jht lau vhtpehgy hj yibhhc `eypteip dq`mapy
kithyy pba ihqgptu' @ayvepa pbey cazatkma#
pba @avktpoagp bky magatkccu k`bata` ph
ypkpqphtu ceoepkpehgy `eykcch}egm ja`atkc
kmagiu egzhczaoagp eg L/;4 iqtteiqcqo#
ihqtyay# ht egyptqipehg# jhiqyegm egypak` hg
eyyqay yqib ky ke` jht eyk`zkgpkma` ypq`agpy#
kiihqgpkdecepu# iezec tembpy# kg` azkcqkpehg'Yegia 4665# pbey bky ibkgma`> Kipehgy pklag
du pba Hdkok K`oegeyptkpehg yemgkc kg
eovhtpkgp vhceiu ybejp eg pba gkpehg―y a`qikpehg
vhceiu# }epb pba @avktpoagp vckiegm pba
gkpehg hg pba thk` ph ja`atkc `etaipehg hzat
acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhc iqtteiqcqo
kg` egyptqipehg'
]epb hgcu oeght ariavpehgy# pba Magatkc
A`qikpehg Vthzeyehgy Kip "–MAVK‟%# pba
@avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg Htmkge~kpehg Kip
"–@AHK‟%# kg` pba AYAK# ky koag`a` du pba Gh Ibec` Cajp Dabeg` Kip hj 466;
"–GICD‟%# dkg ja`atkc `avktpoagpy kg`
kmagieay jtho `etaipegm# yqvatzeyegm# ht
ihgpthccegm acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhc
iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg# kg`
egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy'; Pba AYAK kcyh
vthpaipy ypkpa vtathmkpezay hg Pepca E ihgpagp
kg` kibeazaoagp ypkg`kt`y'4 Kp pba `etaipehg
hj pba vtayagp K`oegeyptkpehg# bh}azat#
pba @avktpoagp bky damqg ph ycembp pbayaypkpqphtu ihgyptkegpy' Yegia 4665# pbthqmb
pbtaa oknht egepekpezay‐pba Tkia ph pba
Phv Jqg`#9 pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp
Vthmtko#0 kg` ihg`epehgkc GICD }kezat
mqe`kgia "pba –Ihg`epehgkc GICD ]kezat
Vckg‟%1 ‐pba @avktpoagp bky itakpa` k
yuypao hj `eyitapehgktu mtkgpy kg` }kezaty
pbkp bat`y ypkpa a`qikpehg kqpbhtepeay egph
kiiavpegm acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhc
ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy jkzhta` du pba
@avktpoagp': Cajp qgibkccagma` du Ihgmtayy#pbaya ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy }ecc
qcpeokpacu `etaip pba ihqtya hj acaoagpktu
kg` yaihg`ktu ypq`u eg ohyp ypkpay kithyy pba
gkpehg# tqggegm pba teyl pbkp ypkpay }ecc daihoa
ceppca ohta pbkg k`oegeyptkpeza kmagpy jht k
gkpehgkce~a` L/;4 vthmtko hj egyptqipehg kg`
tkeyegm k jqg`koagpkc {qaypehg kdhqp }bapbat
pba @avktpoagp ey ariaa`egm epy ypkpqphtu
dhqg`kteay' Pbey thk` ph k gkpehgkc iqtteiqcqo
bky daag }eg`egm kg` bembcu gqkgia`‐kg`#
ky }a }ecc yaa dach}# jqcc hj ethgu'
Jeza vktpy ihovhya pbey vkvat' Vktp E kgkcu~ay
pba ceoepkpehgy pbkp MAVK# pba @AHK# kg`
pba AYAK vckia hg pba @avktpoagp' Vktp
EE vthze`ay dkilmthqg` hg pba teya hj pba
Ihoohg Ihta Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y Egepekpeza
"IIYYE%' Vktp EEE mezay kg hzatzea} hj pba
Kipehgy pklag du pba Hdkok
K`oegeyptkpehg yemgkc kg eovhtpkgp vhceiu ybejp eg pba gkpehg―y a`qikpehg vhceiu# }epb pba @avktpoagp vckiegm pba
gkpehg hg pba thk` ph ja`atkc `etaipehghzat acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhc
iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehg'
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Vehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu TayaktibVehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu Tayaktib
Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` kg` eccqyptkpay bh}
pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` bky agihqtkma`
ypkpay ph k`hvp Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y'
Vktp EZ tazea}y pba ihovhgagpy hj pba p}hk}kt`aay qg`at pba @avktpoagp―y Tkia ph pba
Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko pbkp kta }htlegm ph
`azachv kyyayyoagpy kg` kcemg pbao }epb pba
Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y' Pbaya kyyayyoagpy
kta itepeikc# ky pbau kta `ayemga` ph cegl
pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y ph k ihoohg
"pbkp ey# gkpehgkc% ihgpagp jht iqtteiqck kg`
egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy' Vktp Z `eyiqyyay
bh} pba @avktpoagp ey qyegm AYAK }kezat
kqpbhtepu ph ihgyhce`kpa pba gkpehgkce~egmajjaipy hj pba IIYYE kg` pba Vktpgatybev
jht Kyyayyoagp hj Tak`egayy jht Ihccama
kg` Iktaaty "–VKTII‟% kg` YOKTPAT
Dkckgia` Kyyayyoagp Ihgyhtpeqo "–YDKI‟%
kyyayyoagpy' Pba gkc vktp vthze`ay
ihgicqyehgy kg` taihooag`kpehgy jht vhceiu/
oklaty kg` egpataypa` hdyatzaty'
E' CEOEPKPEHGY EOVHYA@
HG PBA @AVKTPOAGP DU
IHGMTAYY
Beyphteikccu# cameyckpeza vthbedepehgy hg
ja`atkc `etaipehg# ihgpthc# ht yqvatzeyehg
hj iqtteiqck# vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg# kg`
egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy bkza ceoepa` pba
egqagia hj pba ja`atkc mhzatgoagp eg pba
acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhc ktagk' Pbey
vkvat `eyiqyyay akib kqpbhtepu dach}'
K' Magatkc A`qikpehg Vthzeyehgy Kip
K chgm/ypkg`egm ck} mhzatgegm pba
k`oegeyptkpehg hj ja`atkc a`qikpehg vthmtkoy#MAVK egicq`ay hga hj pba typ ceoepkpehgy qvhg
ja`atkc egzhczaoagp eg iqtteiqcqo'= Pbhqmb
pba ck} bky ibkgma` hzat pba uakty jtho epy
aktceayp zatyehg# pba yqdypkgia taokegy pba
ykoa' Eg epy iqttagp jhto# pba vthbedepehg ey k
dthk`/y}aavegm tqca hj ihgyptqipehg‐
Gh vthzeyehg hj kgu kvvceikdca vthmtko
ybkcc da ihgyptqa` ph kqpbhte~a kgu
`avktpoagp# kmagiu# hjiat# ht aovchuaa
hj pba Qgepa` Ypkpay ph aratieya kgu
`etaipehg# yqvatzeyehg# ht ihgpthc hzat
pba iqtteiqcqo# vthmtko hj egyptqipehg#
k`oegeyptkpehg# ht vatyhggac hj kgu
a`qikpehgkc egypepqpehg# yibhhc# ht yibhhc
yuypao# ht hzat pba yacaipehg hj cedtktu
tayhqtiay# parpdhhly# ht hpbat vtegpa`
ht vqdceyba` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy du
kgu a`qikpehgkc egypepqpehg ht yibhhc
yuypao# ht ph ta{qeta pba kyyemgoagp ht
ptkgyvhtpkpehg hj ypq`agpy ht pakibaty eg
ht`at ph hzatihoa tkiekc eodkckgia'2
Kg –kvvceikdca vthmtko‟ ey –kgu vthmtkojht }beib pba Yaitapktu \hj A`qikpehg_
ht pba @avktpoagp bky k`oegeyptkpeza
tayvhgyedecepu ky vthze`a` du ck}‟ dqp
aricq`ay Bembat A`qikpehg Kip vthmtkoy'5
Qg`at pba vthbedepehg# hga oqyp ihgyptqa
ja`atkc a`qikpehg vthmtkoy ghp ph mtkgp
kqpbhtepu ph kgu –`avktpoagp# kmagiu# hjiat#
Pbey vhceiu ybejp tqgy pba teyl pbkpypkpay }ecc daihoa ceppca ohta pbkg
k`oegeyptkpeza kmagpy jht k gkpehgkce~a`L/;4 vthmtko hj egyptqipehg kg`
tkeyay k jqg`koagpkc {qaypehg kdhqp}bapbat pba @avktpoagp ey ariaa`egm
epy ypkpqphtu dhqg`kteay'
Qg`at pba vthbedepehg# hga oqyp ihgyptqaja`atkc a`qikpehg vthmtkoy ghp ph mtkgpkqpbhtepu ph kgu –`avktpoagp# kmagiu#
hjiat# ht aovchuaa hj pba Qgepa` Ypkpay‟ph aratieya kgu –`etaipehg# yqvatzeyehg#
ht ihgpthc hzat pba iqtteiqcqo# \ht_ vthmtko hj egyptqipehg'''‟
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Pba Thk` ph k Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo
ht aovchuaa hj pba Qgepa` Ypkpay‟ ph aratieya
kgu –`etaipehg# yqvatzeyehg# ht ihgpthc hzat
pba iqtteiqcqo# \ht_ vthmtko hj egyptqipehg '
' ' hj kgu a`qikpehgkc egypepqpehg# yibhhc# ht yibhhc yuypao'‟;6 Pba tqca hj ihgyptqipehg
kmkegyp `etaipehg# yqvatzeyehg# ht ihgpthc kcyh
kvvceay ph pba –yacaipehg hj cedtktu tayhqtiay#
parpdhhly# ht hpbat vtegpa` ht vqdceyba`
egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy‟;; kg` takibay ja`atkc
`avktpoagpy kg` kmagieay hpbat pbkg pba
@avktpoagp';4
D' @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg
Htmkge~kpehg Kip
Agkipa` eg ;5=5# pba @AHK aypkdceyba` pba
@avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg ky kg araiqpeza
dtkgib `avktpoagp k`oegeypata` qg`at pba
yqvatzeyehg kg` `etaipehg hj pba Yaitapktu hj
A`qikpehg';9 Yeoeckt dqp ghp e`agpeikc ph pba
iqtteiqcqo vthbedepehg eg MAVK# pba @AHK
vthbedepy pba Yaitapktu kg` hpbat hjiaty hj
pba @avktpoagp jtho aratieyegm `etaipehg#
yqvatzeyehg# ht ihgpthc hzat iqtteiqcqo#
ky }acc ky hzat pba yacaipehg kg` ihgpagp
hj cedtktu tayhqtiay# parpdhhly# kg` hpbat egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy';0 Pba hga ariavpehg
ph pba magatkc vthbedepehg ey ej yqib kipezepeay
kta –kqpbhte~a` du ck}'‟;1 Jtkoa` ky k tqca hj
ihgyptqipehg# pba vthbedepehg ypkpay#
Gh vthzeyehg hj k vthmtko k`oegeypata`
du pba Yaitapktu ht du kgu hpbat hjiat
hj pba @avktpoagp ybkcc da ihgyptqa` ph
kqpbhte~a pba Yaitapktu ht kgu yqib hjiat
ph aratieya kgu `etaipehg# yqvatzeyehg# ht
ihgpthc hzat pba iqtteiqcqo# vthmtko hj egyptqipehg# k`oegeyptkpehg# ht vatyhggac
hj kgu a`qikpehgkc egypepqpehg# yibhhc#
ht yibhhc yuypao# hzat kgu kiita`epegm
kmagiu ht kyyhiekpehg# ht hzat pba
yacaipehg ht ihgpagp hj cedtktu tayhqtiay#
parpdhhly# ht hpbat egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy
du kgu a`qikpehgkc egypepqpehg ht yibhhc
yuypao# ariavp ph pba arpagp kqpbhte~a`
du ck}';:
Eg k``epehg ph pba `etaip ckgmqkma ceoepegm
pba Yaitapktu―y kg` hjiaty― kqpbhtepu
eg iqtteiqcqo# Ihgmtayy egicq`a` icakt
ypkpaoagpy eg pba ck} pbkp pba itakpehg hj k ga}@avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg `hay ghp `eyvckia
pba thca hj ypkpa kg` chikc mhzatgoagpy eg
a`qikpehg' Vteoktu kqpbhtepu jht a`qikpehg
ihgpegqay }epb ypkpa kg` chikc mhzatgoagpy#
ky aze`agia` du Jeg`egm 0 hj pba @AHK>
–\E_g hqt Ja`atkc yuypao# pba vteoktu vqdcei
tayvhgyedecepu jht a`qikpehg ey tayatza`
tayvaipezacu ph pba Ypkpay kg` pba chikc
yibhhc yuypaoy kg` hpbat egyptqoagpkcepeay
hj pba Ypkpay'‟
;=
Eg k``epehg# }bag ep itakpa`pba @avktpoagp# Ihgmtayy takjtoa` pba
ceoepkpehgy vckia` qvhg ja`atkc egzhczaoagp
eg a`qikpehg>
Ep ey pba egpagpehg hj pba Ihgmtayy eg
pba aypkdceyboagp hj pba @avktpoagp
ph vthpaip pba tembpy hj Ypkpa kg` chikc
mhzatgoagpy kg` vqdcei kg` vtezkpa
a`qikpehgkc egypepqpehgy eg pba ktaky hj
a`qikpehgkc vhceieay kg` k`oegeyptkpehg
hj vthmtkoy kg` ph yptagmpbag kg`
eovthza ihgpthc hj yqib mhzatgoagpy kg`egypepqpehgy hzat pbaet h}g a`qikpehgkc
vthmtkoy kg` vhceieay' Pba aypkdceyboagp
hj pba @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg ybkcc
ghp egitakya pba kqpbhtepu hj pba Ja`atkc
Mhzatgoagp hzat a`qikpehg ht `eoegeyb
pba tayvhgyedecepu jht a`qikpehg }beib ey
\E_g hqt Ja`atkc yuypao# pba vteoktu vqdcei tayvhgyedecepu jht a`qikpehg eytayatza` tayvaipezacu ph pba Ypkpay kg`
pba chikc yibhhc yuypaoy kg` hpbat egyptqoagpkcepeay hj pba Ypkpay'
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Vehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu Tayaktib
tayatza` ph pba Ypkpay kg` pba chikc yibhhc
yuypaoy kg` hpbat egyptqoagpkcepeay hj pba
Ypkpay';2
Pba cameyckpeza beyphtu hj pba @AHK ihgtoy
pba vteoktu thca hj ypkpa kg` chikc mhzatgoagpyeg a`qikpehg' Eg paypeohgu dajhta pba Yagkpa
Mhzatgoagpkc Kjjkety Ihooeppaa# Oktu
Dattu# pba Kyyeypkgp Yaitapktu jht A`qikpehg
hj pba @avktpoagp hj Bakcpb# A`qikpehg# kg`
]acjkta# }ktga` pbkp pba ja`atkc vtayagia
eg a`qikpehg –bky kg` oqyp ihgpegqa ph da k
yaihg`ktu thca‐hga pbkp kyyeypy# ghp hga pbkp
`etaipy chikc kg` Ypkpa mhzatgoagpy# }beib
bkza beyphteikccu ybhqc`ata` pba vteoktu
tayvhgyedecepu jht ' ' ' vqdcei a`qikpehg'‟
;5
Eg cela okggat# Yagkpht @kze` @qtagdatmat
yptayya` pba eovhtpkgia hj Ihgmtayyehgkc
hzatyembp yh ky ph vtayatza pba `ezatyepu hj
ypkpa kg` chikc kvvthkibay ph a`qikpehg>
Pba Ypkpay bkza k teib oerpqta hj
vthmtkoy ph tayvhg` ph pbaet iepe~agy―
a`qikpehgkc gaa`y' K iagptkce~a`
kvvthkib ph a`qikpehg }hqc` da jkpkc
ph pbey `ezatyepu ' ' ' Ej Ihgmtayy `hay
ghp aratieya vthvat hzatyembp# Ypkpa kg`
chikc nqtey`eipehg hzat a`qikpehg }ecc dapbtakpaga` du pba ja`atkc mhzatgoagp
tamkt`cayy hj }bapbat a`qikpehg ey eg k
ga} `avktpoagp ht taokegy k `ezeyehg hj
kg areypegm `avktpoagp'46
Oaodaty hj pba Q'Y' Bhqya hj
Tavtayagpkpezay kcyh arvtayya` tayatzkpehgy'
Tavtayagpkpeza Cah N' Tukg `ayiteda` pba
agkdcegm cameyckpehg ky –pba }htyp decc E bkza
yaag ' ' ' ' Ep ey k okyyeza ybejp eg pba aovbkyey
du pba Ja`atkc Mhzatgoagp jtho yqvvhtpegmpba chikc ajjhtpy hj yibhhc `eypteipy kg` Ypkpa
`avktpoagpy hj a`qikpehg ph aypkdceybegm
kg` eovcaoagpegm k gkpehgkc vhceiu eg pba
a`qikpehg hj hqt ibec`tag'‟4; Hga ikg g` k
ypthgm ypkpaoagp hj ihgiatg eg pba @eyyagpegm
Zea}y hj Tavtayagpkpezay Nhbg G' Atcagdhtg#
Nhbg ]' ]u`cat# Icktagia N' Dth}g# Vkqc
G' OiIchylau# Nt'# @kg [qkuca# Thdatp
Y' ]kclat# Ktckg Ypkgmackg`# kg` Nhbg A'
"Nkil% Iqggegmbko> –\P_bey tahtmkge~kpehg' ' ' }ecc tayqcp eg pba `hoegkpehg hj
a`qikpehg du pba Ja`atkc Mhzatgoagp ' ' '
' \Pba cameyckpehg ey_ k oknht ta`etaipehg hj
a`qikpehg vhceiuoklegm eg pba mqeya hj kg
k`oegeyptkpeza tahtmkge~kpehg‐k yemgkc hj
pba egpagpehg hj pba Ja`atkc mhzatgoagp ph
aratieya kg azat/arvkg`egm kg` `aavagegm
thca eg a`qikpehgkc aieyehg/oklegm'‟44 Pbaya
oaodaty ihgicq`a` du tkeyegm pba vhyyedecepu
hj pba @avktpoagp daihoegm k gkpehgkc yibhhc
dhkt`> –Ej }a itakpa pbey @avktpoagp# ohtaa`qikpehgkc \`aieyehg/oklegm_ ky ph ihqtya
ihgpagp# parpdhhl ihgpagp# kg` iqtteiqcqo
}ecc da ok`a eg ]kybegmphg kp pba arvagya
hj chikc `ezatyepu' Pba pagpkicay }ecc da
ypthgmat kg` takib jqtpbat' Pba @avktpoagp
hj A`qikpehg }ecc ag` qv daegm pba Gkpehg―y
yqvat \yibhhc dhkt`_'‟49 ]epb pbaya itepeieyoy
eg pba taiht`# pba @avktpoagp hvaga` epy
`hhty hg Oku 0# ;526'
I' Acaoagpktu kg` Yaihg`ktu A`qikpehgKip hj ;5:1
Ihgmtayy bk` yap ceoepy hg ja`atkc
egzhczaoagp eg acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu
a`qikpehg }acc dajhta pba aypkdceyboagp hj
pba @avktpoagp' ]epb ckgmqkma ihovktkdca
ph MAVK kg` @AHK# pba AYAK egicq`ay k
\P_ba ja`atkc vtayagia eg a`qikpehg–bky kg` oqyp ihgpegqa ph da k yaihg`ktu
thca‐hga pbkp kyyeypy# ghp hga pbkp`etaipy chikc kg` Ypkpa mhzatgoagpy#}beib bkza beyphteikccu ybhqc`ata`
pba vteoktu tayvhgyedecepu jht''' vqdcei a`qikpehg'‟
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Pba Thk` ph k Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo
tqca hj ihgyptqipehg ceoepegm pba kdecepu hj
ja`atkc hjiaty kg` aovchuaay ph okg`kpa#
`etaip# ht ihgpthc iqtteiqcqo>
Ghpbegm eg pbey Kip ybkcc da ihgyptqa` ph
kqpbhte~a kg hjiat ht aovchuaa hj pba
Ja`atkc Mhzatgoagp ph okg`kpa# `etaip#
ht ihgpthc k Ypkpa# chikc a`qikpehgkc
kmagiu# ht yibhhc―y iqtteiqcqo# vthmtko
hj egyptqipehg# ht kcchikpehg hj Ypkpa kg`
chikc tayhqtiay# ht okg`kpa k Ypkpa ht kgu
yqd`ezeyehg pbatahj ph yvag` kgu jqg`y
ht egiqt kgu ihypy ghp vke` jht qg`at pbey
Kip'40
Kiiht`egmcu# pba AYAK `ageay kqpbhtepu
ph hjiaty ht aovchuaay hj pba ja`atkc
mhzatgoagp ph okg`kpa# `etaip ht ihgpthc
iqtteiqcqo ht vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg'41
K``epehgkccu# pba AYAK mhay jqtpbat pbkg
MAVK kg` @AHK ph ceoep `etaipcu pba qya
hj ja`atkc jqg`y jht k iqtteiqcqo' Qg`at 46
Q'Y'I' § =56= "d%# –gh jqg`y vthze`a` ph pba
@avktpoagp qg`at pbey Kip oku da qya` ' ' ' ph
ag`htya# kvvthza ht ykgipehg kgu iqtteiqcqo
`ayemga` ph da qya` eg kg acaoagpktu yibhhcht yaihg`ktu yibhhc'‟4:
Pba egpagp hj Ihgmtayy ey icakt> Pba ja`atkc
mhzatgoagp ikgghp okg`kpa# `etaip#
yqvatzeya# ht ihgpthc iqtteiqcqo ht vthmtkoy
hj egyptqipehg'4= Eg`aa`# pba cameyckpeza
beyphtu hj pba @AHK qg`atyihtay pbey# ky
`hay epy ypkpaoagp hj egpagp –ph vthpaip pba
tembpy hj Ypkpa kg` chikc mhzatgoagpy ' ' '
eg pba ktaky hj a`qikpehgkc vhceiu\_‟ kg` ph
–ghp egitakya pba kqpbhtepu hj pba Ja`atkcMhzatgoagp hzat a`qikpehg ht `eoegeyb pba
tayvhgyedecepu jht a`qikpehg }beib ey tayatza`
ph pba Ypkpay kg` chikc yibhhc yuypaoy'‟42
Uap# ky arvckega` dach}# pba @avktpoagp ey
azk`egm pbaya vthbedepehgy kg` qyegm vthreay
ph iaoagp gkpehgkc ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy
pbkp }ecc egazepkdcu `etaip pba ihgpagp hj L/;4
iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg# kg`
egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy kithyy pba gkpehg'
EE' TEYA HJ PBA IHOOHG IHTA
YPKG@KT@Y
Ph kvvtaiekpa pba kqpbhty― ihgiatgy kdhqp
pba @avktpoagp―y egitaoagpkc oktib `h}g
pba thk` ph k gkpehgkc iqtteiqcqo# hga oqyp
typ qg`atypkg` pba Ihoohg Ihta Ypkpa
Ypkg`kt`y Egepekpeza "–IIYYE‟%# k itakpqta
ghp hj ypkpa cameyckpqtay dqp tkpbat hj p}h
]kybegmphg# @'I'/dkya` htmkge~kpehgy# pba
Gkpehgkc Mhzatghty Kyyhiekpehg―y Iagpat
jht Dayp Vtkipeiay "–GMK Iagpat‟% kg`
pba Ihqgiec hj Ibeaj Ypkpa Yibhhc Hjiaty"–IIYYH‟%# }beib ihht`egkpa` pba IIYYE
ph aypkdceyb zhcqgpktu# gkpehgkc acaoagpktu
kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhc a`qikpehg ypkg`kt`y
eg okpbaokpeiy kg` Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy'45
Hpbat htmkge~kpehgy vthze`a` k`zeia kg`
mqe`kgia ihgiatgegm pba `etaipehg kg` ybkva
hj pba IIYYE< pbau egicq`a Kibeaza# Egi'#
Pba egpagp hj Ihgmtayy ey icakt> Pbaja`atkc mhzatgoagp ikgghp okg`kpa#
`etaip# yqvatzeya# ht ihgpthc iqtteiqcqoht vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg' Eg`aa`#pba cameyckpeza beyphtu hj pba @AHK
qg`atyihtay pbey# ky `hay epy ypkpaoagphj egpagp –ph vthpaip pba tembpy hj Ypkpakg` chikc mhzatgoagpy'''eg pba ktaky hj
a`qikpehgkc vhceiu'
\H_ga oqyp typ qg`atypkg` pba IhoohgIhta Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y Egepekpeza# k itakpqtaghp hj ypkpa cameyckpqtay dqp tkpbat hj p}h]kybegmphg# @'I'/dkya` htmkge~kpehgy#pba Gkpehgkc Mhzatghty Kyyhiekpehg―y
Iagpat jht Dayp Vtkipeiay kg` pba Ihqgiechj Ibeaj Ypkpa Yibhhc Hjiaty'
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Vehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu Tayaktib
KIP# Egi'# pba Ihccama Dhkt`# pba Gkpehgkc
Kyyhiekpehg hj Ypkpa Dhkt`y hj A`qikpehg#
kg` pba Ypkpa Bembat A`qikpehg Araiqpeza
Hjiaty'96 Eg k``epehg# pba Decc * Oaceg`kMkpay Jhqg`kpehg kg` pba Ibktcay Ypa}ktp
Ohpp Jhqg`kpehg vthze`a` gkgiekc dkilegm#
ky `e` hpbaty'9;
Pba ypkg`kt`y aga pba lgh}ca`ma kg` yleccy
ypq`agpy ybhqc` bkza eg pbaet L/;4 a`qikpehg
eg ht`at ph mtk`qkpa jtho bemb yibhhc kg`
ph yqiiaa` eg agptu/cazac# ita`ep/daktegm
ihccama ihqtyay kg` eg }htljhtia ptkegegm
vthmtkoy'94 K`zhikpay hj pba Ihoohg Ihta
ypkg`kt`y ktmqa pbkp pbau kta> ";% kcemga`}epb ihccama kg` }htl arvaipkpehgy< "4%
icakt# qg`atypkg`kdca kg` ihgyeypagp< "9%
dqecp qvhg yptagmpby kg` cayyhgy hj iqttagp
ypkpa ypkg`kt`y< "0% egjhtoa` du hpbat phv
vatjhtoegm ihqgpteay<99 kg` "1% aze`agia/
dkya`'90 Eg k``epehg# IIYYE yqvvhtpaty
ihgpag` pbkp pba ypkg`kt`y egicq`a temhthqy
ihgpagp kg` kvvceikpehg hj lgh}ca`ma pbthqmb
bemb/ht`at yleccy'91
Eg `azachvegm pba ypkg`kt`y# pba GMK Iagpat kg` IIYYH ihgyqcpa` }epb tavtayagpkpezay
jtho vktpeievkpegm ypkpay# k }e`a tkgma hj
a`qikphty# ihgpagp arvatpy# tayaktibaty#
gkpehgkc htmkge~kpehgy# kg` ihooqgepu
mthqvy'9: Jht vqtvhyay hj `azachvoagp kg`
taiaevp hj vqdcei ihooagpy# pba }tepaty hj
pba ypkg`kt`y `eze`a` pba ypkg`kt`y egph p}h
ikpamhteay> ";% ihccama/ kg` iktaat/tak`u
ypkg`kt`y "}beib k``tayy }bkp ypq`agpy kta
arvaipa` ph bkza caktga` }bag pbau bkzamtk`qkpa` jtho bemb yibhhc%< kg` "4% L/;4
ypkg`kt`y "}beib k``tayy arvaipkpehgy jht
acaoagpktu yibhhc pbthqmb bemb yibhhc%'9=
Ihoohg Ihta yqvvhtpaty tacakya` `tkjp
ihccama/ kg` iktaat/tak`u mtk`qkpehg
ypkg`kt`y jht vqdcei ihooagp eg Yavpaodat
hj 4665 kg` `tkjp L/;4 ypkg`kt`y eg Oktib
hj 46;6'92 Kgghqgia` hg Nqga 4# 46;6# pba
gkc L/;4 Ihoohg Ihta Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y
"–IIYY‟% egihtvhtkpa` pba ihccama/ kg`
iktaat/tak`u ypkg`kt`y'95 Pbey oktla` pbagkc ypav eg pba `azachvoagp hj pba Ihoohg
Ihta ypkg`kt`y' Kjpat `azachvoagp# ypkpay
damkg ph k`hvp pba ypkg`kt`y' Iqttagpcu# jhtpu/
za ypkpay# pba @eypteip hj Ihcqodek# kg` p}h
pattephteay bkza k`hvpa` pba IIYY eg Agmceyb
ckgmqkma ktpy kg` okpbaokpeiy'06
Pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y bkza magatkpa`
egpagya `adkpa kg` ihgpthzatyu' Vthvhgagpy
hj pba IIYY ktmqa pbkp pba ypkg`kt`y }ecc
vthze`a oqcpevca dagapy ph ypq`agpy>
Pba ypkg`kt`y }ecc vthze`a ohta icktepu
kdhqp kg` ihgyeypagiu eg }bkp ey arvaipa`
hj ypq`agp caktgegm kithyy pba ihqgptu ' ' '
' Pbey egepekpeza }ecc kcch} ypkpay ph ybktaegjhtokpehg ajjaipezacu kg` bacv vthze`a
kcc ypq`agpy }epb kg a{qkc hvvhtpqgepu jht
kg a`qikpehg pbkp }ecc vtavkta pbao ph mh ph
ihccama ht agpat pba }htljhtia# tamkt`cayy
hj }bata pbau ceza ' ' ' \Ihoohg ypkg`kt`y_
}ecc agyqta ohta ihgyeypagp arvhyqta
ph okpatekcy kg` caktgegm arvateagiay
pbthqmb iqtteiqcqo# egyptqipehg# kg`
pakibat vtavktkpehg kohgm hpbat yqvvhtpy
jht ypq`agp caktgegm'0;
Hpbat yqvvhtpaty ktmqa pbkp pba Ihoohg
Ihta ypkg`kt`y –}ecc agyqta pbkp }a okegpkeg
Koateik―y ihovapepeza a`ma# yh pbkp kcc hj
hqt ypq`agpy kta }acc vtavkta` }epb pba yleccy
kg` lgh}ca`ma gaiayyktu ph ihovapa }epb
ghp hgcu pbaet vaaty bata kp bhoa# dqp }epb
ypq`agpy jtho kthqg` pba }htc`'‟04
Itepeiy zemhthqycu `eyvqpa pba temht hj pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg` ihgpag`
pbkp pbau }ecc ghp vth`qia dappat tayqcpykohgm ypq`agpy'
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Pba Thk` ph k Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo
Itepeiy zemhthqycu `eyvqpa pba temht hj
pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg` ihgpag`
pbkp pbau }ecc ghp vth`qia dappat tayqcpy
kohgm ypq`agpy'09 Taiagp paypeohgu duVthjayyht Nku V' Mtaaga eg pba Q'Y' Bhqya hj
Tavtayagpkpezay dajhta pba Yqdihooeppaa hg
Aktcu Ibec`bhh`# Acaoagpktu# kg` Yaihg`ktu
A`qikpehg eccqyptkpay pbey itepeieyo>
\P_bata ey gh aze`agia pbkp pba Ihoohg
Ihta ypkg`kt`y kta temhthqy ht }ecc bacv
vth`qia dappat tayqcpy' Pba hgcu aze`agia
eg yqvvhtp hj Ihoohg Ihta ihgyeypy hj
vthnaipy jqg`a` `etaipcu ht eg`etaipcu du
pba Mkpay Jhqg`kpehg eg }beib vkgacyhj yacaipa` arvatpy kta kyla` ph hjjat
pbaet hvegehg hg pba {qkcepu hj Ihoohg
Ihta ypkg`kt`y' Ghp yqtvteyegmcu# vkgacy
htmkge~a` du pba dkilaty hj Ihoohg
Ihta daceaza pbkp Ihoohg Ihta ey mhh`'
Pbey ey ghp tayaktib< pbey ey nqyp k`zhikpay
hj Ihoohg Ihta ta/ypkpegm pbaet yqvvhtp'
Pba ja} eg`avag`agp azkcqkpehgy hj
Ihoohg Ihta pbkp areyp yqmmayp pbkp epy
ypkg`kt`y kta oa`ehita kg` tavtayagp
ceppca ibkgma jtho }bkp ohyp ypkpaykctak`u bkza'00
Yeoecktcu# p}h hpbat arvatpy# Vthjayyht Ykg`tk
Yphpylu kg` ^a―az ]qtokg# jhqg` pbkp du
mtk`a 2 pba okpbaokpeiy ypkg`kt`y }ata –k
uakt ht p}h dabeg` pba Gkpehgkc Okpbaokpeiy
K`zeyhtu Vkgac―y taihooag`kpehgy# cak`egm
ypkpay# kg` ' ' ' egpatgkpehgkc ihovapepehg'‟01
Pbau kcyh ihgicq`a` pbkp pba Ihoohg Ihta―y
okpbaokpeiy kg` Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy
ypkg`kt`y `h ghp yqvvhtp pba ihgicqyehg pbkppba ypkg`kt`y –vthze`a k ypthgmat kg` ohta
ibkccagmegm jtkoa}htl jht pba okpbaokpeiy
kg` Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy iqtteiqcqo
pbkg ' ' ' Ikcejhtgek―y iqttagp ypkg`kt`y kg`
Okyykibqyappy― iqttagp "466;% kg` tazeya`
`tkjp "46;6% ypkg`kt`y `h'‟0: Hj yemgeikgp
ghpa# @t' Yphpylu kg` Ot' ]qtokg zea} pba
Ihoohg Ihta vthnaip ky k –ckq`kdca ajjhtp
ph ybkva k gkpehgkc iqtteiqcqo'‟0= Ypecc#
hpbat itepeiy }httu kdhqp pba arvagya hj
eovcaoagpegm pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y'02
EEE' PBA IHOOHG IHTAYPKG@KT@Y KG@ PBA TKIA
PH PBA PHV JQG@
Eg aktcu 4665# Vtaye`agp Hdkok yemga`
egph ck} pba Koateikg Taihzatu kg`
Taegzaypoagp Kip "KTTK%#05 }beib vthze`a`
jqg`y jht pba @avktpoagp―y Tkia ph pba Phv
vthmtko# ihgyeypegm cktmacu hj pba Tkia ph pba
Phv Jqg` kg` pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp
Vthmtko'16 Pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` ey k
ihovapepeza mtkgp vthmtko `ayemga` }epbpba bhva ph yvqt egghzkpehg eg acaoagpktu
kg` yaihg`ktu a`qikpehg' ]epb $0 deccehg ph
`eydqtya# pba vthmtko kpptkipa` kvvceikpehgy
jtho jhtpu/yer ypkpay'1; Yqvvhtpaty hj pba Tkia
ph pba Phv Jqg` ihgpag` pbkp ep ta{qetay ypkpay
ph itakpa ihg`epehgy jht tajhto du eovthzegm
ypq`agp kibeazaoagp# gktth}egm kibeazaoagp
mkvy# egitakyegm mtk`qkpehg tkpay# kg`
agyqtegm ypq`agpy kta vtavkta` jht yqiiayy eg
ihccama kg` iktaaty' Pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg`
kppaovpy tajhto eg jhqt ktaky> ";% k`hvpegmegpatgkpehgkccu dagiboktla` ypkg`kt`y kg`
kyyayyoagpy pbkp vtavkta ypq`agpy jht yqiiayy
eg ihccama kg` pba }htlvckia< "4% dqec`egm
`kpk yuypaoy pbkp oakyqta ypq`agp yqiiayy
kg` egjhto pakibaty kg` vtegievkcy kdhqp
bh} pbau ikg eovthza pbaet vtkipeiay< "9%
egitakyegm pakibat kg` vtegievkc ajjaipezagayy
\P_}h hpbat arvatpy# Vthjayyht Ykg`tkYphpylu kg` ^a―az ]qtokg# jhqg` pbkp du mtk`a 2 pba okpbaokpeiy ypkg`kt`y
}ata –k uakt ht p}h dabeg` pba Gkpehgkc Okpbaokpeiy K`zeyhtu Vkgac―y
taihooag`kpehgy'
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Vehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu Tayaktib
kg` kibeazegm a{qepu eg pbaet `eyptedqpehg<
kg` "0% pqtgegm kthqg` pba ch}ayp/kibeazegm
yibhhcy'14
Pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` kcyh egicq`ay
yazatkc –vtehtepeay'‟19 Vtehtepu ; ey kg
–kdyhcqpa vtehtepu‟ jht k Ihovtabagyeza
Kvvthkib ph A`qikpehg Tajhto'10 Vtehtepu
4 ey k –ihovapepeza vtajatagia vtehtepu‟
jht Aovbkyey hg Yieagia# Paibghchmu#Agmegaategm# kg` Okpbaokpeiy "YPAO%'11
Vtehtepeay 9/: kta –egzepkpehgkc vtehtepeay#‟
tayvaipezacu# tackpegm ph egghzkpehgy eg aktcu
caktgegm# pba arvkgyehg kg` qya hj chgmepq`egkc
`kpk yuypaoy# ihht`egkpehg hj acaoagpktu kg`
yaihg`ktu a`qikpehg }epb vhypyaihg`ktu
caktgegm# kg` yibhhc/cazac tajhto ajjhtpy'1:
]epb tayvaip ph eovcaoagpkpehg hj pba
KTTK# pba @avktpoagp typ vqdceyba` epy
Ghpeia hj Vthvhya` Vtehtepeay# Ta{qetaoagpy#@agepehgy# kg` Yacaipehg Itepatek jht pba
Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` hg Nqcu 45# 4665'1=
Pbatakjpat# ep taiaeza` ihooagpy jtho
hzat ;#666 eg`eze`qkcy kg` htmkge~kpehgy#
egicq`egm pakibaty# vtegievkcy# mhzatghty#
ibeaj ypkpa yibhhc hjiaty# kg` hpbaty'12 Pba
@avktpoagp egzepa` kvvceikpehgy jht Vbkya
; hj pba ihovapepehg hg Ghzaodat ;2#
4665#15 kg` jht Vbkya 4 hg Kvtec ;0# 46;6':6
Kgghqgia` hg Oktib 45# 46;6# @ack}kta
kg` Paggayyaa }hg pba Vbkya ; ihovapepehg':; Vbkya 4 }eggaty# kgghqgia` hg Kqmqyp 40#
46;6# }ata pba @eypteip hj Ihcqodek# Jchte`k#
Mahtmek# Bk}kee# Oktuckg`# Okyykibqyappy#
Ga} Uhtl# Ghtpb Ikthcegk# Hbeh# kg` Tbh`a
Eyckg`':4
Eg ht`at ph vktpeievkpa eg pba Tkia ph pba
Phv Jqg`# pba @avktpoagp ta{qeta` akib
ypkpa ph k`hvp ihoohg L/;4 ypkg`kt`y':9
Pba Ypkpa Tajhto Ihg`epehgy Itepatek hj pbaTkia ph pba Phv Jqg` ta{qeta` akib ypkpa ph
`aohgyptkpa }htl ph}kt` nhegpcu `azachvegm
kg` k`hvpegm k ihoohg yap hj aze`agia/
dkya`# egpatgkpehgkccu dagiboktla` L/;4
ypkg`kt`y':0 Eg`aa`# pba mqe`kgia ph pba vaat
tazea}aty hj pba Tkia ph pba Phv kvvceikpehgy
vhegpy ph kg ajjhtp ph ihovac k yegmca yap hj
ypkg`kt`y> K ypkpa aktgy –bemb‟ vhegpy ej ep
ey vktp hj k ypkg`kt`y ihgyhtpeqo ihgyeypegm
hj k oknhtepu hj ypkpay pbkp nhegpcu `azachvkg` k`hvp ihoohg ypkg`kt`y':1 Ihgzatyacu#
k ypkpa taiaezay –oa`eqo‟ ht –ch}‟ vhegpy
–ej pba ihgyhtpeqo egicq`ay hga/bkcj hj pba
Ypkpay eg pba ihqgptu ht cayy'‟::
Eovhtpkgpcu# pba –egpatgkpehgkccu dagiboktla`
ypkg`kt`y‟ tajat ph k –ihoohg yap hj L/;4
ypkg`kt`y‟ pbkp pba @avktpoagp `agay ky
–k yap hj ihgpagp ypkg`kt`y pbkp `aga }bkp
ypq`agpy oqyp lgh} kg` da kdca ph `h kg`
pbkp kta yqdypkgpekccu e`agpeikc kithyy kcc
ypkpay eg k \ypkg`kt`y_ ihgyhtpeqo' K Ypkpaoku yqvvcaoagp pba ihoohg ypkg`kt`y
}epb k``epehgkc ypkg`kt`y# vthze`a` pbkp pba
k``epehgkc ypkg`kt`y h ghp ariaa` ;1 vatiagp
hj pba Ypkpa―y phpkc ypkg`kt`y jht pbkp ihgpagp
ktak'‟:= Ky pbaet kvvceikpehgy ybh}# pba
p}acza }eggaty hj pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg`
ihovapepehg k`hvpa` ht eg`eikpa` pbaet egpagp
Eg ht`at ph vktpeievkpa eg pba Tkia ph pbaPhv Jqg`# pba @avktpoagp ta{qeta` akibypkpa ph k`hvp ihoohg L/;4 ypkg`kt`y'
K ypkpa aktgy –bemb‟ vhegpy ej ep ey vktphj k ypkg`kt`y ihgyhtpeqo ihgyeypegm
hj k oknhtepu hj ypkpay pbkp nhegpcu`azachv kg` k`hvp ihoohg ypkg`kt`y'Ihgzatyacu# k ypkpa taiaezay –oa`eqo‟
ht –ch}‟ vhegpy –ej pba ihgyhtpeqoegicq`ay hga/bkcj hj pba Ypkpay
eg pba ihqgptu ht cayy'
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5
Pba Thk` ph k Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo
ph k`hvp pba IIYY jht vqtvhyay hj oaapegm
pba ta{qetaoagp hj –k`hvpegm egpatgkpehgkccu
dagiboktla` ypkg`kt`y'‟:2 Kcpbhqmb pba
@avktpoagp `e` ghp arvtayycu okg`kpa ypkpayph k`hvp pba IIYY eg ht`at ph vktpeievkpa eg
pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` ihovapepehg# ep `e`
ghp bkza ph `h yh# ky gaktcu azatu ypkpa bk`
k`hvpa`# ht }ky kdhqp ph k`hvp# pba IIYY‐
okgu eg`qia` ph h yh du pba vthyvaip hj Tkia
ph pba Phv mtkgpy' ]beca taokegegm jkiekccu
gaqptkc# pba @avktpoagp ihqc` tayp akyu eg
pba lgh}ca`ma pbkp ohyp ypkpay }hqc` ihoa
ph pba ihovapepehg bkzegm kctak`u yemgkca`
egpagp ph k`hvp ht bkzegm k`hvpa` pba IIYY'
:5
Ypkg`kt`y `teza iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj
egyptqipehg# kg` pba yacaipehg hj egyptqipehgkcokpatekcy' K ibkgma ph ihoohg L/;4
ypkg`kt`y }ecc egazepkdcu tayqcp eg ibkgmay
eg iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg# kg`
egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy ph kcemg }epb pba
ypkg`kt`y' Pbey ey itepeikc ph qg`atypkg`egm pba
eovhtpkgia hj pba thk` pbkp pba @avktpoagp
bky pklag' Ky @t' Mtaaga bky ypkpa`# –Ph
okla ypkg`kt`y oakgegmjqc pbau bkza ph
da egpamtkpa` }epb ibkgmay eg iqtteiqcqo#
kyyayyoagp kg` va`kmhmu'‟=6 Yaitapktu
@qgikg bky aibha` pbey zea}# ghpegm pbaceglkma dap}aag ypkg`kt`y# iqtteiqcqo# kg`
kyyayyoagpy> –\I_qtteiqcqo ikg hgcu da ky
mhh` ky pba kik`aoei ypkg`kt`y ph }beib pba
kyyayyoagpy kg` iqtteiqcqo kta vamma`'‟=;
Yibhhc `eypteipy# phh# daceaza pbkp ga}
ihoohg ypkg`kt`y ta{qeta k ibkgma eg
iqtteiqcqo' Eg Yavpaodat 46;;# pba Iagpat
hg A`qikpehg Vhceiu vqdceyba` yqtzau tayqcpy
g`egm pbkp :0! hj pba yibhhc `eypteipy eg
ypkpay k`hvpegm pba IIYY kmtaa` ht ypthgmcukmtaa` pbkp pbhya ypkg`kt`y }hqc` ta{qeta
ga} ht yqdypkgpekccu tazeya` iqtteiqcqo
okpatekcy eg okpb< 1:! yeoecktcu kmtaa`
jht Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy'=4 Pbaya yqtzau
tayqcpy jqtpbat ybh} pbkp 11! hj `eypteipy eg
IIYY/k`hvpegm ypkpay bkza kctak`u damqg ph
`azachv ht vqtibkya "ht }ecc ybhtpcu `h yh%
ga} okpb iqtteiqcqo okpatekcy kcemga` }epb
pba IIYY'=9 Jht Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy# 19!
bkza `hga yh ht }ecc `h yh'
=0
Pba @avktpoagp qg`atypkg`y pbkp pbak`hvpehg hj pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y
ta{qetay ibkgmay eg iqtteiqcqo' Vatbkvy
ohta eovhtpkgpcu# ep kcyh lgh}y pbkp pbaya
ypkg`kt`y }ecc `eyvckia areypegm ypkpa
ypkg`kt`y‐–tavckia pba areypegm vkpib}htl
hj Ypkpa ypkg`kt`y‟=1 ‐kg` ajjaipezacu
gkpehgkce~a ghp hgcu ypkpa ypkg`kt`y dqp kcyh
iqtteiqckt ihgpagp' Aze`agiegm pbey vhegp# pba
@avktpoagp vqdceyba` pbey aribkgma dap}aag
pba @avktpoagp kg` oaodaty hj pba vqdcei
tayvhg`egm ph pba @avktpoagp―y Ghpeia hj Jegkc Vtehtepeay jht pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg`>
Ihooagp > Yazatkc ihooagpaty
taihooag`a` pbkp }a ickteju pba oakgegm
hj k –yemgeikgp gqodat hj Ypkpay‟ }epbeg
k ihgyhtpeqo \pbkp `azachvy kg` k`hvpy
k ihoohg yap hj L/;4 ypkg`kt`y_' Hga
Ky pbaet kvvceikpehgy ybh}# pba p}acza}eggaty hj pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg`
ihovapepehg k`hvpa` ht eg`eikpa` pbaet egpagp ph k`hvp pba IIYY jht vqtvhyay
hj oaapegm pba ta{qetaoagp hj –k`hvpegmegpatgkpehgkccu dagiboktla` ypkg`kt`y'‟
Ypkg`kt`y `teza iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoyhj egyptqipehg# kg` pba yacaipehg hj egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy' K ibkgma ph
ihoohg L/;4 ypkg`kt`y }ecc egazepkdcutayqcp eg ibkgmay eg iqtteiqcqo#
vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg# kg` egyptqipehgkcokpatekcy ph kcemg }epb pba ypkg`kt`y'
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Vehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu Tayaktib
taihooag`a` pbkp pba gqodat hj Ypkpay
da yap kp k oegeoqo hj pbtaa ej pba {qkcepu
hj pbaet ihoohg ypkg`kt`y ey ihovktkdca
ph pba ihoohg ypkg`kt`y `azachva` duoaodaty hj pba Gkpehgkc Mhzatght―y
Kyyhiekpehg kg` pba Ihqgiec hj Ibeaj
Ypkpa Yibhhc Hjiaty' Hpbaty yqmmaypa`
pbkp egypak` hj k oegeoqo gqodat# pba
itepatehg ybhqc` jhiqy hg pba eovhtpkgia
ht vhpagpekc eovkip hj pba vthvhya` }htl'
@eyiqyyehg> Pba mhkc hj ihoohg L/;4
ypkg`kt`y ey ph tavckia pba areypegm
vkpib}htl hj Ypkpa ypkg`kt`y pbkp
tayqcpy eg qga{qkc arvaipkpehgy dkya`hg mahmtkvbu kchga' Yhoa hj pba oknht
dagapy hj ihoohg ypkg`kt`y }ecc da
pba ybkta` qg`atypkg`egm hj pakibegm
kg` caktgegm mhkcy< ihgyeypagiu hj
`kpk vatoeppegm tayaktib hg ajjaipeza
vtkipeiay eg ypkjgm kg egyptqipehg<
kg` pba ihht`egkpehg hj egjhtokpehg
pbkp ihqc` egjhto pba `azachvoagp
kg` eovcaoagpkpehg hj iqtteiqcqo#
egyptqipehgkc tayhqtiay# kg` vthjayyehgkc`azachvoagp' Pba @avktpoagp daceazay
pbkp pba ihyp ykzegmy kg` ajieagiu
tayqcpegm jtho ihcckdhtkpehg eg k
ihgyhtpeqo ybhqc` da ta}kt`a` pbthqmb
pba Tkia ph pba Phv vthmtko }bag
pba eovkip hg a`qikpehgkc vtkipeiay ey
vthghqgia`' Kg` magatkccu# }a daceaza
pbkp pba cktmat pba gqodat hj Ypkpay }epbeg
k ihgyhtpeqo# pba mtakpat pba dagapy kg`
vhpagpekc eovkip'=:
Pba @avktpoagp―y ihgiatgy kdhqp –k
vkpib}htl hj Ypkpa ypkg`kt`y‟ kg` qga{qkc
mahmtkvbei arvaipkpehgy `h ghp taaip k
vthvat qg`atypkg`egm hj Koateik―y ja`atkc
yuypao# pba thca hj pba ypkpay eg yappegm
a`qikpehg vhceiu# ht pba ypkpqphtu vthbedepehgy
ceoepegm pba @avktpoagp―y egzhczaoagp eg
iqtteiqcqo okppaty' Pbey zea}‐pbkp –pba
cktmat pba gqodat hj Ypkpay‟ eg yappegm
ypkg`kt`y# pba dappat == ‐qg`atyihtay pba
@avktpoagp―y `ayeta ph bat` pba ypkpay egphkiiavpegm pba IIYY# }beib }ky ktmqkdcu
pba hgcu ypkg`kt`y/dkya` ihgyhtpeqo }epb
k gqodat hj ypkpay cktma aghqmb ph vcakya
pba @avktpoagp `qtegm pba Tkia ph pba Phv
ihovapepehg'
Yazatkc a`qikpehg cak`aty bkza yazatacu
itepeie~a` pba @avktpoagp jht qyegm pba Tkia
ph pba Phv Jqg` ph `teza ypkpay ph}kt` pba
Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y }epbhqp tamkt` ph
pba pbhqmbpjqc egepekpezay pbkp oku bkza daagpklag du eg`eze`qkc ypkpay ghp vktpeievkpegm eg
k ihgyhtpeqo' Jht arkovca# Parky A`qikpehg
Ihooeyyehgat Thdatp Yihpp bky arvtayya`
ihgiatgy kdhqp pba IIYY cak`egm ph gkpehgkc
ypkg`kt`y kg` pba azagpqkc gkpehgkce~kpehg hj
yibhhcy'=2 Eg k Ghzaodat 41# 4665# cappat ph
Yagkpht Nhbg Ihtgug hj Parky# Ihooeyyehgat
Yihpp }thpa#
E daceaza pbkp pba ptqa egpagpehg hj pbey
ajjhtp \Ihoohg Ihta Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y
Egepekpeza_ ey ph aypkdceyb hga yap hj gkpehgkc a`qikpehg ypkg`kt`y kg` gkpehgkc
paypy kithyy pba ihqgptu' Htemegkccu yhc`
ph ypkpay ky zhcqgpktu# ypkpay bkza gh}
daag phc` pbkp vktpeievkpehg eg gkpehgkc
ypkg`kt`y kg` gkpehgkc paypegm }hqc`
da ta{qeta` ky k ihg`epehg hj taiaezegm
Yazatkc a`qikpehg cak`aty bkza yazatacuitepeie~a` pba @avktpoagp jht qyegm pba
Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` ph `teza ypkpay
ph}kt` pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y}epbhqp tamkt` ph pba pbhqmbpjqcegepekpezay pbkp oku bkza daag pklag
du eg`eze`qkc ypkpay ghp vktpeievkpegmeg k ihgyhtpeqo'
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;;
Pba Thk` ph k Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo
;;
ja`atkc `eyitapehgktu mtkgp jqg`egm
qg`at pba Koateikg Taihzatu kg`
Taegzaypoagp Kip "KTTK% k`oegeypata`
du pba \@avktpoagp_' Pba ajjhtp bkygh} daihoa k ihtgatyphga hj pba
K`oegeyptkpehg―y a`qikpehg vhceiu
pbthqmb pba \@avktpoagp―y_ vtehtepe~kpehg
hj k`hvpehg hj gkpehgkc ypkg`kt`y kg`
kcemga` gkpehgkc paypy eg taiaezegm jqg`y'=5
Ihooeyyehgat Yihpp ihgpegqa` eg pbkp zaeg>
]epb pba tacakya hj pba TPPP \Tkia
ph pba Phv Jqg`_ kvvceikpehg# ep ey icakt
pbkp pba typ ypav ph}kt` gkpehgkce~kpehg
hj hqt yibhhcy bky daag vqp egph vckia' E
`h ghp daceaza pbkp pba ta{qetaoagpy }ecc
ag` }epb pba TPPP< E daceaza pbkp QY@A
}ecc qpece~a pba takqpbhte~kpehg hj pba
Acaoagpktu kg` Yaihg`ktu A`qikpehg Kip
"AYAK% ph jqtpbat pba k`oegeyptkpehg―y
pklahzat hj vqdcei yibhhcy ' ' ' '26
]epbeg jhqt ohgpby hj Ihooeyyehgat Yihpp―y
cappat ph Yagkpht Ihtgug# pba @avktpoagp
}thpa pbkp –\e_p ey pba arvaipkpehg hj pba
@avktpoagp pbkp Ypkpay pbkp k`hvp kyyayyoagp
yuypaoy `azachva` }epb Ihovtabagyeza
Kyyayyoagp Yuypaoy mtkgpy \Tkia ph pba Phv
Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko_ }ecc qya kyyayyoagpy
eg pbaya yuypaoy ph oaap pba kyyayyoagp
ta{qetaoagpy eg Pepca E hj pba AYAK'‟2; Cela
pba ta{qetaoagp pbkp k ypkpa vktpeievkpa eg
k Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y ihgyhtpeqo
ihovhya` hj k cktma gqodat hj ypkpay# pba
Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko bky kcyh
yatza` ph –mtakya‟ pba gkpehgkce~egm egqagiahj pbaya egepekpezay'
EZ' TKIA PH PBA PHV KYYAYYOAGP
VTHMTKO
Kcyh kqpbhte~a` du pba KTTK# pba Tkia ph
pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko vthze`ay $9:4
oeccehg eg jqg`egm –ph ihgyhtpek hj ypkpay ph
`azachv kyyayyoagpy ' ' ' kg` oakyqta ypq`agp
kibeazaoagp kmkegyp ypkg`kt`y `ayemga` ph
agyqta pbkp kcc ypq`agpy mkeg pba lgh}ca`ma
kg` yleccy gaa`a` ph yqiiaa` eg ihccama kg`pba }htlvckia'‟24 Pba ga} kyyayyoagpy
yaal ph oakyqta ypq`agp lgh}ca`ma kg`
yleccy kmkegyp k ihoohg yap hj ihccama/kg`
iktaat/tak`u ypkg`kt`y29 eg okpbaokpeiy kg`
Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy'20 Pba kyyayyoagpy
kcyh oqyp oakyqta ypq`agp kibeazaoagp kg`
ypq`agp mth}pb hzat k jqcc kik`aoei uakt#
ky }acc ky egicq`a –yqookpeza kyyayyoagp
ihovhgagpy‟ eg okpbaokpeiy kg` Agmceyb
ckgmqkma ktpy k`oegeypata` kp cakyp kggqkccueg mtk`ay 9 pbthqmb 2 kg` kp cakyp hgia eg
bemb yibhhc'21 Pba kyyayyoagpy oqyp azkcqkpa
kcc ypq`agpy# egicq`egm Agmceyb caktgaty kg`
ypq`agpy }epb `eykdecepeay# kg` vth`qia `kpk
"egicq`egm ypq`agp kibeazaoagp kg` ypq`agp
mth}pb `kpk% jht qya eg azkcqkpegm> ";%
yibhhc ajjaipezagayy< "4% eg`eze`qkc vtegievkc
kg` pakibat ajjaipezagayy< "9% vtegievkc
kg` pakibat vthjayyehgkc `azachvoagp kg`
yqvvhtp gaa`y< kg` "0% pakibegm# caktgegm#
kg` vthmtko eovthzaoagp'2: Ky }epb pbaTkia ph pba Phv Jqg`# pba Tkia ph pba Phv
Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko ajjaipezacu vthohpay pba
Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y' Ohta eovhtpkgpcu#
pbey vthmtko jqg`y pba ihgyhtpek pbkp kta
`azachvegm kyyayyoagpy pbkp }ecc# eg pqtg#
egjhto kg` kgeokpa L/;4 iqtteiqcqo kg`
egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy dkya` hg Ihoohg
Ihta ypkg`kt`y'
Ihgmtayy kcyh egicq`a` yeoeckt vthbedepehgy hg paypegm eg pba AYAK
kg` MAVK# }epb ceoepa` ariavpehgy' Kyikttea` hqp du pba ihgyhtpek# pba Tkia
ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko ybhqc`tkeya yeoeckt ihgiatgy jht Ihgmtayy'
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;4
Vehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu Tayaktib
Pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko
ey ghp pba ja`atkc mhzatgoagp―y typ ajjhtp
ph aypkdceyb gkpehg}e`a paypegm' Eg bey Ypkpa
hj pba Qgehg K``tayy hg Jadtqktu 0# ;55=#Vtaye`agp Icegphg vthvhya` ph –cak` kg
ajjhtp hzat pba garp p}h uakty ph `azachv
gkpehgkc paypy hj ypq`agp kibeazaoagp eg
tak`egm kg` okpb'‟2= Pbey vthzhla` k ypthgm
ihgmtayyehgkc tayvhgya' Ihgmtayy vthbedepa`
pba qya hj Jeyikc Uakt ;552 jqg`y ph –ac` payp#
vechp payp# eovcaoagp# k`oegeypat ht `eyptedqpa
eg kgu }ku# kgu gkpehgkc paypy#‟22 ta{qeta`
k `apkeca` tazea} hj pba @avktpoagp―y payp
`azachvoagp ihgptkip# `etaipa` k ypq`u kg`tavhtp du pba Gkpehgkc Kik`aou hj Yieagiay#
kg`# ohyp yemgeikgpcu# vthbedepa` pba ja`atkc
mhzatgoagp jtho –ta{qet\egm_ kgu Ypkpa
ht chikc a`qikpehgkc kmagiu ht yibhhc ph
k`oegeypat ht eovcaoagp kgu vechp ht ac`
payp eg kgu yqdnaip ht mtk`a‟ ht –ta{qet\egm_
kgu ypq`agp ph pkla kgu gkpehgkc payp eg kgu
yqdnaip ht mtk`a'‟25 Ihgmtayy kcyh egicq`a`
yeoeckt vthbedepehgy hg paypegm eg pba AYAK
kg` MAVK# }epb ceoepa` ariavpehgy'56 Ky
ikttea` hqp du pba ihgyhtpek# pba Tkia ph pbaPhv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko ybhqc` tkeya yeoeckt
ihgiatgy jht Ihgmtayy'
Ky k vktp hj pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp
Vthmtko ihovapepehg# akib ypkpa }epbeg pba
kvvcuegm ihgyhtpeqo oqyp vthze`a kyyqtkgiay
pbkp ep }ecc k`hvp ihoohg ihccama/ kg`
iktaat/ tak`u ypkg`kt`y kg` taokeg eg pba
ihgyhtpeqo'5; Pbqy# tkpbat pbkg vatoeppegm
ypkpa kg` chikc kqpbhtepeay ph qya ypkg`kt`y
kg` kyyayyoagpy pbkp qge{qacu p k mezag ypkpa
ky ta{qeta` du pba AYAK# pba Tkia ph pba Phv
Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko ta{qetay akib ypkpa eg pbaihgyhtpeqo ph qya ihoohg ypkg`kt`y kithyy
pba tayvaipeza ypkpay hj pba ihgyhtpeqo' Pba
tayqcp ey pbkp pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp
Vthmtko ohzay ypkpay k}ku jtho ypkg`kt`y
kg` kyyayyoagpy qge{qa ph k mezag ypkpa kg`
egph k ga} yuypao hj ihoohg ypkg`kt`y kg`
kyyayyoagpy kithyy pba ihgyhtpek ypkpay' ]epb
pbey oknht ybejp "kg` yh ky ph ihgpegqa ph iqttu
jkzht }epb pba @avktpoagp%# vktpeievkpegm
"pbkp ey# ohyp% ypkpay }ecc gh} da ihovacca`ph ibkgma iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehg ph kcemg
}epb pba ihoohg ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy'
Hg Yavpaodat 4# 46;6# Yaitapktu @qgikg
kgghqgia` pba }eggaty hj pba Tkia ph pba
Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko'54 P}h cktma ypkpa
ihgyhtpek }hg egepekc k}kt`y phpkcegm $996
oeccehg‐pba Vktpgatybev jht Kyyayyoagp hj
Tak`egayy jht Ihccama kg` Iktaaty Ihgyhtpeqo
"–VKTII‟% kg` pba YOKTPAT Dkckgia`
Kyyayyoagp Ihgyhtpeqo "–YDKI‟%'
59
]epbpbaya ja`atkc jqg`y# pba ihgyhtpek bkza damqg
ph `ayemg kg` eovcaoagp ihovtabagyeza
kyyayyoagp yuypaoy eg okpbaokpeiy kg`
Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy jht qya eg pba 46;0/
46;1 yibhhc uakt'50 Dhpb VKTII kg` YDKI
kcyh taiaeza` yqvvcaoagpkc k}kt`y eg pba
kohqgpy hj $;1'5 oeccehg akib –ph bacv
vktpeievkpegm Ypkpay yqiiayyjqccu ptkgyepehg ph
ihoohg ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy'‟51
Pbthqmb pba Tkia ph pba Phv KyyayyoagpVthmtko# pba @avktpoagp `eyvckiay ypkpa
kyyayyoagp kqphghou }epb ga} ihoohg
kyyayyoagpy jht kcc ypkpay eg pba ihgyhtpek#
`etaipa` kg` egqagia` du $9:4 oeccehg eg
ja`atkc jqg`y kg` vthmtko ta{qetaoagpy'5:
Ky pba Yaitapktu ypkpa`# –\p_ba Ihoohg Ihta
ypkg`kt`y `azachva` du pba ypkpay# ihqvca`
Pbthqmb pba Tkia ph pba Phv KyyayyoagpVthmtko# pba @avktpoagp eyvckiay
ypkpa kyyayyoagp kqphghou }epb ga}ihoohg kyyayyoagpy jht kcc ypkpay egpba ihgyhtpek# `etaipa` kg` egqagia` du $9:4 oeccehg eg ja`atkc jqg`y kg`
vthmtko ta{qetaoagpy'
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Pba Thk` ph k Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo
}epb pba ga} magatkpehg hj kyyayyoagpy#
}ecc bacv vqp kg ag` ph pba egye`ehqy vtkipeia
hj aypkdceybegm 16 `ejjatagp mhkcvhypy jht
a`qikpehgkc yqiiayy'‟5= Jqtpbat# hpbat taoktlyjtho pba Yaitapktu qg`atyihta pba jkt/
takibegm eovkip pbkp pba kyyayyoagp ihgyhtpek
}ecc bkza hg iqtteiqck kg` egyptqipehgkc
okpatekcy>
Kg` dhpb ihgyhtpek }ecc bacv pbaet oaodat
ypkpay vthze`a pba phhcy kg` vthjayyehgkc
`azachvoagp gaa`a` ph kyyeyp pakibaty―
ptkgyepehgy ph pba ga} kyyayyoagpy'
VKTII# jht arkovca# }ecc da `azachvegm
iqtteiqcqo jtkoa}htly kg` }kuy phybkta mtakp cayyhg vckgy' Pba YOKTPAT
Dkckgia` Kyyayyoagp ihkcepehg }ecc
`azachv egyptqipehgkc oh`qcay ' ' ' ph
yqvvhtp pakibaty eg qg`atypkg`egm kg`
qyegm kyyayyoagp tayqcpy'52
@ayitedegm pba }htl hj VKTII kg` YDKI ph
egicq`a –`azachvegm iqtteiqcqo jtkoa}htly‟
kg` –egyptqipehgkc oh`qcay#‟55 pba yageht
cak`atybev hj pba @avktpoagp icaktcu
qg`atypkg`y pbkp pba kyyayyoagp ihgyhtpek
}ecc `teza iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehg'
Yemgeikgpcu# eg pba @avktpoagp―y jhtokc
k}kt` ghpeia ph VKTII# ep kcyh kgghqgia` kyqvvcaoagpkc k}kt` hj $;1'5 oeccehg –ph bacv
vktpeievkpegm Ypkpay yqiiayyjqccu ptkgyepehg
ph ihoohg ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy'‟;66
VKTII―y phv vtehtepu jht pbey k}kt` ey –ph
bacv epy oaodat ypkpay okla k yqiiayyjqc
ptkgyepehg jtho iqttagp ypkpa ypkg`kt`y
kg` kyyayyoagpy ph pba eovcaoagpkpehg hj
Ihoohg Ihta Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y "IIYY% kg`
VKTII kyyayyoagpy du pba 46;0/46;1 yibhhc
uakt'‟;6; Eg yqvvhtpegm pba vtehtepu# VKTII―y
yptkpamu egicq`ay –\i_hcckdhtkpeza ajjhtpy ph`azachv pba bembayp vtehtepu iqtteiqckt kg`
egyptqipehgkc phhcy'‟;64 Kohgm hpbat pbegmy#
VKTII egpag`y ph qya pba jqg`y k}kt`a` du
pba @avktpoagp jht egyptqipehgkc phhcy# oh`ac
egyptqipehgkc qgepy# oh`ac ;4pb mtk`a dte`ma
ihqtyay# kg` k `emepkc cedtktu hj phhcy;69>
․ –Pba yqvvcaoagpkc jqg`y vthze`a kg
eovhtpkgp hvvhtpqgepu ph ' ' ' yptagmpbag
VKTII―y vckgy du `azachvegm k thdqyp
yap hj bemb {qkcepu egyptqipehgkc phhcypbkp }ecc yqvvhtp mhh` pakibegm# bacv
pakibaty `azachv k `aavat qg`atypkg`egm
hj pba IIYY kg` pbaet egyptqipehgkc
eovceikpehgy# kg` vthze`a aktcu yemgkcy
kdhqp pba puvay hj ypq`agp vatjhtokgia
kg` egyptqipehg aokg`a` du pba VKTII
kyyayyoagpy'‟;60
․ –\Pba yqvvcaoagpkc jqg`y }ecc da qya` ph_
\`_azachv k jtkoa}htl pbkp }ecc `aga
pba vtehtepu phhc yap ohyp eovhtpkgpjht eovthzegm pakibegm kg` caktgegm
kg` jht yqvvhtpegm eovcaoagpkpehg hj
pba IIYY kg` VKTII kyyayyoagpy'
Pbey vtehtepu phhc yap oku egicq`a
k oer hj egyptqipehgkc# jhtokpeza
kyyayyoagp# vthjayyehgkc `azachvoagp
kg` ihooqgeikpehg phhcy# jht qya du
pakibaty# ypq`agpy kg` k`oegeyptkphty'‟;61
․ –\Pba VKTII }ecc_ \j_hiqy pba azachvoagp
hj phhcy hg k yap hj thdqyp# bemb/{qkcepu
oh`ac egyptqipehgkc qgepy pbkp bembcembppba ohyp yemgeikgp k`zkgiay eg pba
IIYY kg` VKTII kyyayyoagpy'‟;6:
․ –VKTII vckgy ph qya yhoa hj pba
yqvvcaoagpkc tayhqtiay ph `azachv
ihccama tak`egayy phhcy kcemga` ph pba
IIYY kg` VKTII kyyayyoagpy# yqib
]epb pbaya ja`atkc jqg`y# pba ihgyhtpekbkza damqg ph `ayemg kg` eovcaoagpihovtabagyeza kyyayyoagp yuypaoy egokpbaokpeiy kg` Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpyjht qya eg pba 46;0/46;1 yibhhc uakt'
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Vehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu Tayaktib
ky oh`ac ;4pb mtk`a dte`ma ihqtyay jht
ypq`agpy }bh `hg―p yihta ihccama tak`u
hg pba bemb yibhhc kyyayyoagpy# ht hgcega
phhcy ph bacv `ekmghya ypq`agpy― mkvy egihccama/tak`u yleccy'‟;6=
․ –VKTII―y egepekc vthvhykc ikccy jht pba
`azachvoagp hj k emepkc cedtktu hj phhcy '
' ' ' Pba dthk`at yap hj phhcy eg pba cedtktu
}ecc vthze`a ibheiay kg` yqvvcaoagpkc
okpatekcy "dauhg` pba egyptqipehgkc qgepy%
jht pakibaty ph qya' Pba `azachvoagp hj
pba cedtktu kcyh }ecc e`agpeju okpatekcy pbkp
ikg da qya` ph egjhto pba `azachvoagp
hj pba egyptqipehgkc qgepy ht azag daihoapba egyptqipehgkc qgepy# vatbkvy }epb
oeght oh`eikpehg'‟;62
Eg epy Ghzaodat 44# 46;;# }adegkt agpepca`
Oh`ac Ihgpagp Jtkoa}htly jht ACK(
Cepatkiu# VKTII mhay k ypav jqtpbat#
yqmmaypegm vhyyedca qyay hj oh`ac ihgpagp
jtkoa}htly ph –\b_acv egjhto iqtteiqcqo#
egyptqipehg# kg` kyyayyoagp‟ ky oaodat ypkpay
ptkgyepehg ph pba IIYY';65 Pbthqmb epy qya hj
ja`atkc jqg`egm# VKTII kcyh vthze`ay `etaip–Mqe`kgia jht Iqtteiqcqo @azachvaty‟ ph
–qy\a_ pba oh`qca ibktp }epb pba ypkg`kt`y ph
ylapib hqp vhpagpekc oh`ac egyptqipehgkc qgep
vckgy#‟ kg` ph –taihmge~\a_ pba ybejpy eg pba
ypkg`kt`y jtho mtk`a ph mtk`a kg` qy\a_ pbaya
ybejpy ky mtk`a/cazac iqtteiqck kta `azachva`
kg` ky okpatekcy kta vqtibkya` ph kcemg }epb
pba iqtteiqck'‟;;6
Ky }epb VKTII# YDKI taiaeza` k
yqvvcaoagpkc k}kt` hj $;1'5 oeccehg ph–bacv‟ ypkpay ohza ph ihoohg ypkg`kt`y
kg` kyyayyoagpy';;; YDKI ghpay pbkp ep }ecc
qya pba arptk ja`atkc jqg`egm –ph ikttu hqp
kipezepeay pbkp yqvvhtp epy oaodat ypkpay ky
pbau dameg ph eovcaoagp pba Ihoohg Ihta
Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y# egicq`egm ' ' ' iqtteiqcqo
okpatekcy\'_‟;;4 Eg epy Yqvvcaoagpkc Jqg`egm
Yihva Hzatzea} Pkdca `kpa` Nkgqktu ;:#
46;;# YDKI `etaipcu oagpehgy pba qya
hj ja`atkc jqg`y ph yqvvhtp iqtteiqcqo
okpatekcy# ky }acc ky k emepkc cedtktu';;9 Qg`at pba yqvvcaoagpkc k}kt`# YDKI egpag`y ph
kcchikpa ja`atkc jqg`y‐
․ –ph azachv iqtteiqcqo okpatekcy# e`agpeju
}beib ajjhtpy kta kcemga` ph pba YDKI
caktgegm vthmtayyehgy# kg` `aga lau
kvvthkibay ph pakibegm kg` caktgegm‟;;0
․ –\ph_ ihgptkip\_ }epb vthjayyehgkc
htmkge~kpehgy# qgezatyepeay# kg` ghg/
vthp mthqvy ' ' ' ph k`kvp pbaet iqtteiqcqo
okpatekcy ph YDKI yvaieikpehgy phqvchk` ph pba `emepkc cedtktu‟;;1
․ –\ph qvchk`_ YDKI/kvvthza` iqtteiqcqo
okpatekcy ' ' ' ph pba `emepkc cedtktu'‟;;:
K``epehgkccu# }epb pbaya ja`atkc jqg`y# YDKI
arvaipy ph itakpa k –oh`ac iqtteiqcqo‟
kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy –kcemga` }epb
pba IIYY'‟;;= YDKI }ecc kcyh ta{qeta epy
oaodat ypkpay ph eovcaoagp yuypaokpeikccu
pba IIYY du jqccu egpamtkpegm kyyayyoagp}epb iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehg';;2
Pbthqmb pbaya k}kt`y# }beib qya kyyayyoagpy
ph cegl pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y hj
IIYYE }epb pba azachvoagp hj iqtteiqck kg`
egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy# VKTII kg` YDKI
"ky mtkgpaay hj pba @avktpoagp% agkdca pba
Ky }epb VKTII# YDKI taiaeza` kyqvvcaoagpkc k}kt` hj $;1'5 oeccehg ph
–bacv‟ ypkpay ohza ph ihoohg ypkg`kt`ykg` kyyayyoagpy' YDKI ghpay pbkp ep }ecc
qya pba arptk ja`atkc jqg`egm –ph ikttu
hqp kipezepeay pbkp yqvvhtp epy oaodat ypkpay ky pbau dameg ph eovcaoagp
pba Ihoohg Ihta Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y#egicq`egm'''iqtteiqcqo okpatekcy'‟
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Pba Thk` ph k Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo
@avktpoagp ph `h eg`etaipcu pbkp }beib
ja`atkc ck} jhtde`y' Pba kyyayyoagp yuypaoy
pbkp VKTII kg` YDKI azachv kg` cazatkma
}epb ja`atkc jqg`y# phmapbat }epb pbaet bkg`y/hg kyyeypkgia eg eovcaoagpegm pba IIYY eg
yqdypkgpekccu kcc pba ypkpay# }ecc `etaip cktma
y}kpby hj ypkpa L/;4 iqtteiqck# vthmtkoy hj
egyptqipehg# kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy# ky
}acc ky bakzecu egqagia pba taokeg`at'
Pba ckgmqkma qya` du dhpb ihgyhtpek eg
pbaet yqvvcaoagpkc jqg`egm okpatekcy
cakzay gh {qaypehg kdhqp pbaet egpagpehgy
ph qya ja`atkc jqg`y ph `azachv iqtteiqckt
kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy dkya` hg pba
IIYY' VKTII―y yptkpamu ey ph –`azachv pba
bembayp vtehtepu iqtteiqckt kg` egyptqipehgkcphhcy ' ' ' '‟;;5 ph –bacv pakibaty `azachv k
`aavat qg`atypkg`egm hj pba IIYY kg` pbaet
egyptqipehgkc eovceikpehgy# kg` vthze`a aktcu
yemgkcy kdhqp pba puvay hj ' ' ' egyptqipehg
`aokg`a` du VKTII kyyayyoagpy‟;46 kg` ph
`azachv –oh`ac ;4pb mtk`a dte`ma ihqtyay'‟;4;
YDKI ey yeoecktcu `etaip> Ep egpag`y ph
kcchikpa ja`atkc jqg`y ph –`azachv iqtteiqcqo
okpatekcy ' ' ' kg` `aga lau kvvthkibay ph
pakibegm kg` caktgegm‟;44 kg` –\ph_ ihgptkip\_
}epb vthjayyehgkc htmkge~kpehgy# qgezatyepeay#kg` ghg/vthp mthqvy ' ' ' ph k`kvp pbaet
iqtteiqcqo okpatekcy ph YDKI yvaieikpehgy
ph qvchk` ph pba `emepkc cedtktu'‟;49 Pbaya
VKTII kg` YDKI yqvvcaoagpkc jqg`egm
okpatekcy# phmapbat }epb taiagp kipehgy pklag
du pba @avktpoagp ihgiatgegm AYAK }kezat
ta{qetaoagpy# bkza vckia` pba kmagiu hg
k thk` pbkp }ecc iatpkegcu ikqya ep ph ithyy
pba cega hj ypkpqphtu vthbedepehgy kmkegyp
ja`atkc `etaipehg# yqvatzeyehg ht ihgpthc
hj iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy ’ qvyappegm pba ja`atkc yuypao';40
Z' IHG@EPEHGKC GICD
]KEZAT VCKG
Eg 46;;# ypkpa kmepkpehg kdhqp GICD―y
kiihqgpkdecepu ta{qetaoagpy kg` pba ych}
vkia hj Ihgmtayy eg takqpbhte~egm pba AYAK
itakpa` k vhceiu zkiqqo pbkp pba Hdkok
K`oegeyptkpehg {qeilcu cca` pbthqmb
araiqpeza kipehg' Dqec`egm hg epy Tkia ph pbaPhv egepekpezay# pbey ajjhtp }ecc yatza ph iaoagp
pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg` VKTII/
YDKI kyyayyoagpy eg ohyp ypkpay# yappegm
pba pkdca jht k gkpehgkc iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy
hj egyptqipehg# kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy'
]epb ihg`epehgy pbkp oeoei eovhtpkgp
acaoagpy hj Tkia ph pba Phv―y egmta`eagpy#
pba Ihg`epehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg }ecc
tayqcp eg pba @avktpoagp cazatkmegm pba ypkpay
egph k `a jkiph chgm/pato gkpehgkc yuypaohj iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg# kg`
egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy# ghp}epbypkg`egm pba
kdyagia hj camkc kqpbhtepu eg pba AYAK';41
Du }ku hj dkilmthqg`# hg Yavpaodat
49# 46;;# pba @avktpoagp kgghqgia` pba
Ihg`epehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg# }beib kcch}y
ypkpay ph }keza yazatkc oknht kiihqgpkdecepu
ta{qetaoagpy hj pba AYAK –eg aribkgma jht
Pba ckgmqkma qya` du dhpb ihgyhtpek egpbaet yqvvcaoagpkc jqg`egm okpatekcy
cakzay gh {qaypehg kdhqp pbaet
egpagpehgy ph qya ja`atkc jqg`y ph`azachv iqtteiqckt kg` egyptqipehgkcokpatekcy dkya` hg pba IIYY'
\P_ba Ihg`epehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg}ecc tayqcp eg pba @avktpoagp cazatkmegm
pba ypkpay egph k `a jkiph chgm/patogkpehgkc yuypao hj iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy
hj egyptqipehg# kg` egyptqipehgkcokpatekcy# ghp}epbypkg`egm pba kdyagia hj
camkc kqpbhtepu eg pba AYAK'
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Vehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu Tayaktib
temhthqy kg` ihovtabagyeza Ypkpa/`azachva`
vckgy `ayemga` ph eovthza a`qikpehgkc
hqpihoay jht kcc ypq`agpy# ichya kibeazaoagp
mkvy# egitakya a{qepu# kg` eovthza pba {qkcepuhj a`qikpehg'‟;4: Pba AYAK ceypy yvaiei
epaoy pbkp k ypkpa oqyp egicq`a eg k }kezat
ta{qayp ph pba Yaitapktu hj A`qikpehg';4=
Pbhya epaoy kta> ";% e`agpeikpehg hj pba
ja`atkc vthmtkoy kjjaipa` du pba vthvhya`
}kezat< "4% k `ayitevpehg hj }beib ja`atkc
ypkpqphtu ht tamqckphtu ta{qetaoagpy kta
ph da }keza` kg` bh} pba }kezat hj pbhya
ta{qetaoagpy }ecc egitakya pba {qkcepu hj
egyptqipehg jht ypq`agpy kg` eovthza pbakik`aoei kibeazaoagp hj ypq`agpy< "9% jht
akib yibhhc uakt# e`agpeikpehg hj yvaiei
oakyqtkdca a`qikpehgkc mhkcy jht pba ypkpa
a`qikpehgkc kmagiu "–YAK‟% kg` akib chikc
a`qikpehgkc kmagiu "–CAK‟%# Eg`ekg pteda# ht
yibhhc kjjaipa` du pba vhpagpekc }kezat< "0% k
`ayitevpehg hj pba oapbh`y qya` ph oakyqta
kggqkccu pba vthmtayy jht oaapegm pbaya mhkcy
kg` hqpihoay< "1% kg arvckgkpehg hj bh} pba
}kezat }ecc kyyeyp pba YAK kg` akib kjjaipa`
CAK# Eg`ekg pteda# ht yibhhc eg takibegmpbhya mhkcy< kg` ":% k `ayitevpehg hj bh} k
yibhhc }ecc ihgpegqa ph vthze`a kyyeypkgia
ph pba ykoa vhvqckpehg yatza` du pba AYAK
vthmtko jht }beib k }kezat ey ta{qaypa`';42
Pba Ihg`epehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg `hay kcc
pbey kg` oqib ohta'
Itepeikccu# eg aribkgma jht taiaezegm k }kezat#
pba @avktpoagp ta{qetay ypkpay ph kmtaa ph jhqt
ihg`epehgy> ";% k`hvp ihccama/ kg` iktaat/tak`u
ypkg`kt`y;45 eg kp cakyp tak`egm(ckgmqkma ktpykg` okpbaokpeiy kg` `azachv kg` k`oegeypat
kggqkc# ypkpa}e`a# kcemga` kyyayyoagpy pbkp
oakyqta ypq`agp mth}pb eg kp cakyp mtk`ay 9
pbthqmb 2 kg` kp cakyp hgia eg bemb yibhhc<
"4% `azachv kg` eovcaoagp `ejjatagpekpa`
kiihqgpkdecepu yuypaoy pbkp taihmge~a ypq`agp
mth}pb kg` vthze`a egpatzagpehgy jht pba
ch}ayp/vatjhtoegm yibhhcy kg` pbhya }epb
pba cktmayp kibeazaoagp mkvy< "9% `azachv
kg` eovcaoagp ga} yuypaoy jht azkcqkpegm
vtegievkc kg` pakibat vatjhtokgia# dkya` eg vktp hg ypq`agp kik`aoei mth}pb< kg` "0%
taohza dqt`agyhoa tavhtpegm ta{qetaoagpy
pbkp bkza ceppca eovkip hg ypq`agp hqpihoay';96
Akib ypkpa oqyp oaap pbaya ihg`epehgy eg
ht`at jht pba Yaitapktu ph mtkgp pba }kezat
kvvceikpehg‐k `aieyehg ihovcapacu }epbeg
pba `eyitapehg hj pba Yaitapktu qg`at pba
Ihg`epehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg';9;
Pba @avktpoagp ta{qetay YAKy yaalegm
}kezaty ph okla yazatkc `aieyehgy# p}h
hj }beib kta ayvaiekccu tacazkgp ph pbhyaihgiatga` kdhqp pba @avktpoagp―y cameyckpeza
ceoepkpehgy' Jetyp# pba ypkpa oqyp `aickta
}bapbat ep bky –k`hvpa` ihccama/ kg` iktaat/
tak`u ypkg`kt`y‟ eg tak`egm(ckgmqkma ktpy kg`
okpbaokpeiy –pbkp kta ihoohg ph k yemgeikgp
gqodat hj Ypkpay‟ ihgyeypagp }epb pba
@avktpoagp―y `agepehg hj yqib ypkg`kt`y‐
eg ajjaip# pba IIYY';94 Kcpatgkpezacu# ypkpay
oku k`hvp yqib ypkg`kt`y iatpea` du epy ypkpa
gap}htl hj egypepqpehgy hj bembat a`qikpehg#
ky chgm ky pbau kta ihgyeypagp }epb pba@avktpoagp―y `agepehg hj yqib ypkg`kt`y‐
pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y';99 Yaihg`#
eg epy kvvceikpehg# pba ypkpa oqyp `aickta
}bapbat ep ey –vktpeievkpegm eg hga hj pba
p}h Ypkpa ihgyhtpek \VKTII ht YDKI_ pbkp
taiaeza` k mtkgp qg`at pba Tkia ph pba Phv
Kyyayyoagp ihovapepehg'‟;90 Ej ghp# pba ypkpa
Jetyp# pba ypkpa oqyp `aickta }bapbat epbky –k`hvpa` ihccama/ kg` iktaat/tak`uypkg`kt`y‟ eg tak`egm(ckgmqkma ktpy kg`
okpbaokpeiy –pbkp kta ihoohg ph kyemgeikgp gqodat hj Ypkpay‟ ihgyeypagp}epb pba @avktpoagp―y `agepehg hj yqib
ypkg`kt`y‐eg ajjaip# pba IIYY'
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Pba Thk` ph k Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo
oqyp tavtayagp pbkp ep ey vckggegm ph k`hvp#
ht bky kctak`u k`hvpa` kg` k`oegeypata`#
–ypkpa}e`a kcemga`# bemb/{qkcepu kyyayyoagpy
pbkp oakyqta ypq`agp mth}pb eg tak`egm(ckgmqkma ktpy kg` eg okpbaokpeiy eg kp cakyp
mtk`ay 9/2 kg` kp cakyp hgia eg bemb yibhhc eg
kcc CAKy'‟;91 f
Pba Ihg`epehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg
vthze`ay p}h hvvhtpqgepeay jht ypkpay ph
kvvcu jht }kezaty ’ Ghzaodat ;0# 46;;#
kg` Jadtqktu 4;# 46;4' Hg Ghzaodat ;0#
acazag ypkpay ca` ta{qaypy jht }kezaty';9:
]epb ja} ariavpehgy# akib ypkpa `aickta` pbkp
ep bky –k`hvpa` ihccama/ kg` iktaat/tak`u
ypkg`kt`y eg kp cakyp tak`egm ckgmqkma ktpy kg`okpbaokpeiy pbkp kta ihoohg ph k yemgeikgp
gqodat hj ypkpay‟‐pba IIYY';9= "Oeggayhpk
k`hvpa` pba IIYY jht tak`egm(ckgmqkma ktpy
dqp ghp jht okpbaokpeiy# kg` Lagpqilu# pba
typ ypkpa ph k`hvp pba IIYY eg 46;6# bky
k`hvpa` Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kvvthza`
du epy ypkpa gap}htl hj bembat a`qikpehg
egypepqpehgy'%;92 Pag hj pba egepekc acazag ypkpay
cegm ta{qaypy jht }kezaty vktpeievkpa eg kp
cakyp –hga hj p}h Ypkpa ihgyhtpek pbkp taiaeza`
k mtkgp qg`at pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagpihovapepehg‟‐VKTII ht YDKI';95 Kghpbat
p}agpu/aembp ypkpay kg` Vqatph Teih bkza
egjhtoa` pba @avktpoagp pbkp pbau egpag`
ph kvvcu jht }kezaty du pba yaihg` `ak`cega
hj Jadtqktu 4;# 46;4';06 Ej pba egepekc cegmy
kta kgu eg`eikpehg# ohyp ypkpay yaalegm
}kezaty eg Jadtqktu }ecc kcyh ihooep ph pba
Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg` VKTII/YDKI
kyyayyoagpy eg aribkgma jht }kezaty hj
GICD―y kiihqgpkdecepu ta{qetaoagpy';0;
Mezag pba ypkpay― gakt qgezatykc kiiavpkgia
hj IIYY kg` pba ihoohg kyyayyoagp
ihgyhtpek# pba @avktpoagp―y kgghqgiaoagp
hj pba Ihg`epehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg ey ghp
yqtvteyegm' Eg`aa`# ph hdpkeg k }kezat# ypkpay
oqyp k`hvp kg` eovcaoagp ihoohg ypkg`kt`y
kg` kyyayyoagpy' Pba @avktpoagp yap pba
pkdca eg 4665 kg` 46;6# qyegm pba Tkia ph pba
Phv Jqg` kg` pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp
Vthmtko ph agpeia ihovapegm ypkpay egphkiiavpegm pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg`
pba kyyayyoagp ihgyhtpek' ]epb kg aua hg pba
46;0/;1 kik`aoei uakt# pba ihgyhtpek kta qyegm
pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y ph `azachv pbaet
kyyayyoagpy }epb pba mhkc hj }tepegm ihgpagp
jht iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg#
kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy' Pba Ihg`epehgkc
GICD ]kezat Vckg }ecc agyqta pbkp gaktcu
azatu ypkpa yaalegm k }kezat taokegy jhtazat
ihooeppa` ph pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y
hj IIYYE# VKTII/YDKI kyyayyoagpy# kg`pba iqtteiqcqo# vthmtko# kg` egyptqipehgkc
ibkgmay pbkp pbau egyveta' Kgu ypkpa ajjhtp
ph qgpapbat jtho pba ihg`epehgy eovhya`
du pba @avktpoagp eg aribkgma jht bkzegm
taiaeza` kg AYAK }kezat }ecc iatpkegcu
tayqcp eg pba @avktpoagp tazhlegm pba }kezat'
Ohtahzat# mezag pba arpagyeza ihovcekgia
Pba Ihg`epehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg }eccagyqta pbkp gaktcu azatu ypkpa yaalegm
k }kezat taokegy jhtazat ihooeppa` phpba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y hj IIYYE#
VKTII/YDKI kyyayyoagpy# kg` pba
iqtteiqcqo# vthmtko# kg` egyptqipehgkcibkgmay pbkp pbau egyveta'
Kgu ypkpa ajjhtp ph qgpapbat jtho pbaihg`epehgy eovhya` du pba @avktpoagp
eg aribkgma jht bkzegm taiaeza` kgAYAK }kezat }ecc iatpkegcu tayqcp eg pba
@avktpoagp tazhlegm pba }kezat'Cela pba `k~a` ptkzacat eg pba vhvqckt Akmcay― yhgm Bhpac Ikcejhtgek# ypkpay
ikg ibail hqp kgu peoa pbau }kgp# dqp pbau ikg gazat cakza'
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Vehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu Tayaktib
ihypy eovhya` du pba }kezat "Ikcejhtgek bky
tajqya` ph yaal }kezaty hg ihyp mthqg`y%# pba
celacebhh` hj kgu ypkpa `hegm yh kjpat bkzegm
yvagp yemgeikgp jqg`y ta{qeta` du pba }kezat ihg`epehgy ey oegeokc' Cela pba k~a` ptkzacat
eg pba vhvqckt Akmcay― yhgm Bhpac Ikcejhtgek#
ypkpay ikg ibail hqp kgu peoa pbau }kgp# dqp
pbau ikg gazat cakza'
ZE' IHGICQYEHGY KG@
TAIHOOAG@KPEHGY
Nhyavb K' Ikcejkgh# Nt'# jhtoat Yaitapktu hj
Bakcpb# A`qikpehg# kg` ]acjkta# hgia }thpa#
–Eg epy ohyp arptaoa jhto# gkpehgkc ihgpthchj iqtteiqcqo ey k jhto hj gkpehgkc ihgpthc hj
e`aky'‟;04 Qgjhtpqgkpacu# eg pbtaa ybhtp uakty#
pba vtayagp K`oegeyptkpehg bky vckia` pba
gkpehg hg pba thk` ph k gkpehgkc iqtteiqcqo'
Du cazatkmegm jqg`y pbthqmb epy Tkia ph pba
Phv Jqg` kg` pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp
Vthmtko# pba @avktpoagp bky kiiacatkpa`
pba eovcaoagpkpehg hj ihoohg ypkg`kt`y eg
Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy kg` okpbaokpeiy kg`
pba `azachvoagp hj ihoohg kyyayyoagpy dkya` hg pbhya ypkg`kt`y' Du VKTII―y kg`
YDKI―y k`oeyyehg# pbaya ypkg`kt`y kg`
kyyayyoagpy }ecc itakpa ihgpagp jht ypkpa
L/;4 iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy'
Pba @avktpoagp bky yeovcu vke` hpbaty ph `h
pbkp }beib ep ey jhtde``ag ph `h' Pbey pkipei
ybhqc` ghp eghiqckpa pba @avktpoagp kmkegyp
pba iqtteiqcqo vthbedepehgy eovhya` du
Ihgmtayy'
Pba kqpbhty qg`atypkg` pbkp pba Ihoohg Ihta
ypkg`kt`y ypktpa` ky kg egepekpeza hj pba GMK
Iagpat kg` pba IIYYH# dqp pba @avktpoagp―y
`aieyehg ph iaoagp pba qya hj pba ypkg`kt`ykg` kyyayyoagp ihgyhtpek pbthqmb }kezat
ihg`epehgy‐k vh}at pbkp Ihgmtayy bky ghp
mtkgpa` eg pba }kezat ypkpqpa‐ibkgmay okppaty
ihgye`atkdcu' Mezag pba egpagya `ayeta hj
ohyp ypkpay ph ayikva pba ypteip kiihqgpkdecepu
ta{qetaoagpy hj pba AYAK# ohyp ypkpay }ecc
kmtaa ph pba @avktpoagp―y ihg`epehgy eg
ht`at ph hdpkeg }kezaty' Du kiiavpegm pba
@avktpoagp―y ihg`epehgy# pbaya ypkpay }ecc
da dhqg` eg`agepacu ph pba Ihoohg Ihtaypkg`kt`y# VKTII/YDKI kyyayyoagpy# kg`
pba iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehgkc oh`qcay
pbkp kteya jtho pbhya kyyayyoagpy' Ky kctak`u
aze`agia` du pba acazag ypkpay pbkp bkza
kctak`u kvvcea` jht }kezaty# ohyp ypkpay }ecc
kiiavp pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg`
pba VKTII/YDKI kyyayyoagp ihgyhtpek
ihg`epehgy' Hgia pbey ihgyqookpehg hiiqty#
pba @avktpoagp }ecc ghp vatoep k ypkpa ph }kcl
k}ku jtho pbkp ihooepoagp }epbhqp pba ypkpa
chyegm epy ihzapa` }kezaty' Ep ey kcyh bembcu`hqdpjqc pbkp ypkpay }ecc pqtg k}ku jtho pba
Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy
kjpat oklegm pba bakzu egzaypoagp pbkp pbaya
egepekpezay ta{qeta' Eg pba zea} hj pba kqpbhty#
pbaya ajjhtpy }ecc gaiayyktecu tayqcp eg k `a
jkiph gkpehgkc iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehgkc
okpatekcy ajjaipezacu yqvatzeya`# `etaipa`#
ht ihgpthcca` du pba @avktpoagp pbthqmb pba
GICD }kezat vthiayy'
Eg cembp hj pbaya ihgicqyehgy# pbey vkvat oklayyazag taihooag`kpehgy>
․ Jetyp# Ihgmtayy ybhqc` eooa`ekpacu vkyy
cameyckpehg icktejuegm pbkp pba @avktpoagp
ikgghp eovhya ihg`epehgy hg }kezaty
ta{qaypa` du ypkpay qg`at pba AYAK'
Du kiiavpegm pba @avktpoagp―yihg`epehgy# pbaya ypkpay }ecc da dhqg`
eg`agepacu ph pba Ihoohg Ihtaypkg`kt`y# VKTII/YDKI
kyyayyoagpy# kg` pba iqtteiqcqokg` egyptqipehgkc oh`qcay pbkp kteya
jtho pbhya kyyayyoagpy'
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Pba Thk` ph k Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo
․ Yaihg`# pba kvvthvtekpa ihooeppaay
hj Ihgmtayy ybhqc` ihg`qip baktegmy
hg pba @avktpoagp―y eovcaoagpkpehg
hj pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg`# pba Tkiaph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko# kg`
pba Ihg`epehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg ph
kyiatpkeg pba @avktpoagp―y ihovcekgia
}epb MAVK# pba @AHK# kg` pba AYAK'
․ Pbet`# Ihgmtayy ybhqc` tazea} pba
iqtteiqcqo kg` tackpa` vthbedepehgy eg
MAVK# pba @AHK# kg` pba AYAK ph
`apatoega }bapbat cameyckpehg ybhqc`
da egpth`qia` ph yptagmpbag pba dkg hg
ja`atkc egzhczaoagp eg acaoagpktu kg`yaihg`ktu iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj
egyptqipehg# kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy'
․ Jhqtpb# Ihgmtayy ybhqc` ta{qayp pba
Q'Y' Mhzatgoagp Kiihqgpkdecepu Hjia
"MKH% ph ihg`qip k ihovtabagyeza
tazea} hj pba acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu
a`qikpehg vthmtkoy hj pba @avktpoagp#
egicq`egm vthmtkoy eovcaoagpa` qg`at
pba KTTK kg` AYAK# ph e`agpeju pbhya
pbkp jkec ph ihovcu }epb MAVK# pba@AHK# kg` pba AYAK vthbedepehgy# }epb
pba MKH yqdoeppegm ph pba ibketoag
kg` tkglegm oaodaty hj pba kvvthvtekpa
ihooeppaay k }teppag tavhtp }epb yvaiei
g`egmy du gh ckpat pbkg Yavpaodat 96#
46;4'
․ Jejpb# pba Ihgmtayy ybhqc` ta{qeta pba
Yaitapktu ph qg`atpkla k tazea} hj pba
@avktpoagp―y tamqckpehgy kvvaktegm
kp Pepca 90 hj pba Ih`a hj Ja`atkc
Tamqckpehgy# ky }acc ky mqe`kgia tackpegmph acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu vthmtkoy#
ph e`agpeju pbhya pbkp jkec ph ihovcu }epb
MAVK# pba @AHK# kg` pba AYAK# }epb
pba Yaitapktu yqdoeppegm ph pba ibketoag
kg` tkglegm oaodaty hj pba kvvthvtekpa
ihooeppaay k }teppag tavhtp }epb yvaiei
g`egmy du gh ckpat pbkg Yavpaodat 96#
46;4'
․ Yerpb# Mhzatghty# Ypkpa Yqvategpag`agpy
hj A`qikpehg# Ypkpa Dhkt`y hj A`qikpehg#
kg` Ypkpa Cameyckphty ybhqc` taihgye`at
pbaet tayvaipeza ypkpay― `aieyehgy ph
vktpeievkpa eg pba IIYYE# pba Tkia ph
pba Phv Jqg`# kg` pba Tkia ph pba Phv
Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko'
․ Yazagpb# pba acazag ypkpay pbkp bkza
kvvcea` jht }kezaty qg`at pba
@avktpoagp―y Ihg`epehgkc GICD
]kezat Vckg ybhqc` koag` pbaet }kezat
kvvceikpehgy ph `acapa pba @avktpoagp―yjhqt ghg/ypkpqphtu ihg`epehgy< ypkpay pbkp
kvvcu eg thqg` p}h ybhqc` hoep pba jhqt
ihg`epehgy jtho pbaet kvvceikpehgy kg`
egicq`a hgcu pba ypkpqphtu ta{qetaoagpy
hj 46 Q'Y'I' § =2:;'
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46
Vehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu Tayaktib
Kdhqp pba Kqpbhty>
Thdatp Y' Aepac ey k jhqg`egm oaodat hj
Pkcdatp * Aepac# VCCI# kg a`qikpehg kg`aovchuoagp ck} to eg ]kybegmphg# @'I'
Ba k`zeyay iceagpy hg a`qikpehg/tackpa`
cameyckpehg# tamqckpehgy# mqe`kgia# kg` ikyay'
Bey iceagpy egicq`a egypepqpehgy hj bembat
a`qikpehg# ibktpat yibhhc htmkge~kpehgy#
kiita`epegm kmagieay# vthjayyehgkc kg` ptk`a
kyyhiekpehgy# k`zhikiu mthqvy# kg` ghg/
vthp agpepeay' Jtho 466: ph 4665# Ot' Aepac
yatza` ky @avqpu Magatkc Ihqgyac hj pba
Q'Y' @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg'
Lagp @' Pkcdatp ey k ih/jhqg`at hj Pkcdatp
* Aepac# VCCI' Bey vtkipeia egicq`ay
camkc yatzeiay ph ihccamay kg` qgezatyepeay#
kiita`epegm kmagieay# pba L/;4 a`qikpehg
yaipht# ibktpat yibhhc htmkge~kpehgy#
vthjayyehgkc kg` ptk`a htmkge~kpehgy# kg`
hpbaty eg pba a`qikpehg yaipht' Vteht ph
aypkdceybegm pba to# ba yatza` ky Magatkc
Ihqgyac hj pba Q'Y' @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg
jtho 466:/4665# }bata ba kipa` ky pba
ibeaj camkc k`zeyat ph Yaitapktu hj A`qikpehgOktmktap Yvaccegmy'
]eccekoyhg O' Azaty# k tayaktib jacch}
kp pba Bhhzat Egypepqpehg kg` k oaodat
hj pba Egypepqpehg―y Lhtap Pkyl Jhtia hg
L’;4 A`qikpehg# yvaiekce~ay eg tayaktib hg
a`qikpehg vhceiu ayvaiekccu ky ep vatpkegy ph
iqtteiqcqo# pakibegm# paypegm# kiihqgpkdecepu#
kg` yibhhc gkgia jtho leg`atmktpag pbthqmb
bemb yibhhc' Azaty }ky pba Q'Y' Kyyeypkgp
Yaitapktu hj A`qikpehg jht Vckggegm#Azkcqkpehg# kg` Vhceiu @azachvoagp jtho
466= ph 4665' Ba }ky k yageht k`zeyat ph Q'Y'
Yaitapktu hj A`qikpehg Oktmktap Yvaccegmy
`qtegm 466=' Jtho Nqcu ph @aiaodat 4669#
Azaty yatza` eg Etk{ ky k yageht k`zeyat jht
a`qikpehg ph K`oegeyptkpht C' Vkqc Dtaoat hj
pba Ihkcepehg Vthzeyehgkc Kqpbhtepu'
Kdhqp Vehgaat>
Vehgaat Egypepqpa ey kg eg`avag`agp#
ghg/vktpeykg# vtezkpacu jqg`a` tayaktibhtmkge~kpehg pbkp yaaly ph ibkgma pba
egpaccaipqkc iceokpa eg pba Ihoohg}akcpb
du yqvvhtpegm yibhcktybev pbkp ibkccagmay pba
–ihgzagpehgkc }ey`ho‟ hg Okyykibqyappy
vqdcei vhceiu eyyqay'
Jhcch} qy hg P}eppat>
bppv>((p}eppat'iho(VehgaatDhyphg
Jeg` qy hg Jkiadhhl>
bppv>((}}}'jkiadhhl'iho(VehgaatEgypepqpa
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4;
Pba Thk` ph k Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo
Ag`ghpay
;' 46 Q'Y'I' § ;494k "pba Magatkc A`qikpehg Vthzeyehgy Kip ceoepkpehg hg ja`atkc egzhczaoagp eg
iqtteiqcqo%< 46 Q'Y'I' § 9069"d% "pba @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg Htmkge~kpehg Kip ceoepkpehg%< 46Q'Y'I' § =56="k% "pba Acaoagpktu kg` Yaihg`ktu A`qikpehg Kip ceoepkpehg%'
4' Pbhqmb pba Koateikg Taihzatu kg` Taegzaypoagp Kip# Vqd' C' Gh' ;;;/1# ;49 Ypkp' ;;1 "4665%#
kg` ghp pba AYAK kqpbhte~a` pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` kg` pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko#
Ihgmtayy bky tavakpa`cu ypkpa` eg pba AYAK pbkp ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy kta pba kqpbhtepu
hj ypkpay# ghp pba ja`atkc mhzatgoagp' Yaa 46 Q'Y'I' § :9;;"d%";%"K% "–\K_ Ypkpa ybkcc ghp da
ta{qeta` ph yqdoep yqib ypkg`kt`y \Pepca E ihgpagp kg` kibeazaoagp ypkg`kt`y_ ph pba Yaitapktu'‟%<
46 Q'Y'I' § :9;;"a%";%"J% "–Pba Yaitapktu ybkcc ' ' ' ghp bkza pba kqpbhtepu ph ta{qeta k Ypkpa# ky k
ihg`epehg hj kvvthzkc hj pba Ypkpa \Pepca E_ vckg# ph egicq`a eg# ht `acapa jtho# yqib vckg hga ht ohta
yvaiei acaoagpy hj pba Ypkpa―y kik`aoei ihgpagp ypkg`kt`y ht ph qya yvaiei kik`aoei kyyayyoagp
egyptqoagpy ht epaoy'‟%< 46 Q'Y'I' § :1=1 "–Ghpbegm eg pbey pepca \Pepca E hj AYAK_ ybkcc da ihgyptqa`ph kqpbhte~a kg hjiat ht aovchuaa hj pba Ja`atkc Mhzatgoagp ph okg`kpa# `etaip# ht ihgpthc k Ypkpa#
chikc a`qikpehgkc kmagiu# ht yibhhc―y yvaiei egyptqipehgkc ihgpagp# kik`aoei kibeazaoagp ypkg`kt`y
kg` kyyayyoagpy# iqtteiqcqo# ht vthmtko hj egyptqipehg'‟%' KTTK `e` ghp ibkgma pbey ckgmqkma'
9' Pba kqpbhtepu jht pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` ey §§ ;0661 kg` ;066:"k%"4% hj pba Koateikg Taihzatu
kg` Taegzaypoagp Kip hj 4665# Vqd' C' Gh' ;;;/1# ;49 Ypkp' ;;1# 424/429 "4665%' Yaa kcyh Tkia ph
pba Phv Jqg`# Vqtvhya# bppv>((}}}4'a`'mhz(vthmtkoy(tkiaphpbaphv(eg`ar'bpoc "ckyp zeyepa` Nkg' ;9#
46;4%'
0' Pba kqpbhtepu jht pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko ey §§ ;0661 kg` ;066:"k%"4% hj pba
Koateikg Taihzatu kg` Taegzaypoagp Kip hj 4665# Vqd' C' Gh' ;;;/1# ;49 Ypkp' ;;1# 424/429
"4665%' Yaa kcyh Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko# Vqtvhya#bppv>((}}}4'a`'mhz(vthmtkoy(tkiaphpbaphv/kyyayyoagp(eg`ar'bpoc "ckyp zeyepa` Nkg' ;9# 46;4%'
1' Pba @avktpoagp―y AYAK Jcaredecepu mqe`kgia ey tajatta` ph pbthqmbhqp ky k –Ihg`epehgkc GICD
]kezat Vckg#‟ mezag pbkp pba jhqt –vtegievcay‟ pbkp oqyp da oap ph da acemedca jht k }kezat kta
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8/3/2019 The Road to a National Curriculum
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