The Road to a National Curriculum

8/3/2019 The Road to a National Curriculum

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Gh' 2;Jadtqktu

46;4

Pba Thk` ph k

Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo

K Vehgaat Egypepqpa ]bepa Vkvat

du Thdatp Y' Aepac kg` Lagp @' Pkcdatp

}epb ihgptedqpehgy jtho ]eccekoyhg O' Azaty

Pba Camkc Kyvaipy hj pbaIhoohg Ihta Ypkg`kt`y# Tkia phpba Phv# kg` Ihgèpehgkc ]kezaty



Vehgaat―y Oeyyehg

Vehgaat Egypepqpa ey kg egàvagàgp# ghg/vktpeykg# vtezkpacu jqgà` tayaktib htmkge~kpehg pbkp yaaly

ph eovthza pba {qkcepu hj ceja eg Okyykibqyappy pbthqmb iezei eyihqtya kg` egpaccaipqkccu temhthqy# kpk/

`tezag vqdcei vhceiu yhcqpehgy dkya` hg jtaa oktlap vtegievcay# egèze`qkc cedatpu kg` tayvhgyedecepu#kg` pba eàkc hj ajjaipeza# ceoepa` kg` kiihqgpkdca mhzatgoagp'

Vehgaat―y Iagpaty

Pbey vkvat ey k vqdceikpehg hj pba Iagpat jht Yibhhc Tajhto# }beib yaaly ph egitakya pba a`qikpehg

hvpehgy kzkeckdca ph vktagpy kg` ypqàgpy# `teza yuypao/}eà tajhto# kg` agyqta kiihqgpkdecepu

eg vqdcei a`qikpehg' Pba Iagpat―y }htl dqec`y hg Vehgaat―y camkiu ky k taihmge~a` cakàt eg pba

ibktpat vqdcei yibhhc ohzaoagp# kg` ky k ibkovehg hj mtakpat kikàoei temht eg Okyykibqyappy―

acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhcy' Iqttagp egepekpezay vthohpa ibheia kg` ihovapepehg# yibhhc/

dkya` okgkmaoagp# kg` agbkgia` kikàoei vatjhtokgia eg vqdcei yibhhcy'

Pba Iagpat jht Dappat Mhzatgoagp yaaly ceoepa`# kiihqgpkdca mhzatgoagp du vthohpegm

ihovapepeza àcezatu hj vqdcei yatzeiay# aceoegkpehg hj qggaiayyktu tamqckpehg# kg` k jhiqy hg ihta

mhzatgoagp jqgipehgy' Iqttagp egepekpezay vthohpa tajhto hj bh} pba ypkpa dqec`y# okgkmay# tavkety

kg` gkgiay epy ptkgyvhtpkpehg kyyapy ky }acc ky vqdcei aovchuaa dagap tajhto'

Pba Iagpat jht Aihghoei Hvvhtpqgepu yaaly ph laav Okyykibqyappy ihovapepeza du vthohpegm k

bakcpbu dqyegayy iceokpa# ptkgyvktagp tamqckpehg# yokcc dqyegayy itakpehg eg qtdkg ktaky kg` yhqg`

agzethgoagpkc kg` àzachvoagp vhceiu' Iqttagp egepekpezay vthohpa oktlap tajhtoy ph egitakya pba

yqvvcu hj kjjht`kdca bhqyegm # ta`qia pba ihyp hj `hegm dqyegayy# kg` tazepkce~a qtdkg ktaky'

Vehgaat Egypepqpa ey k pkr/araovp 16;"i%9 htmkge~kpehg jqgà` pbthqmb pba `hgkpehgy hj egèze`qkcy# jhqg`kpehgy kg`

dqyegayyay ihooeppa` ph pba vtegievcay Vehgaat ayvhqyay' Ph agyqta epy egàvagàgia# Vehgaat `hay ghp kiiavp

mhzatgoagp mtkgpy'



Thdatp Y' Aepac

Lagp @' Pkcdatp

]eccekoyhg O' Azaty

Ihgpagpy

Egpth`qipehg ;

E' Ceoepkpehgy Eovhya` hg pba @avktpoagp du Ihgmtayy 4

K' Magatkc A`qikpehg Vthzeyehgy Kip 4

D' @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg Htmkge~kpehg Kip 9

I' Acaoagpktu kg` Yaihg`ktu A`qikpehg Kip hj ;5:1 0

EE' Teya hj pba Ihoohg Ihta Ypkg`kt`y 1

EEE' Pba Ihoohg Ihta Ypkg`kt`y kg` pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` =

EZ' Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko ;;

Z' Ihgèpehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg ;1

ZE' Ihgicqyehgy kg` Taihooag`kpehgy ;2

Kdhqp pba Kqpbhty 46

Ag`ghpay 4;

Pba Thk` ph k

Gkpehgkc IqtteiqcqoPba Camkc Kyvaipy hj pbaIhoohg Ihta Ypkg`kt`y# Tkia phpba Phv# kg` Ihgèpehgkc ]kezaty



;

Pba Thk` ph k Gkpehgkc Iqtteiqcqo

Egpth`qipehg

Ckpa eg pba kjpatghhg hg Kvtec ;;# ;5:1#

Vtayeàgp Cug`hg D' Nhbgyhg ykp }epb beyibec`bhh` yibhhc pakibat# Oty' Lkpa @ak`teib

Chgau# hg pba ck}g hj pba jhtoat Nqgipehg

Acaoagpktu Yibhhc eg Nhbgyhg Iepu# Parky'

Pba takyhg jht pba oaapegm hj k dayvaipkica`

tapeta` pakibat kg` bat jkohqy jhtoat vqvec

}ky pba yemgegm hj pba Acaoagpktu kg`

Yaihg`ktu Yibhhc Kip hj ;5:1 "–AYAK‟%'

]epb pba Vtayeàgp―y yemgkpqta# pba jaàtkc

mhzatgoagp―y thca eg acaoagpktu kg`

yaihg`ktu a`qikpehg damkg ph egitakya

tkve`cu# }epb Ihgmtayy aypkdceybegm pba Q'Y'@avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg "–@avktpoagp‟% eg

;5=5' Ph`ku# pba AYAK kqpbhte~ay jqgègm

jht lau vhtpehgy hj yibhhc èypteip dq`mapy

kithyy pba ihqgptu' @ayvepa pbey cazatkma#

pba @avktpoagp bky magatkccu k`bata` ph

ypkpqphtu ceoepkpehgy èykcch}egm jaàtkc

kmagiu egzhczaoagp eg L/;4 iqtteiqcqo#

ihqtyay# ht egyptqipehg# jhiqyegm egypak` hg

eyyqay yqib ky ke` jht eyk`zkgpkma` ypqàgpy#

kiihqgpkdecepu# iezec tembpy# kg` azkcqkpehg'Yegia 4665# pbey bky ibkgma`> Kipehgy pklag

du pba Hdkok Kòegeyptkpehg yemgkc kg

eovhtpkgp vhceiu ybejp eg pba gkpehg―y a`qikpehg

vhceiu# }epb pba @avktpoagp vckiegm pba

gkpehg hg pba thk` ph jaàtkc ètaipehg hzat

acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhc iqtteiqcqo

kg` egyptqipehg'

]epb hgcu oeght ariavpehgy# pba Magatkc

A`qikpehg Vthzeyehgy Kip "–MAVK‟%# pba

@avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg Htmkge~kpehg Kip

"–@AHK‟%# kg` pba AYAK# ky koagà` du pba Gh Ibec` Cajp Dabeg` Kip hj 466;

"–GICD‟%# dkg jaàtkc àvktpoagpy kg`

kmagieay jtho ètaipegm# yqvatzeyegm# ht

ihgpthccegm acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhc

iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg# kg`

egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy'; Pba AYAK kcyh

vthpaipy ypkpa vtathmkpezay hg Pepca E ihgpagp

kg` kibeazaoagp ypkg`kt`y'4 Kp pba ètaipehg

hj pba vtayagp Kòegeyptkpehg# bh}azat#

pba @avktpoagp bky damqg ph ycembp pbayaypkpqphtu ihgyptkegpy' Yegia 4665# pbthqmb

pbtaa oknht egepekpezay‐pba Tkia ph pba

Phv Jqg`#9 pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp

Vthmtko#0 kg` ihgèpehgkc GICD }kezat

mqe`kgia "pba –Ihgèpehgkc GICD ]kezat

Vckg‟%1 ‐pba @avktpoagp bky itakpa` k

yuypao hj èyitapehgktu mtkgpy kg` }kezaty

pbkp bat`y ypkpa a`qikpehg kqpbhtepeay egph

kiiavpegm acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhc

ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy jkzhta` du pba

@avktpoagp': Cajp qgibkccagma` du Ihgmtayy#pbaya ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy }ecc

qcpeokpacu ètaip pba ihqtya hj acaoagpktu

kg` yaihg`ktu ypqù eg ohyp ypkpay kithyy pba

gkpehg# tqggegm pba teyl pbkp ypkpay }ecc daihoa

ceppca ohta pbkg kòegeyptkpeza kmagpy jht k

gkpehgkce~a` L/;4 vthmtko hj egyptqipehg kg`

tkeyegm k jqg`koagpkc {qaypehg kdhqp }bapbat

pba @avktpoagp ey ariaaègm epy ypkpqphtu

dhqg`kteay' Pbey thk` ph k gkpehgkc iqtteiqcqo

bky daag }egègm kg` bembcu gqkgia`‐kg`#

ky }a }ecc yaa dach}# jqcc hj ethgu'

Jeza vktpy ihovhya pbey vkvat' Vktp E kgkcu~ay

pba ceoepkpehgy pbkp MAVK# pba @AHK# kg`

pba AYAK vckia hg pba @avktpoagp' Vktp

EE vthzeày dkilmthqg` hg pba teya hj pba

Ihoohg Ihta Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y Egepekpeza

"IIYYE%' Vktp EEE mezay kg hzatzea} hj pba

Kipehgy pklag du pba Hdkok

Kòegeyptkpehg yemgkc kg eovhtpkgp vhceiu ybejp eg pba gkpehg―y a`qikpehg vhceiu# }epb pba @avktpoagp vckiegm pba

gkpehg hg pba thk` ph jaàtkc ètaipehghzat acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhc

iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehg'



4

Vehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu TayaktibVehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu Tayaktib

Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` kg` eccqyptkpay bh}

pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` bky agihqtkma`

ypkpay ph k`hvp Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y'

Vktp EZ tazea}y pba ihovhgagpy hj pba p}hk}ktàay qgàt pba @avktpoagp―y Tkia ph pba

Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko pbkp kta }htlegm ph

àzachv kyyayyoagpy kg` kcemg pbao }epb pba

Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y' Pbaya kyyayyoagpy

kta itepeikc# ky pbau kta àyemga` ph cegl

pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y ph k ihoohg

"pbkp ey# gkpehgkc% ihgpagp jht iqtteiqck kg`

egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy' Vktp Z èyiqyyay

bh} pba @avktpoagp ey qyegm AYAK }kezat

kqpbhtepu ph ihgyhce`kpa pba gkpehgkce~egmajjaipy hj pba IIYYE kg` pba Vktpgatybev

jht Kyyayyoagp hj Takègayy jht Ihccama

kg` Iktaaty "–VKTII‟% kg` YOKTPAT

Dkckgia` Kyyayyoagp Ihgyhtpeqo "–YDKI‟%

kyyayyoagpy' Pba gkc vktp vthzeày

ihgicqyehgy kg` taihooag`kpehgy jht vhceiu/

oklaty kg` egpataypa` hdyatzaty'

E' CEOEPKPEHGY EOVHYA@

HG PBA @AVKTPOAGP DU

IHGMTAYY

Beyphteikccu# cameyckpeza vthbedepehgy hg

jaàtkc ètaipehg# ihgpthc# ht yqvatzeyehg

hj iqtteiqck# vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg# kg`

egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy bkza ceoepa` pba

egqagia hj pba jaàtkc mhzatgoagp eg pba

acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhc ktagk' Pbey

vkvat èyiqyyay akib kqpbhtepu dach}'

K' Magatkc A`qikpehg Vthzeyehgy Kip

K chgm/ypkgègm ck} mhzatgegm pba

kòegeyptkpehg hj jaàtkc a`qikpehg vthmtkoy#MAVK egicqày hga hj pba typ ceoepkpehgy qvhg

jaàtkc egzhczaoagp eg iqtteiqcqo'= Pbhqmb

pba ck} bky ibkgma` hzat pba uakty jtho epy

aktceayp zatyehg# pba yqdypkgia taokegy pba

ykoa' Eg epy iqttagp jhto# pba vthbedepehg ey k

dthk`/y}aavegm tqca hj ihgyptqipehg‐

Gh vthzeyehg hj kgu kvvceikdca vthmtko

ybkcc da ihgyptqa` ph kqpbhte~a kgu

àvktpoagp# kmagiu# hjiat# ht aovchuaa

hj pba Qgepa` Ypkpay ph aratieya kgu

ètaipehg# yqvatzeyehg# ht ihgpthc hzat

pba iqtteiqcqo# vthmtko hj egyptqipehg#

kòegeyptkpehg# ht vatyhggac hj kgu

a`qikpehgkc egypepqpehg# yibhhc# ht yibhhc

yuypao# ht hzat pba yacaipehg hj cedtktu

tayhqtiay# parpdhhly# ht hpbat vtegpa`

ht vqdceyba` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy du

kgu a`qikpehgkc egypepqpehg ht yibhhc

yuypao# ht ph ta{qeta pba kyyemgoagp ht

ptkgyvhtpkpehg hj ypqàgpy ht pakibaty eg

htàt ph hzatihoa tkiekc eodkckgia'2

Kg –kvvceikdca vthmtko‟ ey –kgu vthmtkojht }beib pba Yaitapktu \hj A`qikpehg_

ht pba @avktpoagp bky kòegeyptkpeza

tayvhgyedecepu ky vthzeà` du ck}‟ dqp

aricqày Bembat A`qikpehg Kip vthmtkoy'5

Qgàt pba vthbedepehg# hga oqyp ihgyptqa

jaàtkc a`qikpehg vthmtkoy ghp ph mtkgp

kqpbhtepu ph kgu –àvktpoagp# kmagiu# hjiat#

Pbey vhceiu ybejp tqgy pba teyl pbkpypkpay }ecc daihoa ceppca ohta pbkg

kòegeyptkpeza kmagpy jht k gkpehgkce~a`L/;4 vthmtko hj egyptqipehg kg`

tkeyay k jqg`koagpkc {qaypehg kdhqp}bapbat pba @avktpoagp ey ariaaègm

epy ypkpqphtu dhqg`kteay'

Qgàt pba vthbedepehg# hga oqyp ihgyptqajaàtkc a`qikpehg vthmtkoy ghp ph mtkgpkqpbhtepu ph kgu –àvktpoagp# kmagiu#

hjiat# ht aovchuaa hj pba Qgepa` Ypkpay‟ph aratieya kgu –ètaipehg# yqvatzeyehg#

ht ihgpthc hzat pba iqtteiqcqo# \ht_ vthmtko hj egyptqipehg'''‟



9


ht aovchuaa hj pba Qgepa` Ypkpay‟ ph aratieya

kgu –ètaipehg# yqvatzeyehg# ht ihgpthc hzat

pba iqtteiqcqo# \ht_ vthmtko hj egyptqipehg '

' ' hj kgu a`qikpehgkc egypepqpehg# yibhhc# ht yibhhc yuypao'‟;6 Pba tqca hj ihgyptqipehg

kmkegyp ètaipehg# yqvatzeyehg# ht ihgpthc kcyh

kvvceay ph pba –yacaipehg hj cedtktu tayhqtiay#

parpdhhly# ht hpbat vtegpa` ht vqdceyba`

egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy‟;; kg` takibay jaàtkc

àvktpoagpy kg` kmagieay hpbat pbkg pba

@avktpoagp';4

D' @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg

Htmkge~kpehg Kip

Agkipa` eg ;5=5# pba @AHK aypkdceyba` pba

@avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg ky kg araiqpeza

dtkgib àvktpoagp kòegeypata` qgàt pba

yqvatzeyehg kg` ètaipehg hj pba Yaitapktu hj

A`qikpehg';9 Yeoeckt dqp ghp eàgpeikc ph pba

iqtteiqcqo vthbedepehg eg MAVK# pba @AHK

vthbedepy pba Yaitapktu kg` hpbat hjiaty hj

pba @avktpoagp jtho aratieyegm ètaipehg#

yqvatzeyehg# ht ihgpthc hzat iqtteiqcqo#

ky }acc ky hzat pba yacaipehg kg` ihgpagp

hj cedtktu tayhqtiay# parpdhhly# kg` hpbat egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy';0 Pba hga ariavpehg

ph pba magatkc vthbedepehg ey ej yqib kipezepeay

kta –kqpbhte~a` du ck}'‟;1 Jtkoa` ky k tqca hj

ihgyptqipehg# pba vthbedepehg ypkpay#

Gh vthzeyehg hj k vthmtko kòegeypata`

du pba Yaitapktu ht du kgu hpbat hjiat

hj pba @avktpoagp ybkcc da ihgyptqa` ph

kqpbhte~a pba Yaitapktu ht kgu yqib hjiat

ph aratieya kgu ètaipehg# yqvatzeyehg# ht

ihgpthc hzat pba iqtteiqcqo# vthmtko hj egyptqipehg# kòegeyptkpehg# ht vatyhggac

hj kgu a`qikpehgkc egypepqpehg# yibhhc#

ht yibhhc yuypao# hzat kgu kiitaèpegm

kmagiu ht kyyhiekpehg# ht hzat pba

yacaipehg ht ihgpagp hj cedtktu tayhqtiay#

parpdhhly# ht hpbat egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy

du kgu a`qikpehgkc egypepqpehg ht yibhhc

yuypao# ariavp ph pba arpagp kqpbhte~a`

du ck}';:

Eg k`èpehg ph pba ètaip ckgmqkma ceoepegm

pba Yaitapktu―y kg` hjiaty― kqpbhtepu

eg iqtteiqcqo# Ihgmtayy egicqà` icakt

ypkpaoagpy eg pba ck} pbkp pba itakpehg hj k ga}@avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg `hay ghp èyvckia

pba thca hj ypkpa kg` chikc mhzatgoagpy eg

a`qikpehg' Vteoktu kqpbhtepu jht a`qikpehg

ihgpegqay }epb ypkpa kg` chikc mhzatgoagpy#

ky azeàgia` du Jegègm 0 hj pba @AHK>

–\E_g hqt Jaàtkc yuypao# pba vteoktu vqdcei

tayvhgyedecepu jht a`qikpehg ey tayatza`

tayvaipezacu ph pba Ypkpay kg` pba chikc

yibhhc yuypaoy kg` hpbat egyptqoagpkcepeay

hj pba Ypkpay'‟

;=

Eg k`èpehg# }bag ep itakpa`pba @avktpoagp# Ihgmtayy takjtoa` pba

ceoepkpehgy vckia` qvhg jaàtkc egzhczaoagp

eg a`qikpehg>

Ep ey pba egpagpehg hj pba Ihgmtayy eg

pba aypkdceyboagp hj pba @avktpoagp

ph vthpaip pba tembpy hj Ypkpa kg` chikc

mhzatgoagpy kg` vqdcei kg` vtezkpa

a`qikpehgkc egypepqpehgy eg pba ktaky hj

a`qikpehgkc vhceieay kg` kòegeyptkpehg

hj vthmtkoy kg` ph yptagmpbag kg`

eovthza ihgpthc hj yqib mhzatgoagpy kgègypepqpehgy hzat pbaet h}g a`qikpehgkc

vthmtkoy kg` vhceieay' Pba aypkdceyboagp

hj pba @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg ybkcc

ghp egitakya pba kqpbhtepu hj pba Jaàtkc

Mhzatgoagp hzat a`qikpehg ht èoegeyb

pba tayvhgyedecepu jht a`qikpehg }beib ey

\E_g hqt Jaàtkc yuypao# pba vteoktu vqdcei tayvhgyedecepu jht a`qikpehg eytayatza` tayvaipezacu ph pba Ypkpay kg`

pba chikc yibhhc yuypaoy kg` hpbat egyptqoagpkcepeay hj pba Ypkpay'



0

Vehgaat Egypepqpa jht Vqdcei Vhceiu Tayaktib

tayatza` ph pba Ypkpay kg` pba chikc yibhhc

yuypaoy kg` hpbat egyptqoagpkcepeay hj pba

Ypkpay';2

Pba cameyckpeza beyphtu hj pba @AHK ihgtoy

pba vteoktu thca hj ypkpa kg` chikc mhzatgoagpyeg a`qikpehg' Eg paypeohgu dajhta pba Yagkpa

Mhzatgoagpkc Kjjkety Ihooeppaa# Oktu

Dattu# pba Kyyeypkgp Yaitapktu jht A`qikpehg

hj pba @avktpoagp hj Bakcpb# A`qikpehg# kg`

]acjkta# }ktga` pbkp pba jaàtkc vtayagia

eg a`qikpehg –bky kg` oqyp ihgpegqa ph da k

yaihg`ktu thca‐hga pbkp kyyeypy# ghp hga pbkp

ètaipy chikc kg` Ypkpa mhzatgoagpy# }beib

bkza beyphteikccu ybhqcàta` pba vteoktu

tayvhgyedecepu jht ' ' ' vqdcei a`qikpehg'‟

;5

Eg cela okggat# Yagkpht @kze` @qtagdatmat

yptayya` pba eovhtpkgia hj Ihgmtayyehgkc

hzatyembp yh ky ph vtayatza pba èzatyepu hj

ypkpa kg` chikc kvvthkibay ph a`qikpehg>

Pba Ypkpay bkza k teib oerpqta hj

vthmtkoy ph tayvhg` ph pbaet iepe~agy―

a`qikpehgkc gaa`y' K iagptkce~a`

kvvthkib ph a`qikpehg }hqc` da jkpkc

ph pbey èzatyepu ' ' ' Ej Ihgmtayy `hay

ghp aratieya vthvat hzatyembp# Ypkpa kg`

chikc nqteyèipehg hzat a`qikpehg }ecc dapbtakpaga` du pba jaàtkc mhzatgoagp

tamkt`cayy hj }bapbat a`qikpehg ey eg k

ga} àvktpoagp ht taokegy k èzeyehg hj

kg areypegm àvktpoagp'46

Oaodaty hj pba Q'Y' Bhqya hj

Tavtayagpkpezay kcyh arvtayya` tayatzkpehgy'

Tavtayagpkpeza Cah N' Tukg àyiteda` pba

agkdcegm cameyckpehg ky –pba }htyp decc E bkza

yaag ' ' ' ' Ep ey k okyyeza ybejp eg pba aovbkyey

du pba Jaàtkc Mhzatgoagp jtho yqvvhtpegmpba chikc ajjhtpy hj yibhhc èypteipy kg` Ypkpa

àvktpoagpy hj a`qikpehg ph aypkdceybegm

kg` eovcaoagpegm k gkpehgkc vhceiu eg pba

a`qikpehg hj hqt ibec`tag'‟4; Hga ikg g` k

ypthgm ypkpaoagp hj ihgiatg eg pba @eyyagpegm

Zea}y hj Tavtayagpkpezay Nhbg G' Atcagdhtg#

Nhbg ]' ]u`cat# Icktagia N' Dth}g# Vkqc

G' OiIchylau# Nt'# @kg [qkuca# Thdatp

Y' ]kclat# Ktckg Ypkgmackg`# kg` Nhbg A'

"Nkil% Iqggegmbko> –\P_bey tahtmkge~kpehg' ' ' }ecc tayqcp eg pba `hoegkpehg hj

a`qikpehg du pba Jaàtkc Mhzatgoagp ' ' '

' \Pba cameyckpehg ey_ k oknht taètaipehg hj

a`qikpehg vhceiuoklegm eg pba mqeya hj kg

kòegeyptkpeza tahtmkge~kpehg‐k yemgkc hj

pba egpagpehg hj pba Jaàtkc mhzatgoagp ph

aratieya kg azat/arvkgègm kg` àavagegm

thca eg a`qikpehgkc aieyehg/oklegm'‟44 Pbaya

oaodaty ihgicqà` du tkeyegm pba vhyyedecepu

hj pba @avktpoagp daihoegm k gkpehgkc yibhhc

dhkt`> –Ej }a itakpa pbey @avktpoagp# ohtaa`qikpehgkc \àieyehg/oklegm_ ky ph ihqtya

ihgpagp# parpdhhl ihgpagp# kg` iqtteiqcqo

}ecc da okà eg ]kybegmphg kp pba arvagya

hj chikc èzatyepu' Pba pagpkicay }ecc da

ypthgmat kg` takib jqtpbat' Pba @avktpoagp

hj A`qikpehg }ecc ag` qv daegm pba Gkpehg―y

yqvat \yibhhc dhkt`_'‟49 ]epb pbaya itepeieyoy

eg pba taiht`# pba @avktpoagp hvaga` epy

`hhty hg Oku 0# ;526'

I' Acaoagpktu kg` Yaihg`ktu A`qikpehgKip hj ;5:1

Ihgmtayy bk` yap ceoepy hg jaàtkc

egzhczaoagp eg acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu

a`qikpehg }acc dajhta pba aypkdceyboagp hj

pba @avktpoagp' ]epb ckgmqkma ihovktkdca

ph MAVK kg` @AHK# pba AYAK egicqày k

\P_ba jaàtkc vtayagia eg a`qikpehg–bky kg` oqyp ihgpegqa ph da k yaihg`ktu

thca‐hga pbkp kyyeypy# ghp hga pbkpètaipy chikc kg` Ypkpa mhzatgoagpy#}beib bkza beyphteikccu ybhqcàta`

pba vteoktu tayvhgyedecepu jht''' vqdcei a`qikpehg'‟



1


tqca hj ihgyptqipehg ceoepegm pba kdecepu hj

jaàtkc hjiaty kg` aovchuaay ph okg`kpa#

ètaip# ht ihgpthc iqtteiqcqo>

Ghpbegm eg pbey Kip ybkcc da ihgyptqa` ph

kqpbhte~a kg hjiat ht aovchuaa hj pba

Jaàtkc Mhzatgoagp ph okg`kpa# ètaip#

ht ihgpthc k Ypkpa# chikc a`qikpehgkc

kmagiu# ht yibhhc―y iqtteiqcqo# vthmtko

hj egyptqipehg# ht kcchikpehg hj Ypkpa kg`

chikc tayhqtiay# ht okg`kpa k Ypkpa ht kgu

yqdèzeyehg pbatahj ph yvag` kgu jqg`y

ht egiqt kgu ihypy ghp vke` jht qgàt pbey

Kip'40

Kiihtègmcu# pba AYAK àgeay kqpbhtepu

ph hjiaty ht aovchuaay hj pba jaàtkc

mhzatgoagp ph okg`kpa# ètaip ht ihgpthc

iqtteiqcqo ht vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg'41

K`èpehgkccu# pba AYAK mhay jqtpbat pbkg

MAVK kg` @AHK ph ceoep ètaipcu pba qya

hj jaàtkc jqg`y jht k iqtteiqcqo' Qgàt 46

Q'Y'I' § =56= "d%# –gh jqg`y vthzeà` ph pba

@avktpoagp qgàt pbey Kip oku da qya` ' ' ' ph

ag`htya# kvvthza ht ykgipehg kgu iqtteiqcqo

àyemga` ph da qya` eg kg acaoagpktu yibhhcht yaihg`ktu yibhhc'‟4:

Pba egpagp hj Ihgmtayy ey icakt> Pba jaàtkc

mhzatgoagp ikgghp okg`kpa# ètaip#

yqvatzeya# ht ihgpthc iqtteiqcqo ht vthmtkoy

hj egyptqipehg'4= Egàa`# pba cameyckpeza

beyphtu hj pba @AHK qgàtyihtay pbey# ky

`hay epy ypkpaoagp hj egpagp –ph vthpaip pba

tembpy hj Ypkpa kg` chikc mhzatgoagpy ' ' '

eg pba ktaky hj a`qikpehgkc vhceiu\_‟ kg` ph

–ghp egitakya pba kqpbhtepu hj pba JaàtkcMhzatgoagp hzat a`qikpehg ht èoegeyb pba

tayvhgyedecepu jht a`qikpehg }beib ey tayatza`

ph pba Ypkpay kg` chikc yibhhc yuypaoy'‟42

Uap# ky arvckega` dach}# pba @avktpoagp ey

azkègm pbaya vthbedepehgy kg` qyegm vthreay

ph iaoagp gkpehgkc ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy

pbkp }ecc egazepkdcu ètaip pba ihgpagp hj L/;4

iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg# kg`

egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy kithyy pba gkpehg'

EE' TEYA HJ PBA IHOOHG IHTA

YPKG@KT@Y

Ph kvvtaiekpa pba kqpbhty― ihgiatgy kdhqp

pba @avktpoagp―y egitaoagpkc oktib `h}g

pba thk` ph k gkpehgkc iqtteiqcqo# hga oqyp

typ qgàtypkg` pba Ihoohg Ihta Ypkpa

Ypkg`kt`y Egepekpeza "–IIYYE‟%# k itakpqta

ghp hj ypkpa cameyckpqtay dqp tkpbat hj p}h

]kybegmphg# @'I'/dkya` htmkge~kpehgy# pba

Gkpehgkc Mhzatghty Kyyhiekpehg―y Iagpat

jht Dayp Vtkipeiay "–GMK Iagpat‟% kg`

pba Ihqgiec hj Ibeaj Ypkpa Yibhhc Hjiaty"–IIYYH‟%# }beib ihhtègkpa` pba IIYYE

ph aypkdceyb zhcqgpktu# gkpehgkc acaoagpktu

kg` yaihg`ktu yibhhc a`qikpehg ypkg`kt`y

eg okpbaokpeiy kg` Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy'45

Hpbat htmkge~kpehgy vthzeà` k`zeia kg`

mqe`kgia ihgiatgegm pba ètaipehg kg` ybkva

hj pba IIYYE< pbau egicqà Kibeaza# Egi'#

Pba egpagp hj Ihgmtayy ey icakt> Pbajaàtkc mhzatgoagp ikgghp okg`kpa#

ètaip# yqvatzeya# ht ihgpthc iqtteiqcqoht vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg' Egàa`#pba cameyckpeza beyphtu hj pba @AHK

qgàtyihtay pbey# ky `hay epy ypkpaoagphj egpagp –ph vthpaip pba tembpy hj Ypkpakg` chikc mhzatgoagpy'''eg pba ktaky hj

a`qikpehgkc vhceiu'

\H_ga oqyp typ qgàtypkg` pba IhoohgIhta Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y Egepekpeza# k itakpqtaghp hj ypkpa cameyckpqtay dqp tkpbat hj p}h]kybegmphg# @'I'/dkya` htmkge~kpehgy#pba Gkpehgkc Mhzatghty Kyyhiekpehg―y

Iagpat jht Dayp Vtkipeiay kg` pba Ihqgiechj Ibeaj Ypkpa Yibhhc Hjiaty'



:


KIP# Egi'# pba Ihccama Dhkt`# pba Gkpehgkc

Kyyhiekpehg hj Ypkpa Dhkt`y hj A`qikpehg#

kg` pba Ypkpa Bembat A`qikpehg Araiqpeza

Hjiaty'96 Eg k`èpehg# pba Decc * Oaceg`kMkpay Jhqg`kpehg kg` pba Ibktcay Ypa}ktp

Ohpp Jhqg`kpehg vthzeà` gkgiekc dkilegm#

ky è` hpbaty'9;

Pba ypkg`kt`y aga pba lgh}ca`ma kg` yleccy

ypqàgpy ybhqc` bkza eg pbaet L/;4 a`qikpehg

eg htàt ph mtk`qkpa jtho bemb yibhhc kg`

ph yqiiaa` eg agptu/cazac# itaèp/daktegm

ihccama ihqtyay kg` eg }htljhtia ptkegegm

vthmtkoy'94 K`zhikpay hj pba Ihoohg Ihta

ypkg`kt`y ktmqa pbkp pbau kta> ";% kcemga`}epb ihccama kg` }htl arvaipkpehgy< "4%

icakt# qgàtypkg`kdca kg` ihgyeypagp< "9%

dqecp qvhg yptagmpby kg` cayyhgy hj iqttagp

ypkpa ypkg`kt`y< "0% egjhtoa` du hpbat phv

vatjhtoegm ihqgpteay<99 kg` "1% azeàgia/

dkya`'90 Eg k`èpehg# IIYYE yqvvhtpaty

ihgpag` pbkp pba ypkg`kt`y egicqà temhthqy

ihgpagp kg` kvvceikpehg hj lgh}ca`ma pbthqmb

bemb/htàt yleccy'91

Eg àzachvegm pba ypkg`kt`y# pba GMK Iagpat kg` IIYYH ihgyqcpa` }epb tavtayagpkpezay

jtho vktpeievkpegm ypkpay# k }eà tkgma hj

a`qikphty# ihgpagp arvatpy# tayaktibaty#

gkpehgkc htmkge~kpehgy# kg` ihooqgepu

mthqvy'9: Jht vqtvhyay hj àzachvoagp kg`

taiaevp hj vqdcei ihooagpy# pba }tepaty hj

pba ypkg`kt`y èzeà` pba ypkg`kt`y egph p}h

ikpamhteay> ";% ihccama/ kg` iktaat/takù

ypkg`kt`y "}beib k``tayy }bkp ypqàgpy kta

arvaipa` ph bkza caktga` }bag pbau bkzamtk`qkpa` jtho bemb yibhhc%< kg` "4% L/;4

ypkg`kt`y "}beib k``tayy arvaipkpehgy jht

acaoagpktu yibhhc pbthqmb bemb yibhhc%'9=

Ihoohg Ihta yqvvhtpaty tacakya` `tkjp

ihccama/ kg` iktaat/takù mtk`qkpehg

ypkg`kt`y jht vqdcei ihooagp eg Yavpaodat

hj 4665 kg` `tkjp L/;4 ypkg`kt`y eg Oktib

hj 46;6'92 Kgghqgia` hg Nqga 4# 46;6# pba

gkc L/;4 Ihoohg Ihta Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y

"–IIYY‟% egihtvhtkpa` pba ihccama/ kg`

iktaat/takù ypkg`kt`y'95 Pbey oktla` pbagkc ypav eg pba àzachvoagp hj pba Ihoohg

Ihta ypkg`kt`y' Kjpat àzachvoagp# ypkpay

damkg ph k`hvp pba ypkg`kt`y' Iqttagpcu# jhtpu/

za ypkpay# pba @eypteip hj Ihcqodek# kg` p}h

pattephteay bkza k`hvpa` pba IIYY eg Agmceyb

ckgmqkma ktpy kg` okpbaokpeiy'06

Pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y bkza magatkpa`

egpagya àdkpa kg` ihgpthzatyu' Vthvhgagpy

hj pba IIYY ktmqa pbkp pba ypkg`kt`y }ecc

vthzeà oqcpevca dagapy ph ypqàgpy>

Pba ypkg`kt`y }ecc vthzeà ohta icktepu

kdhqp kg` ihgyeypagiu eg }bkp ey arvaipa`

hj ypqàgp caktgegm kithyy pba ihqgptu ' ' '

' Pbey egepekpeza }ecc kcch} ypkpay ph ybktaegjhtokpehg ajjaipezacu kg` bacv vthzeà

kcc ypqàgpy }epb kg a{qkc hvvhtpqgepu jht

kg a`qikpehg pbkp }ecc vtavkta pbao ph mh ph

ihccama ht agpat pba }htljhtia# tamkt`cayy

hj }bata pbau ceza ' ' ' \Ihoohg ypkg`kt`y_

}ecc agyqta ohta ihgyeypagp arvhyqta

ph okpatekcy kg` caktgegm arvateagiay

pbthqmb iqtteiqcqo# egyptqipehg# kg`

pakibat vtavktkpehg kohgm hpbat yqvvhtpy

jht ypqàgp caktgegm'0;

Hpbat yqvvhtpaty ktmqa pbkp pba Ihoohg

Ihta ypkg`kt`y –}ecc agyqta pbkp }a okegpkeg

Koateik―y ihovapepeza a`ma# yh pbkp kcc hj

hqt ypqàgpy kta }acc vtavkta` }epb pba yleccy

kg` lgh}ca`ma gaiayyktu ph ihovapa }epb

ghp hgcu pbaet vaaty bata kp bhoa# dqp }epb

ypqàgpy jtho kthqg` pba }htc`'‟04

Itepeiy zemhthqycu èyvqpa pba temht hj pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg` ihgpag`

pbkp pbau }ecc ghp vth`qia dappat tayqcpykohgm ypqàgpy'



=


Itepeiy zemhthqycu èyvqpa pba temht hj

pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg` ihgpag`

pbkp pbau }ecc ghp vth`qia dappat tayqcpy

kohgm ypqàgpy'09 Taiagp paypeohgu duVthjayyht Nku V' Mtaaga eg pba Q'Y' Bhqya hj

Tavtayagpkpezay dajhta pba Yqdihooeppaa hg

Aktcu Ibec`bhh`# Acaoagpktu# kg` Yaihg`ktu

A`qikpehg eccqyptkpay pbey itepeieyo>

\P_bata ey gh azeàgia pbkp pba Ihoohg

Ihta ypkg`kt`y kta temhthqy ht }ecc bacv

vth`qia dappat tayqcpy' Pba hgcu azeàgia

eg yqvvhtp hj Ihoohg Ihta ihgyeypy hj

vthnaipy jqgà` ètaipcu ht egètaipcu du

pba Mkpay Jhqg`kpehg eg }beib vkgacyhj yacaipa` arvatpy kta kyla` ph hjjat

pbaet hvegehg hg pba {qkcepu hj Ihoohg

Ihta ypkg`kt`y' Ghp yqtvteyegmcu# vkgacy

htmkge~a` du pba dkilaty hj Ihoohg

Ihta daceaza pbkp Ihoohg Ihta ey mhh`'

Pbey ey ghp tayaktib< pbey ey nqyp k`zhikpay

hj Ihoohg Ihta ta/ypkpegm pbaet yqvvhtp'

Pba ja} egàvagàgp azkcqkpehgy hj

Ihoohg Ihta pbkp areyp yqmmayp pbkp epy

ypkg`kt`y kta oaèhita kg` tavtayagp

ceppca ibkgma jtho }bkp ohyp ypkpaykctakù bkza'00

Yeoecktcu# p}h hpbat arvatpy# Vthjayyht Ykg`tk

Yphpylu kg` â―az ]qtokg# jhqg` pbkp du

mtkà 2 pba okpbaokpeiy ypkg`kt`y }ata –k

uakt ht p}h dabeg` pba Gkpehgkc Okpbaokpeiy

K`zeyhtu Vkgac―y taihooag`kpehgy# cakègm

ypkpay# kg` ' ' ' egpatgkpehgkc ihovapepehg'‟01

Pbau kcyh ihgicqà` pbkp pba Ihoohg Ihta―y

okpbaokpeiy kg` Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy

ypkg`kt`y `h ghp yqvvhtp pba ihgicqyehg pbkppba ypkg`kt`y –vthzeà k ypthgmat kg` ohta

ibkccagmegm jtkoa}htl jht pba okpbaokpeiy

kg` Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy iqtteiqcqo

pbkg ' ' ' Ikcejhtgek―y iqttagp ypkg`kt`y kg`

Okyykibqyappy― iqttagp "466;% kg` tazeya`

`tkjp "46;6% ypkg`kt`y `h'‟0: Hj yemgeikgp

ghpa# @t' Yphpylu kg` Ot' ]qtokg zea} pba

Ihoohg Ihta vthnaip ky k –ckq`kdca ajjhtp

ph ybkva k gkpehgkc iqtteiqcqo'‟0= Ypecc#

hpbat itepeiy }httu kdhqp pba arvagya hj

eovcaoagpegm pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y'02

EEE' PBA IHOOHG IHTAYPKG@KT@Y KG@ PBA TKIA

PH PBA PHV JQG@

Eg aktcu 4665# Vtayeàgp Hdkok yemga`

egph ck} pba Koateikg Taihzatu kg`

Taegzaypoagp Kip "KTTK%#05 }beib vthzeà`

jqg`y jht pba @avktpoagp―y Tkia ph pba Phv

vthmtko# ihgyeypegm cktmacu hj pba Tkia ph pba

Phv Jqg` kg` pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp

Vthmtko'16 Pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` ey k

ihovapepeza mtkgp vthmtko àyemga` }epbpba bhva ph yvqt egghzkpehg eg acaoagpktu

kg` yaihg`ktu a`qikpehg' ]epb $0 deccehg ph

èydqtya# pba vthmtko kpptkipa` kvvceikpehgy

jtho jhtpu/yer ypkpay'1; Yqvvhtpaty hj pba Tkia

ph pba Phv Jqg` ihgpag` pbkp ep ta{qetay ypkpay

ph itakpa ihgèpehgy jht tajhto du eovthzegm

ypqàgp kibeazaoagp# gktth}egm kibeazaoagp

mkvy# egitakyegm mtk`qkpehg tkpay# kg`

agyqtegm ypqàgpy kta vtavkta` jht yqiiayy eg

ihccama kg` iktaaty' Pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg`

kppaovpy tajhto eg jhqt ktaky> ";% k`hvpegmegpatgkpehgkccu dagiboktla` ypkg`kt`y kg`

kyyayyoagpy pbkp vtavkta ypqàgpy jht yqiiayy

eg ihccama kg` pba }htlvckia< "4% dqecègm

`kpk yuypaoy pbkp oakyqta ypqàgp yqiiayy

kg` egjhto pakibaty kg` vtegievkcy kdhqp

bh} pbau ikg eovthza pbaet vtkipeiay< "9%

egitakyegm pakibat kg` vtegievkc ajjaipezagayy

\P_}h hpbat arvatpy# Vthjayyht Ykg`tkYphpylu kg` â―az ]qtokg# jhqg` pbkp du mtkà 2 pba okpbaokpeiy ypkg`kt`y

}ata –k uakt ht p}h dabeg` pba Gkpehgkc Okpbaokpeiy K`zeyhtu Vkgac―y

taihooag`kpehgy'



2


kg` kibeazegm a{qepu eg pbaet èyptedqpehg<

kg` "0% pqtgegm kthqg` pba ch}ayp/kibeazegm

yibhhcy'14

Pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` kcyh egicqày

yazatkc –vtehtepeay'‟19 Vtehtepu ; ey kg

–kdyhcqpa vtehtepu‟ jht k Ihovtabagyeza

Kvvthkib ph A`qikpehg Tajhto'10 Vtehtepu

4 ey k –ihovapepeza vtajatagia vtehtepu‟

jht Aovbkyey hg Yieagia# Paibghchmu#Agmegaategm# kg` Okpbaokpeiy "YPAO%'11

Vtehtepeay 9/: kta –egzepkpehgkc vtehtepeay#‟

tayvaipezacu# tackpegm ph egghzkpehgy eg aktcu

caktgegm# pba arvkgyehg kg` qya hj chgmepqègkc

`kpk yuypaoy# ihhtègkpehg hj acaoagpktu kg`

yaihg`ktu a`qikpehg }epb vhypyaihg`ktu

caktgegm# kg` yibhhc/cazac tajhto ajjhtpy'1:

]epb tayvaip ph eovcaoagpkpehg hj pba

KTTK# pba @avktpoagp typ vqdceyba` epy

Ghpeia hj Vthvhya` Vtehtepeay# Ta{qetaoagpy#@agepehgy# kg` Yacaipehg Itepatek jht pba

Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` hg Nqcu 45# 4665'1=

Pbatakjpat# ep taiaeza` ihooagpy jtho

hzat ;#666 egèze`qkcy kg` htmkge~kpehgy#

egicqègm pakibaty# vtegievkcy# mhzatghty#

ibeaj ypkpa yibhhc hjiaty# kg` hpbaty'12 Pba

@avktpoagp egzepa` kvvceikpehgy jht Vbkya

; hj pba ihovapepehg hg Ghzaodat ;2#

4665#15 kg` jht Vbkya 4 hg Kvtec ;0# 46;6':6

Kgghqgia` hg Oktib 45# 46;6# @ack}kta

kg` Paggayyaa }hg pba Vbkya ; ihovapepehg':; Vbkya 4 }eggaty# kgghqgia` hg Kqmqyp 40#

46;6# }ata pba @eypteip hj Ihcqodek# Jchte`k#

Mahtmek# Bk}kee# Oktuckg`# Okyykibqyappy#

Ga} Uhtl# Ghtpb Ikthcegk# Hbeh# kg` Tbhà

Eyckg`':4

Eg htàt ph vktpeievkpa eg pba Tkia ph pba

Phv Jqg`# pba @avktpoagp ta{qeta` akib

ypkpa ph k`hvp ihoohg L/;4 ypkg`kt`y':9

Pba Ypkpa Tajhto Ihgèpehgy Itepatek hj pbaTkia ph pba Phv Jqg` ta{qeta` akib ypkpa ph

àohgyptkpa }htl ph}kt` nhegpcu àzachvegm

kg` k`hvpegm k ihoohg yap hj azeàgia/

dkya`# egpatgkpehgkccu dagiboktla` L/;4

ypkg`kt`y':0 Egàa`# pba mqe`kgia ph pba vaat

tazea}aty hj pba Tkia ph pba Phv kvvceikpehgy

vhegpy ph kg ajjhtp ph ihovac k yegmca yap hj

ypkg`kt`y> K ypkpa aktgy –bemb‟ vhegpy ej ep

ey vktp hj k ypkg`kt`y ihgyhtpeqo ihgyeypegm

hj k oknhtepu hj ypkpay pbkp nhegpcu àzachvkg` k`hvp ihoohg ypkg`kt`y':1 Ihgzatyacu#

k ypkpa taiaezay –oaèqo‟ ht –ch}‟ vhegpy

–ej pba ihgyhtpeqo egicqày hga/bkcj hj pba

Ypkpay eg pba ihqgptu ht cayy'‟::

Eovhtpkgpcu# pba –egpatgkpehgkccu dagiboktla`

ypkg`kt`y‟ tajat ph k –ihoohg yap hj L/;4

ypkg`kt`y‟ pbkp pba @avktpoagp àgay ky

–k yap hj ihgpagp ypkg`kt`y pbkp àga }bkp

ypqàgpy oqyp lgh} kg` da kdca ph `h kg`

pbkp kta yqdypkgpekccu eàgpeikc kithyy kcc

ypkpay eg k \ypkg`kt`y_ ihgyhtpeqo' K Ypkpaoku yqvvcaoagp pba ihoohg ypkg`kt`y

}epb k`èpehgkc ypkg`kt`y# vthzeà` pbkp pba

k`èpehgkc ypkg`kt`y h ghp ariaa` ;1 vatiagp

hj pba Ypkpa―y phpkc ypkg`kt`y jht pbkp ihgpagp

ktak'‟:= Ky pbaet kvvceikpehgy ybh}# pba

p}acza }eggaty hj pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg`

ihovapepehg k`hvpa` ht egèikpa` pbaet egpagp

Eg htàt ph vktpeievkpa eg pba Tkia ph pbaPhv Jqg`# pba @avktpoagp ta{qeta` akibypkpa ph k`hvp ihoohg L/;4 ypkg`kt`y'

K ypkpa aktgy –bemb‟ vhegpy ej ep ey vktphj k ypkg`kt`y ihgyhtpeqo ihgyeypegm

hj k oknhtepu hj ypkpay pbkp nhegpcuàzachv kg` k`hvp ihoohg ypkg`kt`y'Ihgzatyacu# k ypkpa taiaezay –oaèqo‟

ht –ch}‟ vhegpy –ej pba ihgyhtpeqoegicqày hga/bkcj hj pba Ypkpay

eg pba ihqgptu ht cayy'



5


ph k`hvp pba IIYY jht vqtvhyay hj oaapegm

pba ta{qetaoagp hj –k`hvpegm egpatgkpehgkccu

dagiboktla` ypkg`kt`y'‟:2 Kcpbhqmb pba

@avktpoagp è` ghp arvtayycu okg`kpa ypkpayph k`hvp pba IIYY eg htàt ph vktpeievkpa eg

pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` ihovapepehg# ep è`

ghp bkza ph `h yh# ky gaktcu azatu ypkpa bk`

k`hvpa`# ht }ky kdhqp ph k`hvp# pba IIYY‐

okgu eg`qia` ph h yh du pba vthyvaip hj Tkia

ph pba Phv mtkgpy' ]beca taokegegm jkiekccu

gaqptkc# pba @avktpoagp ihqc` tayp akyu eg

pba lgh}ca`ma pbkp ohyp ypkpay }hqc` ihoa

ph pba ihovapepehg bkzegm kctakù yemgkca`

egpagp ph k`hvp ht bkzegm k`hvpa` pba IIYY'

:5

Ypkg`kt`y `teza iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj

egyptqipehg# kg` pba yacaipehg hj egyptqipehgkcokpatekcy' K ibkgma ph ihoohg L/;4

ypkg`kt`y }ecc egazepkdcu tayqcp eg ibkgmay

eg iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg# kg`

egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy ph kcemg }epb pba

ypkg`kt`y' Pbey ey itepeikc ph qgàtypkgègm pba

eovhtpkgia hj pba thk` pbkp pba @avktpoagp

bky pklag' Ky @t' Mtaaga bky ypkpa`# –Ph

okla ypkg`kt`y oakgegmjqc pbau bkza ph

da egpamtkpa` }epb ibkgmay eg iqtteiqcqo#

kyyayyoagp kg` va`kmhmu'‟=6 Yaitapktu

@qgikg bky aibha` pbey zea}# ghpegm pbaceglkma dap}aag ypkg`kt`y# iqtteiqcqo# kg`

kyyayyoagpy> –\I_qtteiqcqo ikg hgcu da ky

mhh` ky pba kikàoei ypkg`kt`y ph }beib pba

kyyayyoagpy kg` iqtteiqcqo kta vamma`'‟=;

Yibhhc èypteipy# phh# daceaza pbkp ga}

ihoohg ypkg`kt`y ta{qeta k ibkgma eg

iqtteiqcqo' Eg Yavpaodat 46;;# pba Iagpat

hg A`qikpehg Vhceiu vqdceyba` yqtzau tayqcpy

gègm pbkp :0! hj pba yibhhc èypteipy eg

ypkpay k`hvpegm pba IIYY kmtaa` ht ypthgmcukmtaa` pbkp pbhya ypkg`kt`y }hqc` ta{qeta

ga} ht yqdypkgpekccu tazeya` iqtteiqcqo

okpatekcy eg okpb< 1:! yeoecktcu kmtaa`

jht Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy'=4 Pbaya yqtzau

tayqcpy jqtpbat ybh} pbkp 11! hj èypteipy eg

IIYY/k`hvpegm ypkpay bkza kctakù damqg ph

àzachv ht vqtibkya "ht }ecc ybhtpcu `h yh%

ga} okpb iqtteiqcqo okpatekcy kcemga` }epb

pba IIYY'=9 Jht Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy# 19!

bkza `hga yh ht }ecc `h yh'

=0

Pba @avktpoagp qgàtypkg`y pbkp pbak`hvpehg hj pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y

ta{qetay ibkgmay eg iqtteiqcqo' Vatbkvy

ohta eovhtpkgpcu# ep kcyh lgh}y pbkp pbaya

ypkg`kt`y }ecc èyvckia areypegm ypkpa

ypkg`kt`y‐–tavckia pba areypegm vkpib}htl

hj Ypkpa ypkg`kt`y‟=1 ‐kg` ajjaipezacu

gkpehgkce~a ghp hgcu ypkpa ypkg`kt`y dqp kcyh

iqtteiqckt ihgpagp' Azeàgiegm pbey vhegp# pba

@avktpoagp vqdceyba` pbey aribkgma dap}aag

pba @avktpoagp kg` oaodaty hj pba vqdcei

tayvhgègm ph pba @avktpoagp―y Ghpeia hj Jegkc Vtehtepeay jht pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg`>

Ihooagp > Yazatkc ihooagpaty

taihooagà` pbkp }a ickteju pba oakgegm

hj k –yemgeikgp gqodat hj Ypkpay‟ }epbeg

k ihgyhtpeqo \pbkp àzachvy kg` k`hvpy

k ihoohg yap hj L/;4 ypkg`kt`y_' Hga

Ky pbaet kvvceikpehgy ybh}# pba p}acza}eggaty hj pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg`

ihovapepehg k`hvpa` ht egèikpa` pbaet egpagp ph k`hvp pba IIYY jht vqtvhyay

hj oaapegm pba ta{qetaoagp hj –k`hvpegmegpatgkpehgkccu dagiboktla` ypkg`kt`y'‟

Ypkg`kt`y `teza iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoyhj egyptqipehg# kg` pba yacaipehg hj egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy' K ibkgma ph

ihoohg L/;4 ypkg`kt`y }ecc egazepkdcutayqcp eg ibkgmay eg iqtteiqcqo#

vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg# kg` egyptqipehgkcokpatekcy ph kcemg }epb pba ypkg`kt`y'



;6


taihooagà` pbkp pba gqodat hj Ypkpay

da yap kp k oegeoqo hj pbtaa ej pba {qkcepu

hj pbaet ihoohg ypkg`kt`y ey ihovktkdca

ph pba ihoohg ypkg`kt`y àzachva` duoaodaty hj pba Gkpehgkc Mhzatght―y

Kyyhiekpehg kg` pba Ihqgiec hj Ibeaj

Ypkpa Yibhhc Hjiaty' Hpbaty yqmmaypa`

pbkp egypak` hj k oegeoqo gqodat# pba

itepatehg ybhqc` jhiqy hg pba eovhtpkgia

ht vhpagpekc eovkip hj pba vthvhya` }htl'

@eyiqyyehg> Pba mhkc hj ihoohg L/;4

ypkg`kt`y ey ph tavckia pba areypegm

vkpib}htl hj Ypkpa ypkg`kt`y pbkp

tayqcpy eg qga{qkc arvaipkpehgy dkya`hg mahmtkvbu kchga' Yhoa hj pba oknht

dagapy hj ihoohg ypkg`kt`y }ecc da

pba ybkta` qgàtypkgègm hj pakibegm

kg` caktgegm mhkcy< ihgyeypagiu hj

`kpk vatoeppegm tayaktib hg ajjaipeza

vtkipeiay eg ypkjgm kg egyptqipehg<

kg` pba ihhtègkpehg hj egjhtokpehg

pbkp ihqc` egjhto pba àzachvoagp

kg` eovcaoagpkpehg hj iqtteiqcqo#

egyptqipehgkc tayhqtiay# kg` vthjayyehgkcàzachvoagp' Pba @avktpoagp daceazay

pbkp pba ihyp ykzegmy kg` ajieagiu

tayqcpegm jtho ihcckdhtkpehg eg k

ihgyhtpeqo ybhqc` da ta}ktà` pbthqmb

pba Tkia ph pba Phv vthmtko }bag

pba eovkip hg a`qikpehgkc vtkipeiay ey

vthghqgia`' Kg` magatkccu# }a daceaza

pbkp pba cktmat pba gqodat hj Ypkpay }epbeg

k ihgyhtpeqo# pba mtakpat pba dagapy kg`

vhpagpekc eovkip'=:

Pba @avktpoagp―y ihgiatgy kdhqp –k

vkpib}htl hj Ypkpa ypkg`kt`y‟ kg` qga{qkc

mahmtkvbei arvaipkpehgy `h ghp taaip k

vthvat qgàtypkgègm hj Koateik―y jaàtkc

yuypao# pba thca hj pba ypkpay eg yappegm

a`qikpehg vhceiu# ht pba ypkpqphtu vthbedepehgy

ceoepegm pba @avktpoagp―y egzhczaoagp eg

iqtteiqcqo okppaty' Pbey zea}‐pbkp –pba

cktmat pba gqodat hj Ypkpay‟ eg yappegm

ypkg`kt`y# pba dappat == ‐qgàtyihtay pba

@avktpoagp―y àyeta ph bat` pba ypkpay egphkiiavpegm pba IIYY# }beib }ky ktmqkdcu

pba hgcu ypkg`kt`y/dkya` ihgyhtpeqo }epb

k gqodat hj ypkpay cktma aghqmb ph vcakya

pba @avktpoagp `qtegm pba Tkia ph pba Phv

ihovapepehg'

Yazatkc a`qikpehg cakàty bkza yazatacu

itepeie~a` pba @avktpoagp jht qyegm pba Tkia

ph pba Phv Jqg` ph `teza ypkpay ph}kt` pba

Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y }epbhqp tamkt` ph

pba pbhqmbpjqc egepekpezay pbkp oku bkza daagpklag du egèze`qkc ypkpay ghp vktpeievkpegm eg

k ihgyhtpeqo' Jht arkovca# Parky A`qikpehg

Ihooeyyehgat Thdatp Yihpp bky arvtayya`

ihgiatgy kdhqp pba IIYY cakègm ph gkpehgkc

ypkg`kt`y kg` pba azagpqkc gkpehgkce~kpehg hj

yibhhcy'=2 Eg k Ghzaodat 41# 4665# cappat ph

Yagkpht Nhbg Ihtgug hj Parky# Ihooeyyehgat

Yihpp }thpa#

E daceaza pbkp pba ptqa egpagpehg hj pbey

ajjhtp \Ihoohg Ihta Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y

Egepekpeza_ ey ph aypkdceyb hga yap hj gkpehgkc a`qikpehg ypkg`kt`y kg` gkpehgkc

paypy kithyy pba ihqgptu' Htemegkccu yhc`

ph ypkpay ky zhcqgpktu# ypkpay bkza gh}

daag phc` pbkp vktpeievkpehg eg gkpehgkc

ypkg`kt`y kg` gkpehgkc paypegm }hqc`

da ta{qeta` ky k ihgèpehg hj taiaezegm

Yazatkc a`qikpehg cakàty bkza yazatacuitepeie~a` pba @avktpoagp jht qyegm pba

Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` ph `teza ypkpay

ph}kt` pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y}epbhqp tamkt` ph pba pbhqmbpjqcegepekpezay pbkp oku bkza daag pklag

du egèze`qkc ypkpay ghp vktpeievkpegmeg k ihgyhtpeqo'



;;


;;

jaàtkc èyitapehgktu mtkgp jqgègm

qgàt pba Koateikg Taihzatu kg`

Taegzaypoagp Kip "KTTK% kòegeypata`

du pba \@avktpoagp_' Pba ajjhtp bkygh} daihoa k ihtgatyphga hj pba

Kòegeyptkpehg―y a`qikpehg vhceiu

pbthqmb pba \@avktpoagp―y_ vtehtepe~kpehg

hj k`hvpehg hj gkpehgkc ypkg`kt`y kg`

kcemga` gkpehgkc paypy eg taiaezegm jqg`y'=5

Ihooeyyehgat Yihpp ihgpegqa` eg pbkp zaeg>

]epb pba tacakya hj pba TPPP \Tkia

ph pba Phv Jqg`_ kvvceikpehg# ep ey icakt

pbkp pba typ ypav ph}kt` gkpehgkce~kpehg

hj hqt yibhhcy bky daag vqp egph vckia' E

`h ghp daceaza pbkp pba ta{qetaoagpy }ecc

ag` }epb pba TPPP< E daceaza pbkp QY@A

}ecc qpece~a pba takqpbhte~kpehg hj pba

Acaoagpktu kg` Yaihg`ktu A`qikpehg Kip

"AYAK% ph jqtpbat pba kòegeyptkpehg―y

pklahzat hj vqdcei yibhhcy ' ' ' '26

]epbeg jhqt ohgpby hj Ihooeyyehgat Yihpp―y

cappat ph Yagkpht Ihtgug# pba @avktpoagp

}thpa pbkp –\e_p ey pba arvaipkpehg hj pba

@avktpoagp pbkp Ypkpay pbkp k`hvp kyyayyoagp

yuypaoy àzachva` }epb Ihovtabagyeza

Kyyayyoagp Yuypaoy mtkgpy \Tkia ph pba Phv

Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko_ }ecc qya kyyayyoagpy

eg pbaya yuypaoy ph oaap pba kyyayyoagp

ta{qetaoagpy eg Pepca E hj pba AYAK'‟2; Cela

pba ta{qetaoagp pbkp k ypkpa vktpeievkpa eg

k Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y ihgyhtpeqo

ihovhya` hj k cktma gqodat hj ypkpay# pba

Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko bky kcyh

yatza` ph –mtakya‟ pba gkpehgkce~egm egqagiahj pbaya egepekpezay'

EZ' TKIA PH PBA PHV KYYAYYOAGP

VTHMTKO

Kcyh kqpbhte~a` du pba KTTK# pba Tkia ph

pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko vthzeày $9:4

oeccehg eg jqgègm –ph ihgyhtpek hj ypkpay ph

àzachv kyyayyoagpy ' ' ' kg` oakyqta ypqàgp

kibeazaoagp kmkegyp ypkg`kt`y àyemga` ph

agyqta pbkp kcc ypqàgpy mkeg pba lgh}ca`ma

kg` yleccy gaaà` ph yqiiaa` eg ihccama kg`pba }htlvckia'‟24 Pba ga} kyyayyoagpy

yaal ph oakyqta ypqàgp lgh}ca`ma kg`

yleccy kmkegyp k ihoohg yap hj ihccama/kg`

iktaat/takù ypkg`kt`y29 eg okpbaokpeiy kg`

Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy'20 Pba kyyayyoagpy

kcyh oqyp oakyqta ypqàgp kibeazaoagp kg`

ypqàgp mth}pb hzat k jqcc kikàoei uakt#

ky }acc ky egicqà –yqookpeza kyyayyoagp

ihovhgagpy‟ eg okpbaokpeiy kg` Agmceyb

ckgmqkma ktpy kòegeypata` kp cakyp kggqkccueg mtkày 9 pbthqmb 2 kg` kp cakyp hgia eg

bemb yibhhc'21 Pba kyyayyoagpy oqyp azkcqkpa

kcc ypqàgpy# egicqègm Agmceyb caktgaty kg`

ypqàgpy }epb èykdecepeay# kg` vth`qia `kpk

"egicqègm ypqàgp kibeazaoagp kg` ypqàgp

mth}pb `kpk% jht qya eg azkcqkpegm> ";%

yibhhc ajjaipezagayy< "4% egèze`qkc vtegievkc

kg` pakibat ajjaipezagayy< "9% vtegievkc

kg` pakibat vthjayyehgkc àzachvoagp kg`

yqvvhtp gaa`y< kg` "0% pakibegm# caktgegm#

kg` vthmtko eovthzaoagp'2: Ky }epb pbaTkia ph pba Phv Jqg`# pba Tkia ph pba Phv

Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko ajjaipezacu vthohpay pba

Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y' Ohta eovhtpkgpcu#

pbey vthmtko jqg`y pba ihgyhtpek pbkp kta

àzachvegm kyyayyoagpy pbkp }ecc# eg pqtg#

egjhto kg` kgeokpa L/;4 iqtteiqcqo kg`

egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy dkya` hg Ihoohg

Ihta ypkg`kt`y'

Ihgmtayy kcyh egicqà` yeoeckt vthbedepehgy hg paypegm eg pba AYAK

kg` MAVK# }epb ceoepa` ariavpehgy' Kyikttea` hqp du pba ihgyhtpek# pba Tkia

ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko ybhqc`tkeya yeoeckt ihgiatgy jht Ihgmtayy'



;4


Pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko

ey ghp pba jaàtkc mhzatgoagp―y typ ajjhtp

ph aypkdceyb gkpehg}eà paypegm' Eg bey Ypkpa

hj pba Qgehg K``tayy hg Jadtqktu 0# ;55=#Vtayeàgp Icegphg vthvhya` ph –cak` kg

ajjhtp hzat pba garp p}h uakty ph àzachv

gkpehgkc paypy hj ypqàgp kibeazaoagp eg

takègm kg` okpb'‟2= Pbey vthzhla` k ypthgm

ihgmtayyehgkc tayvhgya' Ihgmtayy vthbedepa`

pba qya hj Jeyikc Uakt ;552 jqg`y ph –ac` payp#

vechp payp# eovcaoagp# kòegeypat ht èyptedqpa

eg kgu }ku# kgu gkpehgkc paypy#‟22 ta{qeta`

k àpkeca` tazea} hj pba @avktpoagp―y payp

àzachvoagp ihgptkip# ètaipa` k ypqù kg`tavhtp du pba Gkpehgkc Kikàou hj Yieagiay#

kg`# ohyp yemgeikgpcu# vthbedepa` pba jaàtkc

mhzatgoagp jtho –ta{qet\egm_ kgu Ypkpa

ht chikc a`qikpehgkc kmagiu ht yibhhc ph

kòegeypat ht eovcaoagp kgu vechp ht ac`

payp eg kgu yqdnaip ht mtkà‟ ht –ta{qet\egm_

kgu ypqàgp ph pkla kgu gkpehgkc payp eg kgu

yqdnaip ht mtkà'‟25 Ihgmtayy kcyh egicqà`

yeoeckt vthbedepehgy hg paypegm eg pba AYAK

kg` MAVK# }epb ceoepa` ariavpehgy'56 Ky

ikttea` hqp du pba ihgyhtpek# pba Tkia ph pbaPhv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko ybhqc` tkeya yeoeckt

ihgiatgy jht Ihgmtayy'

Ky k vktp hj pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp

Vthmtko ihovapepehg# akib ypkpa }epbeg pba

kvvcuegm ihgyhtpeqo oqyp vthzeà kyyqtkgiay

pbkp ep }ecc k`hvp ihoohg ihccama/ kg`

iktaat/ takù ypkg`kt`y kg` taokeg eg pba

ihgyhtpeqo'5; Pbqy# tkpbat pbkg vatoeppegm

ypkpa kg` chikc kqpbhtepeay ph qya ypkg`kt`y

kg` kyyayyoagpy pbkp qge{qacu p k mezag ypkpa

ky ta{qeta` du pba AYAK# pba Tkia ph pba Phv

Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko ta{qetay akib ypkpa eg pbaihgyhtpeqo ph qya ihoohg ypkg`kt`y kithyy

pba tayvaipeza ypkpay hj pba ihgyhtpeqo' Pba

tayqcp ey pbkp pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp

Vthmtko ohzay ypkpay k}ku jtho ypkg`kt`y

kg` kyyayyoagpy qge{qa ph k mezag ypkpa kg`

egph k ga} yuypao hj ihoohg ypkg`kt`y kg`

kyyayyoagpy kithyy pba ihgyhtpek ypkpay' ]epb

pbey oknht ybejp "kg` yh ky ph ihgpegqa ph iqttu

jkzht }epb pba @avktpoagp%# vktpeievkpegm

"pbkp ey# ohyp% ypkpay }ecc gh} da ihovacca`ph ibkgma iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehg ph kcemg

}epb pba ihoohg ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy'

Hg Yavpaodat 4# 46;6# Yaitapktu @qgikg

kgghqgia` pba }eggaty hj pba Tkia ph pba

Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko'54 P}h cktma ypkpa

ihgyhtpek }hg egepekc k}kt`y phpkcegm $996

oeccehg‐pba Vktpgatybev jht Kyyayyoagp hj

Takègayy jht Ihccama kg` Iktaaty Ihgyhtpeqo

"–VKTII‟% kg` pba YOKTPAT Dkckgia`

Kyyayyoagp Ihgyhtpeqo "–YDKI‟%'

59

]epbpbaya jaàtkc jqg`y# pba ihgyhtpek bkza damqg

ph àyemg kg` eovcaoagp ihovtabagyeza

kyyayyoagp yuypaoy eg okpbaokpeiy kg`

Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy jht qya eg pba 46;0/

46;1 yibhhc uakt'50 Dhpb VKTII kg` YDKI

kcyh taiaeza` yqvvcaoagpkc k}kt`y eg pba

kohqgpy hj $;1'5 oeccehg akib –ph bacv

vktpeievkpegm Ypkpay yqiiayyjqccu ptkgyepehg ph

ihoohg ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy'‟51

Pbthqmb pba Tkia ph pba Phv KyyayyoagpVthmtko# pba @avktpoagp èyvckiay ypkpa

kyyayyoagp kqphghou }epb ga} ihoohg

kyyayyoagpy jht kcc ypkpay eg pba ihgyhtpek#

ètaipa` kg` egqagia` du $9:4 oeccehg eg

jaàtkc jqg`y kg` vthmtko ta{qetaoagpy'5:

Ky pba Yaitapktu ypkpa`# –\p_ba Ihoohg Ihta

ypkg`kt`y àzachva` du pba ypkpay# ihqvca`

Pbthqmb pba Tkia ph pba Phv KyyayyoagpVthmtko# pba @avktpoagp eyvckiay

ypkpa kyyayyoagp kqphghou }epb ga}ihoohg kyyayyoagpy jht kcc ypkpay egpba ihgyhtpek# ètaipa` kg` egqagia` du $9:4 oeccehg eg jaàtkc jqg`y kg`

vthmtko ta{qetaoagpy'



;9


}epb pba ga} magatkpehg hj kyyayyoagpy#

}ecc bacv vqp kg ag` ph pba egyeèhqy vtkipeia

hj aypkdceybegm 16 èjjatagp mhkcvhypy jht

a`qikpehgkc yqiiayy'‟5= Jqtpbat# hpbat taoktlyjtho pba Yaitapktu qgàtyihta pba jkt/

takibegm eovkip pbkp pba kyyayyoagp ihgyhtpek

}ecc bkza hg iqtteiqck kg` egyptqipehgkc

okpatekcy>

Kg` dhpb ihgyhtpek }ecc bacv pbaet oaodat

ypkpay vthzeà pba phhcy kg` vthjayyehgkc

àzachvoagp gaaà` ph kyyeyp pakibaty―

ptkgyepehgy ph pba ga} kyyayyoagpy'

VKTII# jht arkovca# }ecc da àzachvegm

iqtteiqcqo jtkoa}htly kg` }kuy phybkta mtakp cayyhg vckgy' Pba YOKTPAT

Dkckgia` Kyyayyoagp ihkcepehg }ecc

àzachv egyptqipehgkc oh`qcay ' ' ' ph

yqvvhtp pakibaty eg qgàtypkgègm kg`

qyegm kyyayyoagp tayqcpy'52

@ayitedegm pba }htl hj VKTII kg` YDKI ph

egicqà –àzachvegm iqtteiqcqo jtkoa}htly‟

kg` –egyptqipehgkc oh`qcay#‟55 pba yageht

cakàtybev hj pba @avktpoagp icaktcu

qgàtypkg`y pbkp pba kyyayyoagp ihgyhtpek

}ecc `teza iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehg'

Yemgeikgpcu# eg pba @avktpoagp―y jhtokc

k}kt` ghpeia ph VKTII# ep kcyh kgghqgia` kyqvvcaoagpkc k}kt` hj $;1'5 oeccehg –ph bacv

vktpeievkpegm Ypkpay yqiiayyjqccu ptkgyepehg

ph ihoohg ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy'‟;66

VKTII―y phv vtehtepu jht pbey k}kt` ey –ph

bacv epy oaodat ypkpay okla k yqiiayyjqc

ptkgyepehg jtho iqttagp ypkpa ypkg`kt`y

kg` kyyayyoagpy ph pba eovcaoagpkpehg hj

Ihoohg Ihta Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y "IIYY% kg`

VKTII kyyayyoagpy du pba 46;0/46;1 yibhhc

uakt'‟;6; Eg yqvvhtpegm pba vtehtepu# VKTII―y

yptkpamu egicqày –\i_hcckdhtkpeza ajjhtpy phàzachv pba bembayp vtehtepu iqtteiqckt kg`

egyptqipehgkc phhcy'‟;64 Kohgm hpbat pbegmy#

VKTII egpag`y ph qya pba jqg`y k}ktà` du

pba @avktpoagp jht egyptqipehgkc phhcy# ohàc

egyptqipehgkc qgepy# ohàc ;4pb mtkà dte`ma

ihqtyay# kg` k èmepkc cedtktu hj phhcy;69>

․ –Pba yqvvcaoagpkc jqg`y vthzeà kg

eovhtpkgp hvvhtpqgepu ph ' ' ' yptagmpbag

VKTII―y vckgy du àzachvegm k thdqyp

yap hj bemb {qkcepu egyptqipehgkc phhcypbkp }ecc yqvvhtp mhh` pakibegm# bacv

pakibaty àzachv k àavat qgàtypkgègm

hj pba IIYY kg` pbaet egyptqipehgkc

eovceikpehgy# kg` vthzeà aktcu yemgkcy

kdhqp pba puvay hj ypqàgp vatjhtokgia

kg` egyptqipehg aokgà` du pba VKTII

kyyayyoagpy'‟;60

․ –\Pba yqvvcaoagpkc jqg`y }ecc da qya` ph_

\`_azachv k jtkoa}htl pbkp }ecc àga

pba vtehtepu phhc yap ohyp eovhtpkgpjht eovthzegm pakibegm kg` caktgegm

kg` jht yqvvhtpegm eovcaoagpkpehg hj

pba IIYY kg` VKTII kyyayyoagpy'

Pbey vtehtepu phhc yap oku egicqà

k oer hj egyptqipehgkc# jhtokpeza

kyyayyoagp# vthjayyehgkc àzachvoagp

kg` ihooqgeikpehg phhcy# jht qya du

pakibaty# ypqàgpy kg` kòegeyptkphty'‟;61

․ –\Pba VKTII }ecc_ \j_hiqy pba azachvoagp

hj phhcy hg k yap hj thdqyp# bemb/{qkcepu

ohàc egyptqipehgkc qgepy pbkp bembcembppba ohyp yemgeikgp k`zkgiay eg pba

IIYY kg` VKTII kyyayyoagpy'‟;6:

․ –VKTII vckgy ph qya yhoa hj pba

yqvvcaoagpkc tayhqtiay ph àzachv

ihccama takègayy phhcy kcemga` ph pba

IIYY kg` VKTII kyyayyoagpy# yqib

]epb pbaya jaàtkc jqg`y# pba ihgyhtpekbkza damqg ph àyemg kg` eovcaoagpihovtabagyeza kyyayyoagp yuypaoy egokpbaokpeiy kg` Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpyjht qya eg pba 46;0/46;1 yibhhc uakt'



;0


ky ohàc ;4pb mtkà dte`ma ihqtyay jht

ypqàgpy }bh `hg―p yihta ihccama takù

hg pba bemb yibhhc kyyayyoagpy# ht hgcega

phhcy ph bacv èkmghya ypqàgpy― mkvy egihccama/takù yleccy'‟;6=

․ –VKTII―y egepekc vthvhykc ikccy jht pba

àzachvoagp hj k emepkc cedtktu hj phhcy '

' ' ' Pba dthkàt yap hj phhcy eg pba cedtktu

}ecc vthzeà ibheiay kg` yqvvcaoagpkc

okpatekcy "dauhg` pba egyptqipehgkc qgepy%

jht pakibaty ph qya' Pba àzachvoagp hj

pba cedtktu kcyh }ecc eàgpeju okpatekcy pbkp

ikg da qya` ph egjhto pba àzachvoagp

hj pba egyptqipehgkc qgepy ht azag daihoapba egyptqipehgkc qgepy# vatbkvy }epb

oeght ohèikpehg'‟;62

Eg epy Ghzaodat 44# 46;;# }adegkt agpepca`

Ohàc Ihgpagp Jtkoa}htly jht ACK(

Cepatkiu# VKTII mhay k ypav jqtpbat#

yqmmaypegm vhyyedca qyay hj ohàc ihgpagp

jtkoa}htly ph –\b_acv egjhto iqtteiqcqo#

egyptqipehg# kg` kyyayyoagp‟ ky oaodat ypkpay

ptkgyepehg ph pba IIYY';65 Pbthqmb epy qya hj

jaàtkc jqgègm# VKTII kcyh vthzeày ètaip–Mqe`kgia jht Iqtteiqcqo @azachvaty‟ ph

–qy\a_ pba oh`qca ibktp }epb pba ypkg`kt`y ph

ylapib hqp vhpagpekc ohàc egyptqipehgkc qgep

vckgy#‟ kg` ph –taihmge~\a_ pba ybejpy eg pba

ypkg`kt`y jtho mtkà ph mtkà kg` qy\a_ pbaya

ybejpy ky mtkà/cazac iqtteiqck kta àzachva`

kg` ky okpatekcy kta vqtibkya` ph kcemg }epb

pba iqtteiqck'‟;;6

Ky }epb VKTII# YDKI taiaeza` k

yqvvcaoagpkc k}kt` hj $;1'5 oeccehg ph–bacv‟ ypkpay ohza ph ihoohg ypkg`kt`y

kg` kyyayyoagpy';;; YDKI ghpay pbkp ep }ecc

qya pba arptk jaàtkc jqgègm –ph ikttu hqp

kipezepeay pbkp yqvvhtp epy oaodat ypkpay ky

pbau dameg ph eovcaoagp pba Ihoohg Ihta

Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y# egicqègm ' ' ' iqtteiqcqo

okpatekcy\'_‟;;4 Eg epy Yqvvcaoagpkc Jqgègm

Yihva Hzatzea} Pkdca `kpa` Nkgqktu ;:#

46;;# YDKI ètaipcu oagpehgy pba qya

hj jaàtkc jqg`y ph yqvvhtp iqtteiqcqo

okpatekcy# ky }acc ky k emepkc cedtktu';;9 Qgàt pba yqvvcaoagpkc k}kt`# YDKI egpag`y ph

kcchikpa jaàtkc jqg`y‐

․ –ph azachv iqtteiqcqo okpatekcy# eàgpeju

}beib ajjhtpy kta kcemga` ph pba YDKI

caktgegm vthmtayyehgy# kg` àga lau

kvvthkibay ph pakibegm kg` caktgegm‟;;0

․ –\ph_ ihgptkip\_ }epb vthjayyehgkc

htmkge~kpehgy# qgezatyepeay# kg` ghg/

vthp mthqvy ' ' ' ph k`kvp pbaet iqtteiqcqo

okpatekcy ph YDKI yvaieikpehgy phqvchk` ph pba èmepkc cedtktu‟;;1

․ –\ph qvchk`_ YDKI/kvvthza` iqtteiqcqo

okpatekcy ' ' ' ph pba èmepkc cedtktu'‟;;:

K`èpehgkccu# }epb pbaya jaàtkc jqg`y# YDKI

arvaipy ph itakpa k –ohàc iqtteiqcqo‟

kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy –kcemga` }epb

pba IIYY'‟;;= YDKI }ecc kcyh ta{qeta epy

oaodat ypkpay ph eovcaoagp yuypaokpeikccu

pba IIYY du jqccu egpamtkpegm kyyayyoagp}epb iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehg';;2

Pbthqmb pbaya k}kt`y# }beib qya kyyayyoagpy

ph cegl pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y hj

IIYYE }epb pba azachvoagp hj iqtteiqck kg`

egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy# VKTII kg` YDKI

"ky mtkgpaay hj pba @avktpoagp% agkdca pba

Ky }epb VKTII# YDKI taiaeza` kyqvvcaoagpkc k}kt` hj $;1'5 oeccehg ph

–bacv‟ ypkpay ohza ph ihoohg ypkg`kt`ykg` kyyayyoagpy' YDKI ghpay pbkp ep }ecc

qya pba arptk jaàtkc jqgègm –ph ikttu

hqp kipezepeay pbkp yqvvhtp epy oaodat ypkpay ky pbau dameg ph eovcaoagp

pba Ihoohg Ihta Ypkpa Ypkg`kt`y#egicqègm'''iqtteiqcqo okpatekcy'‟



;1


@avktpoagp ph `h egètaipcu pbkp }beib

jaàtkc ck} jhtde`y' Pba kyyayyoagp yuypaoy

pbkp VKTII kg` YDKI azachv kg` cazatkma

}epb jaàtkc jqg`y# phmapbat }epb pbaet bkg`y/hg kyyeypkgia eg eovcaoagpegm pba IIYY eg

yqdypkgpekccu kcc pba ypkpay# }ecc ètaip cktma

y}kpby hj ypkpa L/;4 iqtteiqck# vthmtkoy hj

egyptqipehg# kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy# ky

}acc ky bakzecu egqagia pba taokegàt'

Pba ckgmqkma qya` du dhpb ihgyhtpek eg

pbaet yqvvcaoagpkc jqgègm okpatekcy

cakzay gh {qaypehg kdhqp pbaet egpagpehgy

ph qya jaàtkc jqg`y ph àzachv iqtteiqckt

kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy dkya` hg pba

IIYY' VKTII―y yptkpamu ey ph –àzachv pba

bembayp vtehtepu iqtteiqckt kg` egyptqipehgkcphhcy ' ' ' '‟;;5 ph –bacv pakibaty àzachv k

àavat qgàtypkgègm hj pba IIYY kg` pbaet

egyptqipehgkc eovceikpehgy# kg` vthzeà aktcu

yemgkcy kdhqp pba puvay hj ' ' ' egyptqipehg

àokgà` du VKTII kyyayyoagpy‟;46 kg` ph

àzachv –ohàc ;4pb mtkà dte`ma ihqtyay'‟;4;

YDKI ey yeoecktcu ètaip> Ep egpag`y ph

kcchikpa jaàtkc jqg`y ph –àzachv iqtteiqcqo

okpatekcy ' ' ' kg` àga lau kvvthkibay ph

pakibegm kg` caktgegm‟;44 kg` –\ph_ ihgptkip\_

}epb vthjayyehgkc htmkge~kpehgy# qgezatyepeay#kg` ghg/vthp mthqvy ' ' ' ph k`kvp pbaet

iqtteiqcqo okpatekcy ph YDKI yvaieikpehgy

ph qvchk` ph pba èmepkc cedtktu'‟;49 Pbaya

VKTII kg` YDKI yqvvcaoagpkc jqgègm

okpatekcy# phmapbat }epb taiagp kipehgy pklag

du pba @avktpoagp ihgiatgegm AYAK }kezat

ta{qetaoagpy# bkza vckia` pba kmagiu hg

k thk` pbkp }ecc iatpkegcu ikqya ep ph ithyy

pba cega hj ypkpqphtu vthbedepehgy kmkegyp

jaàtkc ètaipehg# yqvatzeyehg ht ihgpthc

hj iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy ’ qvyappegm pba jaàtkc yuypao';40

Z' IHG@EPEHGKC GICD

]KEZAT VCKG

Eg 46;;# ypkpa kmepkpehg kdhqp GICD―y

kiihqgpkdecepu ta{qetaoagpy kg` pba ych}

vkia hj Ihgmtayy eg takqpbhte~egm pba AYAK

itakpa` k vhceiu zkiqqo pbkp pba Hdkok

Kòegeyptkpehg {qeilcu cca` pbthqmb

araiqpeza kipehg' Dqecègm hg epy Tkia ph pbaPhv egepekpezay# pbey ajjhtp }ecc yatza ph iaoagp

pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg` VKTII/

YDKI kyyayyoagpy eg ohyp ypkpay# yappegm

pba pkdca jht k gkpehgkc iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy

hj egyptqipehg# kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy'

]epb ihgèpehgy pbkp oeoei eovhtpkgp

acaoagpy hj Tkia ph pba Phv―y egmtaèagpy#

pba Ihgèpehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg }ecc

tayqcp eg pba @avktpoagp cazatkmegm pba ypkpay

egph k à jkiph chgm/pato gkpehgkc yuypaohj iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg# kg`

egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy# ghp}epbypkgègm pba

kdyagia hj camkc kqpbhtepu eg pba AYAK';41

Du }ku hj dkilmthqg`# hg Yavpaodat

49# 46;;# pba @avktpoagp kgghqgia` pba

Ihgèpehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg# }beib kcch}y

ypkpay ph }keza yazatkc oknht kiihqgpkdecepu

ta{qetaoagpy hj pba AYAK –eg aribkgma jht

Pba ckgmqkma qya` du dhpb ihgyhtpek egpbaet yqvvcaoagpkc jqgègm okpatekcy

cakzay gh {qaypehg kdhqp pbaet

egpagpehgy ph qya jaàtkc jqg`y phàzachv iqtteiqckt kg` egyptqipehgkcokpatekcy dkya` hg pba IIYY'

\P_ba Ihgèpehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg}ecc tayqcp eg pba @avktpoagp cazatkmegm

pba ypkpay egph k à jkiph chgm/patogkpehgkc yuypao hj iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy

hj egyptqipehg# kg` egyptqipehgkcokpatekcy# ghp}epbypkgègm pba kdyagia hj

camkc kqpbhtepu eg pba AYAK'



;:


temhthqy kg` ihovtabagyeza Ypkpa/àzachva`

vckgy àyemga` ph eovthza a`qikpehgkc

hqpihoay jht kcc ypqàgpy# ichya kibeazaoagp

mkvy# egitakya a{qepu# kg` eovthza pba {qkcepuhj a`qikpehg'‟;4: Pba AYAK ceypy yvaiei

epaoy pbkp k ypkpa oqyp egicqà eg k }kezat

ta{qayp ph pba Yaitapktu hj A`qikpehg';4=

Pbhya epaoy kta> ";% eàgpeikpehg hj pba

jaàtkc vthmtkoy kjjaipa` du pba vthvhya`

}kezat< "4% k àyitevpehg hj }beib jaàtkc

ypkpqphtu ht tamqckphtu ta{qetaoagpy kta

ph da }keza` kg` bh} pba }kezat hj pbhya

ta{qetaoagpy }ecc egitakya pba {qkcepu hj

egyptqipehg jht ypqàgpy kg` eovthza pbakikàoei kibeazaoagp hj ypqàgpy< "9% jht

akib yibhhc uakt# eàgpeikpehg hj yvaiei

oakyqtkdca a`qikpehgkc mhkcy jht pba ypkpa

a`qikpehgkc kmagiu "–YAK‟% kg` akib chikc

a`qikpehgkc kmagiu "–CAK‟%# Egèkg pteda# ht

yibhhc kjjaipa` du pba vhpagpekc }kezat< "0% k

àyitevpehg hj pba oapbh`y qya` ph oakyqta

kggqkccu pba vthmtayy jht oaapegm pbaya mhkcy

kg` hqpihoay< "1% kg arvckgkpehg hj bh} pba

}kezat }ecc kyyeyp pba YAK kg` akib kjjaipa`

CAK# Egèkg pteda# ht yibhhc eg takibegmpbhya mhkcy< kg` ":% k àyitevpehg hj bh} k

yibhhc }ecc ihgpegqa ph vthzeà kyyeypkgia

ph pba ykoa vhvqckpehg yatza` du pba AYAK

vthmtko jht }beib k }kezat ey ta{qaypa`';42

Pba Ihgèpehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg `hay kcc

pbey kg` oqib ohta'

Itepeikccu# eg aribkgma jht taiaezegm k }kezat#

pba @avktpoagp ta{qetay ypkpay ph kmtaa ph jhqt

ihgèpehgy> ";% k`hvp ihccama/ kg` iktaat/takù

ypkg`kt`y;45 eg kp cakyp takègm(ckgmqkma ktpykg` okpbaokpeiy kg` àzachv kg` kòegeypat

kggqkc# ypkpa}eà# kcemga` kyyayyoagpy pbkp

oakyqta ypqàgp mth}pb eg kp cakyp mtkày 9

pbthqmb 2 kg` kp cakyp hgia eg bemb yibhhc<

"4% àzachv kg` eovcaoagp èjjatagpekpa`

kiihqgpkdecepu yuypaoy pbkp taihmge~a ypqàgp

mth}pb kg` vthzeà egpatzagpehgy jht pba

ch}ayp/vatjhtoegm yibhhcy kg` pbhya }epb

pba cktmayp kibeazaoagp mkvy< "9% àzachv

kg` eovcaoagp ga} yuypaoy jht azkcqkpegm

vtegievkc kg` pakibat vatjhtokgia# dkya` eg vktp hg ypqàgp kikàoei mth}pb< kg` "0%

taohza dqtàgyhoa tavhtpegm ta{qetaoagpy

pbkp bkza ceppca eovkip hg ypqàgp hqpihoay';96

Akib ypkpa oqyp oaap pbaya ihgèpehgy eg

htàt jht pba Yaitapktu ph mtkgp pba }kezat

kvvceikpehg‐k àieyehg ihovcapacu }epbeg

pba èyitapehg hj pba Yaitapktu qgàt pba

Ihgèpehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg';9;

Pba @avktpoagp ta{qetay YAKy yaalegm

}kezaty ph okla yazatkc àieyehgy# p}h

hj }beib kta ayvaiekccu tacazkgp ph pbhyaihgiatga` kdhqp pba @avktpoagp―y cameyckpeza

ceoepkpehgy' Jetyp# pba ypkpa oqyp àickta

}bapbat ep bky –k`hvpa` ihccama/ kg` iktaat/

takù ypkg`kt`y‟ eg takègm(ckgmqkma ktpy kg`

okpbaokpeiy –pbkp kta ihoohg ph k yemgeikgp

gqodat hj Ypkpay‟ ihgyeypagp }epb pba

@avktpoagp―y àgepehg hj yqib ypkg`kt`y‐

eg ajjaip# pba IIYY';94 Kcpatgkpezacu# ypkpay

oku k`hvp yqib ypkg`kt`y iatpea` du epy ypkpa

gap}htl hj egypepqpehgy hj bembat a`qikpehg#

ky chgm ky pbau kta ihgyeypagp }epb pba@avktpoagp―y àgepehg hj yqib ypkg`kt`y‐

pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y';99 Yaihg`#

eg epy kvvceikpehg# pba ypkpa oqyp àickta

}bapbat ep ey –vktpeievkpegm eg hga hj pba

p}h Ypkpa ihgyhtpek \VKTII ht YDKI_ pbkp

taiaeza` k mtkgp qgàt pba Tkia ph pba Phv

Kyyayyoagp ihovapepehg'‟;90 Ej ghp# pba ypkpa

Jetyp# pba ypkpa oqyp àickta }bapbat epbky –k`hvpa` ihccama/ kg` iktaat/takùypkg`kt`y‟ eg takègm(ckgmqkma ktpy kg`

okpbaokpeiy –pbkp kta ihoohg ph kyemgeikgp gqodat hj Ypkpay‟ ihgyeypagp}epb pba @avktpoagp―y àgepehg hj yqib

ypkg`kt`y‐eg ajjaip# pba IIYY'



;=


oqyp tavtayagp pbkp ep ey vckggegm ph k`hvp#

ht bky kctakù k`hvpa` kg` kòegeypata`#

–ypkpa}eà kcemga`# bemb/{qkcepu kyyayyoagpy

pbkp oakyqta ypqàgp mth}pb eg takègm(ckgmqkma ktpy kg` eg okpbaokpeiy eg kp cakyp

mtkày 9/2 kg` kp cakyp hgia eg bemb yibhhc eg

kcc CAKy'‟;91 f

Pba Ihgèpehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg

vthzeày p}h hvvhtpqgepeay jht ypkpay ph

kvvcu jht }kezaty ’ Ghzaodat ;0# 46;;#

kg` Jadtqktu 4;# 46;4' Hg Ghzaodat ;0#

acazag ypkpay ca` ta{qaypy jht }kezaty';9:

]epb ja} ariavpehgy# akib ypkpa àickta` pbkp

ep bky –k`hvpa` ihccama/ kg` iktaat/takù

ypkg`kt`y eg kp cakyp takègm ckgmqkma ktpy kgòkpbaokpeiy pbkp kta ihoohg ph k yemgeikgp

gqodat hj ypkpay‟‐pba IIYY';9= "Oeggayhpk

k`hvpa` pba IIYY jht takègm(ckgmqkma ktpy

dqp ghp jht okpbaokpeiy# kg` Lagpqilu# pba

typ ypkpa ph k`hvp pba IIYY eg 46;6# bky

k`hvpa` Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kvvthza`

du epy ypkpa gap}htl hj bembat a`qikpehg

egypepqpehgy'%;92 Pag hj pba egepekc acazag ypkpay

cegm ta{qaypy jht }kezaty vktpeievkpa eg kp

cakyp –hga hj p}h Ypkpa ihgyhtpek pbkp taiaeza`

k mtkgp qgàt pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagpihovapepehg‟‐VKTII ht YDKI';95 Kghpbat

p}agpu/aembp ypkpay kg` Vqatph Teih bkza

egjhtoa` pba @avktpoagp pbkp pbau egpag`

ph kvvcu jht }kezaty du pba yaihg` àk`cega

hj Jadtqktu 4;# 46;4';06 Ej pba egepekc cegmy

kta kgu egèikpehg# ohyp ypkpay yaalegm

}kezaty eg Jadtqktu }ecc kcyh ihooep ph pba

Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg` VKTII/YDKI

kyyayyoagpy eg aribkgma jht }kezaty hj

GICD―y kiihqgpkdecepu ta{qetaoagpy';0;

Mezag pba ypkpay― gakt qgezatykc kiiavpkgia

hj IIYY kg` pba ihoohg kyyayyoagp

ihgyhtpek# pba @avktpoagp―y kgghqgiaoagp

hj pba Ihgèpehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg ey ghp

yqtvteyegm' Egàa`# ph hdpkeg k }kezat# ypkpay

oqyp k`hvp kg` eovcaoagp ihoohg ypkg`kt`y

kg` kyyayyoagpy' Pba @avktpoagp yap pba

pkdca eg 4665 kg` 46;6# qyegm pba Tkia ph pba


Vthmtko ph agpeia ihovapegm ypkpay egphkiiavpegm pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg`

pba kyyayyoagp ihgyhtpek' ]epb kg aua hg pba

46;0/;1 kikàoei uakt# pba ihgyhtpek kta qyegm

pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y ph àzachv pbaet

kyyayyoagpy }epb pba mhkc hj }tepegm ihgpagp

jht iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj egyptqipehg#

kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy' Pba Ihgèpehgkc

GICD ]kezat Vckg }ecc agyqta pbkp gaktcu

azatu ypkpa yaalegm k }kezat taokegy jhtazat

ihooeppa` ph pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y

hj IIYYE# VKTII/YDKI kyyayyoagpy# kg`pba iqtteiqcqo# vthmtko# kg` egyptqipehgkc

ibkgmay pbkp pbau egyveta' Kgu ypkpa ajjhtp

ph qgpapbat jtho pba ihgèpehgy eovhya`

du pba @avktpoagp eg aribkgma jht bkzegm

taiaeza` kg AYAK }kezat }ecc iatpkegcu

tayqcp eg pba @avktpoagp tazhlegm pba }kezat'

Ohtahzat# mezag pba arpagyeza ihovcekgia

Pba Ihgèpehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg }eccagyqta pbkp gaktcu azatu ypkpa yaalegm

k }kezat taokegy jhtazat ihooeppa` phpba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y hj IIYYE#

VKTII/YDKI kyyayyoagpy# kg` pba

iqtteiqcqo# vthmtko# kg` egyptqipehgkcibkgmay pbkp pbau egyveta'

Kgu ypkpa ajjhtp ph qgpapbat jtho pbaihgèpehgy eovhya` du pba @avktpoagp

eg aribkgma jht bkzegm taiaeza` kgAYAK }kezat }ecc iatpkegcu tayqcp eg pba

@avktpoagp tazhlegm pba }kezat'Cela pba `k~a` ptkzacat eg pba vhvqckt Akmcay― yhgm Bhpac Ikcejhtgek# ypkpay

ikg ibail hqp kgu peoa pbau }kgp# dqp pbau ikg gazat cakza'



;2


ihypy eovhya` du pba }kezat "Ikcejhtgek bky

tajqya` ph yaal }kezaty hg ihyp mthqg`y%# pba

celacebhh` hj kgu ypkpa `hegm yh kjpat bkzegm

yvagp yemgeikgp jqg`y ta{qeta` du pba }kezat ihgèpehgy ey oegeokc' Cela pba k~a` ptkzacat

eg pba vhvqckt Akmcay― yhgm Bhpac Ikcejhtgek#

ypkpay ikg ibail hqp kgu peoa pbau }kgp# dqp

pbau ikg gazat cakza'

ZE' IHGICQYEHGY KG@

TAIHOOAG@KPEHGY

Nhyavb K' Ikcejkgh# Nt'# jhtoat Yaitapktu hj

Bakcpb# A`qikpehg# kg` ]acjkta# hgia }thpa#

–Eg epy ohyp arptaoa jhto# gkpehgkc ihgpthchj iqtteiqcqo ey k jhto hj gkpehgkc ihgpthc hj

eàky'‟;04 Qgjhtpqgkpacu# eg pbtaa ybhtp uakty#

pba vtayagp Kòegeyptkpehg bky vckia` pba

gkpehg hg pba thk` ph k gkpehgkc iqtteiqcqo'

Du cazatkmegm jqg`y pbthqmb epy Tkia ph pba


Vthmtko# pba @avktpoagp bky kiiacatkpa`

pba eovcaoagpkpehg hj ihoohg ypkg`kt`y eg

Agmceyb ckgmqkma ktpy kg` okpbaokpeiy kg`

pba àzachvoagp hj ihoohg kyyayyoagpy dkya` hg pbhya ypkg`kt`y' Du VKTII―y kg`

YDKI―y kòeyyehg# pbaya ypkg`kt`y kg`

kyyayyoagpy }ecc itakpa ihgpagp jht ypkpa

L/;4 iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy'

Pba @avktpoagp bky yeovcu vke` hpbaty ph `h

pbkp }beib ep ey jhtde`àg ph `h' Pbey pkipei

ybhqc` ghp eghiqckpa pba @avktpoagp kmkegyp

pba iqtteiqcqo vthbedepehgy eovhya` du

Ihgmtayy'

Pba kqpbhty qgàtypkg` pbkp pba Ihoohg Ihta

ypkg`kt`y ypktpa` ky kg egepekpeza hj pba GMK

Iagpat kg` pba IIYYH# dqp pba @avktpoagp―y

àieyehg ph iaoagp pba qya hj pba ypkg`kt`ykg` kyyayyoagp ihgyhtpek pbthqmb }kezat

ihgèpehgy‐k vh}at pbkp Ihgmtayy bky ghp

mtkgpa` eg pba }kezat ypkpqpa‐ibkgmay okppaty

ihgyeàtkdcu' Mezag pba egpagya àyeta hj

ohyp ypkpay ph ayikva pba ypteip kiihqgpkdecepu

ta{qetaoagpy hj pba AYAK# ohyp ypkpay }ecc

kmtaa ph pba @avktpoagp―y ihgèpehgy eg

htàt ph hdpkeg }kezaty' Du kiiavpegm pba

@avktpoagp―y ihgèpehgy# pbaya ypkpay }ecc

da dhqg` egàgepacu ph pba Ihoohg Ihtaypkg`kt`y# VKTII/YDKI kyyayyoagpy# kg`

pba iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehgkc oh`qcay

pbkp kteya jtho pbhya kyyayyoagpy' Ky kctakù

azeàgia` du pba acazag ypkpay pbkp bkza

kctakù kvvcea` jht }kezaty# ohyp ypkpay }ecc

kiiavp pba Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg`

pba VKTII/YDKI kyyayyoagp ihgyhtpek

ihgèpehgy' Hgia pbey ihgyqookpehg hiiqty#

pba @avktpoagp }ecc ghp vatoep k ypkpa ph }kcl

k}ku jtho pbkp ihooepoagp }epbhqp pba ypkpa

chyegm epy ihzapa` }kezaty' Ep ey kcyh bembcu`hqdpjqc pbkp ypkpay }ecc pqtg k}ku jtho pba

Ihoohg Ihta ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy

kjpat oklegm pba bakzu egzaypoagp pbkp pbaya

egepekpezay ta{qeta' Eg pba zea} hj pba kqpbhty#

pbaya ajjhtpy }ecc gaiayyktecu tayqcp eg k à

jkiph gkpehgkc iqtteiqcqo kg` egyptqipehgkc

okpatekcy ajjaipezacu yqvatzeya`# ètaipa`#

ht ihgpthcca` du pba @avktpoagp pbthqmb pba

GICD }kezat vthiayy'

Eg cembp hj pbaya ihgicqyehgy# pbey vkvat oklayyazag taihooag`kpehgy>

․ Jetyp# Ihgmtayy ybhqc` eooaèkpacu vkyy

cameyckpehg icktejuegm pbkp pba @avktpoagp

ikgghp eovhya ihgèpehgy hg }kezaty

ta{qaypa` du ypkpay qgàt pba AYAK'

Du kiiavpegm pba @avktpoagp―yihgèpehgy# pbaya ypkpay }ecc da dhqg`

egàgepacu ph pba Ihoohg Ihtaypkg`kt`y# VKTII/YDKI

kyyayyoagpy# kg` pba iqtteiqcqokg` egyptqipehgkc oh`qcay pbkp kteya

jtho pbhya kyyayyoagpy'



;5


․ Yaihg`# pba kvvthvtekpa ihooeppaay

hj Ihgmtayy ybhqc` ihg`qip baktegmy

hg pba @avktpoagp―y eovcaoagpkpehg

hj pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg`# pba Tkiaph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko# kg`

pba Ihgèpehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg ph

kyiatpkeg pba @avktpoagp―y ihovcekgia

}epb MAVK# pba @AHK# kg` pba AYAK'

․ Pbet`# Ihgmtayy ybhqc` tazea} pba

iqtteiqcqo kg` tackpa` vthbedepehgy eg

MAVK# pba @AHK# kg` pba AYAK ph

àpatoega }bapbat cameyckpehg ybhqc`

da egpth`qia` ph yptagmpbag pba dkg hg

jaàtkc egzhczaoagp eg acaoagpktu kg`yaihg`ktu iqtteiqcqo# vthmtkoy hj

egyptqipehg# kg` egyptqipehgkc okpatekcy'

․ Jhqtpb# Ihgmtayy ybhqc` ta{qayp pba

Q'Y' Mhzatgoagp Kiihqgpkdecepu Hjia

"MKH% ph ihg`qip k ihovtabagyeza

tazea} hj pba acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu

a`qikpehg vthmtkoy hj pba @avktpoagp#

egicqègm vthmtkoy eovcaoagpa` qgàt

pba KTTK kg` AYAK# ph eàgpeju pbhya

pbkp jkec ph ihovcu }epb MAVK# pba@AHK# kg` pba AYAK vthbedepehgy# }epb

pba MKH yqdoeppegm ph pba ibketoag

kg` tkglegm oaodaty hj pba kvvthvtekpa

ihooeppaay k }teppag tavhtp }epb yvaiei

gègmy du gh ckpat pbkg Yavpaodat 96#

46;4'

․ Jejpb# pba Ihgmtayy ybhqc` ta{qeta pba

Yaitapktu ph qgàtpkla k tazea} hj pba

@avktpoagp―y tamqckpehgy kvvaktegm

kp Pepca 90 hj pba Ihà hj Jaàtkc

Tamqckpehgy# ky }acc ky mqe`kgia tackpegmph acaoagpktu kg` yaihg`ktu vthmtkoy#

ph eàgpeju pbhya pbkp jkec ph ihovcu }epb

MAVK# pba @AHK# kg` pba AYAK# }epb

pba Yaitapktu yqdoeppegm ph pba ibketoag

kg` tkglegm oaodaty hj pba kvvthvtekpa

ihooeppaay k }teppag tavhtp }epb yvaiei

gègmy du gh ckpat pbkg Yavpaodat 96#

46;4'

․ Yerpb# Mhzatghty# Ypkpa Yqvategpagàgpy

hj A`qikpehg# Ypkpa Dhkt`y hj A`qikpehg#

kg` Ypkpa Cameyckphty ybhqc` taihgyeàt

pbaet tayvaipeza ypkpay― àieyehgy ph

vktpeievkpa eg pba IIYYE# pba Tkia ph

pba Phv Jqg`# kg` pba Tkia ph pba Phv

Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko'

․ Yazagpb# pba acazag ypkpay pbkp bkza

kvvcea` jht }kezaty qgàt pba

@avktpoagp―y Ihgèpehgkc GICD

]kezat Vckg ybhqc` koag` pbaet }kezat

kvvceikpehgy ph àcapa pba @avktpoagp―yjhqt ghg/ypkpqphtu ihgèpehgy< ypkpay pbkp

kvvcu eg thqg` p}h ybhqc` hoep pba jhqt

ihgèpehgy jtho pbaet kvvceikpehgy kg`

egicqà hgcu pba ypkpqphtu ta{qetaoagpy

hj 46 Q'Y'I' § =2:;'



46


Kdhqp pba Kqpbhty>

Thdatp Y' Aepac ey k jhqgègm oaodat hj

Pkcdatp * Aepac# VCCI# kg a`qikpehg kgàovchuoagp ck} to eg ]kybegmphg# @'I'

Ba k`zeyay iceagpy hg a`qikpehg/tackpa`

cameyckpehg# tamqckpehgy# mqe`kgia# kg` ikyay'

Bey iceagpy egicqà egypepqpehgy hj bembat

a`qikpehg# ibktpat yibhhc htmkge~kpehgy#

kiitaèpegm kmagieay# vthjayyehgkc kg` ptkà

kyyhiekpehgy# k`zhikiu mthqvy# kg` ghg/

vthp agpepeay' Jtho 466: ph 4665# Ot' Aepac

yatza` ky @avqpu Magatkc Ihqgyac hj pba

Q'Y' @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg'

Lagp @' Pkcdatp ey k ih/jhqgàt hj Pkcdatp

* Aepac# VCCI' Bey vtkipeia egicqày

camkc yatzeiay ph ihccamay kg` qgezatyepeay#

kiitaèpegm kmagieay# pba L/;4 a`qikpehg

yaipht# ibktpat yibhhc htmkge~kpehgy#

vthjayyehgkc kg` ptkà htmkge~kpehgy# kg`

hpbaty eg pba a`qikpehg yaipht' Vteht ph

aypkdceybegm pba to# ba yatza` ky Magatkc

Ihqgyac hj pba Q'Y' @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg

jtho 466:/4665# }bata ba kipa` ky pba

ibeaj camkc k`zeyat ph Yaitapktu hj A`qikpehgOktmktap Yvaccegmy'

]eccekoyhg O' Azaty# k tayaktib jacch}

kp pba Bhhzat Egypepqpehg kg` k oaodat

hj pba Egypepqpehg―y Lhtap Pkyl Jhtia hg

L’;4 A`qikpehg# yvaiekce~ay eg tayaktib hg

a`qikpehg vhceiu ayvaiekccu ky ep vatpkegy ph

iqtteiqcqo# pakibegm# paypegm# kiihqgpkdecepu#

kg` yibhhc gkgia jtho legàtmktpag pbthqmb

bemb yibhhc' Azaty }ky pba Q'Y' Kyyeypkgp

Yaitapktu hj A`qikpehg jht Vckggegm#Azkcqkpehg# kg` Vhceiu @azachvoagp jtho

466= ph 4665' Ba }ky k yageht k`zeyat ph Q'Y'

Yaitapktu hj A`qikpehg Oktmktap Yvaccegmy

`qtegm 466=' Jtho Nqcu ph @aiaodat 4669#

Azaty yatza` eg Etk{ ky k yageht k`zeyat jht

a`qikpehg ph Kòegeyptkpht C' Vkqc Dtaoat hj

pba Ihkcepehg Vthzeyehgkc Kqpbhtepu'

Kdhqp Vehgaat>

Vehgaat Egypepqpa ey kg egàvagàgp#

ghg/vktpeykg# vtezkpacu jqgà` tayaktibhtmkge~kpehg pbkp yaaly ph ibkgma pba

egpaccaipqkc iceokpa eg pba Ihoohg}akcpb

du yqvvhtpegm yibhcktybev pbkp ibkccagmay pba

–ihgzagpehgkc }ey`ho‟ hg Okyykibqyappy

vqdcei vhceiu eyyqay'

Jhcch} qy hg P}eppat>

bppv>((p}eppat'iho(VehgaatDhyphg

Jeg` qy hg Jkiadhhl>

bppv>((}}}'jkiadhhl'iho(VehgaatEgypepqpa



4;


Ag`ghpay

;' 46 Q'Y'I' § ;494k "pba Magatkc A`qikpehg Vthzeyehgy Kip ceoepkpehg hg jaàtkc egzhczaoagp eg

iqtteiqcqo%< 46 Q'Y'I' § 9069"d% "pba @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg Htmkge~kpehg Kip ceoepkpehg%< 46Q'Y'I' § =56="k% "pba Acaoagpktu kg` Yaihg`ktu A`qikpehg Kip ceoepkpehg%'

4' Pbhqmb pba Koateikg Taihzatu kg` Taegzaypoagp Kip# Vqd' C' Gh' ;;;/1# ;49 Ypkp' ;;1 "4665%#

kg` ghp pba AYAK kqpbhte~a` pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` kg` pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko#

Ihgmtayy bky tavakpa`cu ypkpa` eg pba AYAK pbkp ypkg`kt`y kg` kyyayyoagpy kta pba kqpbhtepu

hj ypkpay# ghp pba jaàtkc mhzatgoagp' Yaa 46 Q'Y'I' § :9;;"d%";%"K% "–\K_ Ypkpa ybkcc ghp da

ta{qeta` ph yqdoep yqib ypkg`kt`y \Pepca E ihgpagp kg` kibeazaoagp ypkg`kt`y_ ph pba Yaitapktu'‟%<

46 Q'Y'I' § :9;;"a%";%"J% "–Pba Yaitapktu ybkcc ' ' ' ghp bkza pba kqpbhtepu ph ta{qeta k Ypkpa# ky k

ihgèpehg hj kvvthzkc hj pba Ypkpa \Pepca E_ vckg# ph egicqà eg# ht àcapa jtho# yqib vckg hga ht ohta

yvaiei acaoagpy hj pba Ypkpa―y kikàoei ihgpagp ypkg`kt`y ht ph qya yvaiei kikàoei kyyayyoagp

egyptqoagpy ht epaoy'‟%< 46 Q'Y'I' § :1=1 "–Ghpbegm eg pbey pepca \Pepca E hj AYAK_ ybkcc da ihgyptqa`ph kqpbhte~a kg hjiat ht aovchuaa hj pba Jaàtkc Mhzatgoagp ph okg`kpa# ètaip# ht ihgpthc k Ypkpa#

chikc a`qikpehgkc kmagiu# ht yibhhc―y yvaiei egyptqipehgkc ihgpagp# kikàoei kibeazaoagp ypkg`kt`y

kg` kyyayyoagpy# iqtteiqcqo# ht vthmtko hj egyptqipehg'‟%' KTTK è` ghp ibkgma pbey ckgmqkma'

9' Pba kqpbhtepu jht pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` ey §§ ;0661 kg` ;066:"k%"4% hj pba Koateikg Taihzatu

kg` Taegzaypoagp Kip hj 4665# Vqd' C' Gh' ;;;/1# ;49 Ypkp' ;;1# 424/429 "4665%' Yaa kcyh Tkia ph

pba Phv Jqg`# Vqtvhya# bppv>((}}}4'a`'mhz(vthmtkoy(tkiaphpbaphv(egàr'bpoc "ckyp zeyepa` Nkg' ;9#

46;4%'

0' Pba kqpbhtepu jht pba Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko ey §§ ;0661 kg` ;066:"k%"4% hj pba

Koateikg Taihzatu kg` Taegzaypoagp Kip hj 4665# Vqd' C' Gh' ;;;/1# ;49 Ypkp' ;;1# 424/429

"4665%' Yaa kcyh Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko# Vqtvhya#bppv>((}}}4'a`'mhz(vthmtkoy(tkiaphpbaphv/kyyayyoagp(egàr'bpoc "ckyp zeyepa` Nkg' ;9# 46;4%'

1' Pba @avktpoagp―y AYAK Jcaredecepu mqe`kgia ey tajatta` ph pbthqmbhqp ky k –Ihgèpehgkc GICD

]kezat Vckg#‟ mezag pbkp pba jhqt –vtegievcay‟ pbkp oqyp da oap ph da acemedca jht k }kezat kta

jqgipehgkccu –ihgèpehgy'‟ Pba jhqt ihgèpehgy# èyiqyya` eg Vktp Z kta> ";% k`hvp ihccama kg` iktaat/

takù ypkg`kt`y eg kp cakyp takègm(ckgmqkma ktpy kg` okpbaokpeiy# kg` àzachv kg` kòegeypat

kggqkc# ypkpa}eà# kcemga` bemb {qkcepu kyyayyoagpy pbkp oakyqta ypqàgp mth}pb eg kp cakyp mtkày

9/2 kg` kp cakyp hgia eg bemb yibhhc< "4% àzachv kg` eovcaoagp èjjatagpekpa` kiihqgpkdecepu yuypaoy

pbkp taihmge~a ypqàgp mth}pb# kg` vthzeà egpatzagpehgy jht pba ch}ayp/vatjhtoegm yibhhcy kg` pbhya

}epb pba cktmayp kibeazaoagp mkvy< "9% àzachv kg` eovcaoagp ga} yuypaoy jht azkcqkpegm vtegievkc

kg` pakibat vatjhtokgia# dkya` hg ypqàgp kikàoei mth}pb< kg` "0% taohza dqtàgyhoa tavhtpegmta{qetaoagpy pbkp bkza ceppca eovkip hg ypqàgp hqpihoay' Q'Y' @av―p hj a@Qi'# aYaK jcaredecepu 9/1

"46;;%# kzkeckdca kp

bppv>((}}}'a`'mhz(ayak(aredecepu'

:' Yaa yqvtk ghpay 9/1'

=' Acaoagpktu# Yaihg`ktu# kg` Hpbat A`qikpehg Koagòagpy hj ;5:5 § 044# Vqd' C' Gh' 5;/496#

20 Ypkp' ;4;# ;:5 ";5=6%# koagègm Pepca EZ hj Vqd' C' Gh' 56/40=' Pba ihttayvhgègm iqttagp ck}



44


vthzeyehg ey 46 Q'Y'I' § ;494k'

2' 46 Q'Y'I' § ;494k'

5' 46 Q'Y'I' §§ ;44;"i%";%# ;490e"4%'

;6' 46 Q'Y'I' § ;494k'

;;' E` '

;4' E` '

;9' 46 Q'Y'I' § 90;;'

;0' 46 Q'Y'I' § 9069"d%'

;1' E` ';:' E` '

;=' 46 Q'Y'I' § 906;"0%'

;2' 46 Q'Y'I' § 9069"k%'

;5' Y' T av' Gh' 5:/05# kp ;6 ";5=5%'

46' Y' T av' Gh' 5:/05# kp 51 ";5=5%'

4;' B'T' T av' Gh' 51/;19;# kp 0; ";5=2%'

44' B'T' T av' Gh' 51/;19;# kp 01/0: ";5=2%'

49' B'T' T av' Gh' 51/;19;# kp 0= ";5=2%'

40' 46 Q'Y'I' § =56="k%'

41' Pbhqmb pba ckyp ickqya hj pbey yaipehg hj ck} }ky kp eyyqa eg Yibhhc @eypteip hj pba Iepu hj Vhgpeki

z' Yaitapktu hj pba Qgepa` Ypkpay @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg# 120 J'9` 419# 4=0 ":pb Iet' 4665%#

eg èipk# pba Qgepa` Ypkpay Ihqtp hj Kvvakcy jht pba Yerpb Ietiqep ghpa` pba typ vktp hj pba parp

–vtazagpy jaàtkc hjiaty jtho ihgpthccegm yibhhc iqtteiqck'‟

4:' 46 Q'Y'I' § =56="d%'

4=' 46 Q'Y'I' §§ ;494k# 9069"d%# =56="k%' Pba kqpbhtepu jht pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg` kg` Tkia

ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko ey §§ ;0661 kg` ;066:"k%"4% hj pba Koateikg Taihzatu kg`

Taegzaypoagp Kip hj 4665# Vqd' C' Gh' ;;;/1# ;49 Ypkp' ;;1# 424/429 "4665%# kg` ghp pba AYAK'

Kiihtègmcu# hgcu MAVK kg` pba @AHK kta èyiqyya` eg pba kgkcuyey hj pba Tkia ph pba Phv Jqg`

kg` Tkia ph pba Phv Kyyayyoagp Vthmtko'

42' 46 Q'Y'I' § 9069"k%'



49


45' Yaa Kdhqp pba Ypkg`kt`y# bppv>((}}}'ihtaypkg`kt`y'htm(kdhqp/pba/ypkg`kt`y "ckyp zeyepa` Nkg' ;9#

46;4%< Jta{qagpcu Kyla` [qaypehgy# bppv>((}}}'ihtaypkg`kt`y'htm(jta{qagpcu/kyla`/{qaypehgy"ckyp

zeyepa` Nkg' ;9# 46;4%'

96' Yaa Vthiayy# bppv>((}}}'ihtaypkg`kt`y'htm(kdhqp/pba/ypkg`kt`y(vthiayy "ckyp zeyepa` Nkg' ;9#

46;4%'

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42


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taihooag`kpehgy hg pba gqodat hj ypkpay }epbeg k ihgyhtpeqo< yaa egjtk ghpa =:'

=:' =0 Ja`' Tam' 15#=99 "Ghz' ;2# 4665% "aovbkyey k`à`%'

==' Yaa yqvtk ghpa :1 jht pba k}kt` hj bemb vhegpy ph ypkpay pbkp kta k vktp hj k ypkg`kt`y ihgyhtpeqo

pbkp egicqày k oknhtepu hj pba ypkpay'

=2' Cappat jtho Thdatp Yihpp# Ihooeyyehgat# Parky A`qikpehg Kmagiu# ph Qgepa` Ypkpay Yagkpht Nhbg

Ihtgug "Ghz' 41# 4665%# kzkeckdca kp

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=5' E` '

26' E` '

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24' =1 Ja`' Tam' ;2#;=; "Kvt' 5# 46;6%< yaa kcyh ihhvaTKpeza KMTaaoaGp dap]aaG pba Q'Y'

@avKTpoaGp hj a@QiKpehG KG@ pba vKTpGaTYbev jhT KYYaYYoaGp hj T aK@eGaYY hj ihccaMa KG@

iKTaaTY 1 "46;;%# kzkeckdca kp

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pba

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29' =1 Ja`' Tam' ;2#;== "Kvt' 5# 46;6% "–Ihoohg yap hj ihccama/ kg` iktaat/takù ypkg`kt`y‟ oakgy

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kg` da kdca ph `h kp akib mtkà cazac< "d% ej okypata`# }hqc` agyqta pbkp pba ypqàgp ey ihccama/ kg`

iktaat/takù ' ' ' du pba peoa hj bemb yibhhc mtk`qkpehg< kg` "i% kta yqdypkgpekccu eàgpeikc kithyy

kcc Ypkpay eg k ihgyhtpeqo' K Ypkpa oku yqvvcaoagp pba ihoohg yap hj ihccama/ kg` iktaat/takù

ypkg`kt`y }epb k`èpehgkc ihgpagp ypkg`kt`y# vthzeà` pbkp pba k`èpehgkc ypkg`kt`y `h ghp ihovteya

ohta pbkg ;1 vatiagp hj pba Ypkpa―y phpkc ypkg`kt`y jht pbkp ihgpagp ktak'‟%'20' =1 Ja`' Tam' ;2#;=; "Kvtec 5# 46;6%'

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45


22' @avktpoagpy hj Ckdht# Bakcpb kg` Bqokg Yatzeiay# kg` A`qikpehg# kg` Tackpa` Kmagieay

Kvvthvtekpehgy Kip# ;552 § 961"k%# Vqd' C' Gh' ;61/=2# ;;; Ypkp' ;0:=# ;161 ";55=%'

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56' Yaa 46 Q'Y'I' § =565"k% "–\G_h jqg`y vthzeà` qgàt pbey Kip \AYAK_ ph pba Yaitapktu ht ph

pba taieveagp hj kgu k}kt` oku da qya` ph àzachv# vechp payp# ac` payp# eovcaoagp# kòegeypat#

ht èyptedqpa kgu jaàtkccu yvhgyhta` payp eg takègm# okpbaokpeiy# ht kgu hpbat yqdnaip# qgcayy

yvaieikccu kg` arvceiepcu kqpbhte~a` du ck}'‟%' Ihgmtayy vthzeà` k ceoepa` ariavpehg jht

egpatgkpehgkc ihovktkpeza kyyayyoagpy kòegeypata` ph k tavtayagpkpeza ykovca hj vqvecy qgàt

pba Pbet` Egpatgkpehgkc Okpbaokpeiy kg` Yieagia Ypqù "PEOYY%' 46 Q'Y'I' § =565"d%%< yaa kcyh

46 Q'Y'I' § ;494n"k% "–\G_h jqg`y vthzeà` ph pba @avktpoagp hj A`qikpehg ht ph kg kvvceikdca

vthmtko# oku da qya` ph vechp payp# ac` payp# eovcaoagp# kòegeypat ht èyptedqpa eg kgu }ku

kgu jaàtkccu yvhgyhta` gkpehgkc payp eg takègm# okpbaokpeiy# ht kgu hpbat yqdnaip pbkp ey ghpyvaieikccu kg` arvceiepcu vthzeà` jht eg kqpbhte~egm cameyckpehg agkipa` egph ck}'‟%' Bata# Ihgmtayy

kcyh vthzeà` k ceoepa` ariavpehg jht PEOYY kg` hpbat egpatgkpehgkc ihovktkpeza kyyayyoagpy

kòegeypata` ph k tavtayagpkpeza ykovca hj vqvecy' 46 Q'Y'I' § ;494n"d%'

5;' =1 Ja`' Tam' ;2#;=0 "Kvt' 5# 46;6%'

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59' Yaa e`' kp ;' Pba VKTII Ihgyhtpeqo ihgyeypy hj p}agpu/pbtaa ypkpay "KC# K^# KT# IH# JC#

MK# EC# EG# LU# CK# O@# OK# OY# GN# GO# GU# G@# HB# HL# VK# TE# YI# PG% kg` pba @eypteip

hj Ihcqodek# kzkeckdca kp bppv>((}}}'vktiihgcega'htm(kdhqp/vktii "ckyp zeyepa` Nkg' ;9# 46;4%' Pba

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51' Mtkgp k}kt` ghpeikpehg cappat jtho Nhyavb Ihgkpu# @etaipht# Kikàoei Eovthzaoagp kg`

Pakibat [qkcepu Vthmtkoy# Hjia hj Acaoagpktu kg` Yaihg`ktu A`qikpehg# Q'Y' @avktpoagp hj

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52' Yaa e`' kp = "aovbkyey k`à`%'



96


55' Yaa e`'

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9;


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pbkp dqec` ph}kt`y ihccama kg` iktaat takègayy du pba peoa hj bemb yibhhc mtk`qkpehg' K Ypkpa―y

ihccama/ kg` iktaat/takù ypkg`kt`y oqyp da aepbat ";% ypkg`kt`y pbkp kta ihoohg ph k yemgeikgp

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a`qikpehg# }beib oqyp iatpeju pbkp ypqàgpy }bh oaap pba ypkg`kt`y }ecc ghp gaa` taoaèkc ihqtya

}htl kp pba vhypyaihg`ktu cazac'

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kqpbhtepu ph ta{qeta ihgèpehgy/dkya` }kezaty' Eg k`ègm jhqt ihgèpehgy ph pba ypkpqphtu ta{qetaoagpyjht k }kezat# pba @avktpoagp bky emghta` Ktpeica E# Yaipehg ; hj pba Q'Y' Ihgypepqpehg# }beib zaypy

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taihmge~a` pbey yazatkc ohgpby aktceat# }bag pba @avktpoagp phhl pba vhyepehg pbkp ihccama/kg`

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areypy eg pba AYAK ph vatoep pba Yaitapktu ph mtkgp }kezaty ph YAKy eg aribkgma jht ihgèpehgy'



94


Pba Yaitapktu qgeckpatkccu eyyqa` pba Ihgèpehgkc GICD ]kezat Vckg daikqya Ihgmtayy bk` ghp

uap takqpbhte~a` pba AYAK' Ky Vtayeàgp Hdkok ypkpa` hg Yavpaodat 49# 46;;# –Ihgmtayy bkyg―p

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pba iKdeGap 45= ";52;%'



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