The Peace Corps Performance and Accountability Report Fiscal Year 2007 annrept2007

8/14/2019 The Peace Corps Performance and Accountability Report Fiscal Year 2007 annrept2007
1/96
Vd Pgk Kjx
Pxnjxlgek gef Gkkjrevghvs XpjN c [ K G a S b G X 8 0 0

2/96
G PFN ~x{e vd{ xpxv { g~ggh gv %pgkkxp{%~*fk{% [ef fhgkm v vd Pgk Kxp{ gv vd lge gffx{{! x gv %pgkkxp{%~*kevg
Vd Pgk Kxp
Pxxlgek gef Gkkevghvs Xp
N c [ K G a S b G X 8 0 0
Pg F% K~xf Pgk Kxp{ Dgfwgxvx{ q vd [vxv E_ q _g{deve! FK 2

3/96
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ lc{{cje c{ vj pxjljvb wjxaf pbgkb gef nxcbef{dcp% _dcab lrkd dg{
kdgeobf ce vdb wjxaf {cekb vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ njrefceo ce 73>7! cv{ lc{{cje dg{ ejv%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ ojga{ gxb g{ xbab~gev vjfgs g{ vdbs wbxb 6> sbgx{ goj%

4/96
Kjevev{
L{{go xjl v Fcxkvjx
Lgegolev{ Fc{kr{{cje gef Gegas{c{
Lc{{cje gef Jxogecygvcjega [vxrkvrx
Ms Pxjxlgek Lg{rx{
Gegas{c{ j Ncegekcga [vgvlev{
Gegas{c{ j [s{vl{! Kjevxja{ gef Aoga Kjlpacgek
Lgeglev G{{xgek{
Kjx C{{r{
Gkvcje{ vj Gffx{{ Goeks, Cfevcnf Pxcjx Sgx Kgaaeo{
Goeks,Cfevcnf Nrvrx Kgaaeo{
Px{cfev{ Lgegolev Goefg [rllgxs
Pxjxlgek [kvcje
Geerga Pxjxlgek Xpjxv
Ncegekcga [kvcje
L{{go xjl v Kc Ncegekcga Jnkx
Ncegekcga [vgvlev{
Ejv{ vj v Ncegekcga [vgvlev{
Ce{pkvjx Oexga{ Grfcv Vxge{lcvvga Avvx
Grfcvjx{ Xpjxv
Jvx Gkkjlpgesceo Cejxlgvcje
V Ce{pkvjx Oexga{ [vgvlev je v Pgk Kjxp{Lgegolev gef Pxjxlgek Kgaaeo{
Goeks X{pje{ vj v Ce{pkvjx Oexga{ [vgvlevje v Pgk Kjxp{ Lgegolev gef Pxjxlgek Kgaaeo{
[rllgxs j Ncegekcga [vgvlev Grfcv gefLgegolev G{{rxgek{ Vga{
Gppefck{
Gppefct Grfcv Njaaj,Rp Gkvcje{
Gppefct Oaj{{gxs j Gkxjesl{

5/96
Vdc{ pgob g{ cevbevcjegaas abv hagem%

6/96
Je hbdga j gaa Glbxckge{ {bx~ceo ce vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ gxjref vdb jxaf! C gl pabg{bf vj pxb{bev vdb Pbgkb
Kjxp{ Pbxjxlgekb gef Gkkjrevghcacvs Xbpjxv jx {kga sbgx $NS# 800?% Vdc{ xbpjxv pxj~cfb{ ge gkkjrevj vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ egekcga gef pbxjxlgekb xb{rav{! beghaceo vdb Pxb{cfbev! Kjeoxb{{! gef vdb Glbxckge
pbjpab vj g{{b{{ vdb gobeks{ jpbxgvcje{ frxceo vdb pg{v sbgx%
[cekb 73>7! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ dg{ pgxvebxbf cvd 7;3 kjrevxcb{! gef ljxb vdge 730!000 Glbxckge{ dg~b {bx~bf
gxjref vdb jxaf kgxxsceo jrv vdb gobeks{ lc{{cje j pxjljvceo jxaf pbgkb gef xcbef{dcp% Vdb gobeks vxgk,
b{ cv{ xjjv{ gef lc{{cje vj vdb bgxas 73>0{! dbe vdbe,[begvjx Ijde N% Mbeebfs ce{pcxbf Glbxckge{ vj {bx~b
vdbcx kjrevxs ce vdb kgr{b j pbgkb hs ac~ceo gef jxmceo ce fb~bajpceo kjrevxcb{%
^jarevbbx{ {dgxb vdbcx vclb gef vgabev{ hs {bx~ceo g{ vbgkdbx{! hr{ceb{{ gf~c{jx{! sjrvd kjre{bajx{! goxckravrxb
gef be~cxjelbevga {pbkcgac{v{! gef dbgavd gef DC^*GCF[ bfrkgvjx{! kgxxsceo jrv vdb gobeks{ vdxbb ojga{9
7# vj dbap vdb pbjpab j cevbxb{vbf kjrevxcb{ ce lbbvceo vdbcx ebbf jx vxgcebf lbe gef jlbe=
8# vj dbap pxjljvb g hbvvbx refbx{vgefceo j Glbxckge{ je vdb pgxv j vdb pbjpab{ {bx~bf= gef
;# vj dbap pxjljvb g hbvvbx refbx{vgefceo j jvdbx pbjpab{ je vdb pgxv j Glbxckge{%
Gv vdb bef j NS 800?! 4!0?3 Glbxckge{ bxb {bx~ ceo g { Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{ gv >4 pj{v{ ce ?6 kjrevxcb{
bekjrxgoceo {r{vgceghab fb~bajplbev gef kxj{{,kravrxga r efbx{vgefceo gv vdb o xg{{xjjv{ ab~ba%7 Vdb erlhbx
j ^jarevbbx{ krxxbevas {bx~ceo c{ vdb dcodb{v ab~ba ce ;? sbgx{% Ce Gpxca 800?! vdb gobeks hxjgfbebf cv{ cevbx,
egvcjega xbgkd cvd vdb dc{vjxck gxxc~ga j 80 ^jarevbbx{ ce g eb kjrevxs bevxs! vdb Mceofjl j Kglhjfcg%
Gffcvcjegaas! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ c{ pxbpgx ceo jx ^jarevbbx{ vj xbv rxe vj Bvdcjpcg ce Jkvjhbx 800? gef g{{b{{,lbev{ gxb hbceo pbxjxlbf jx bevxs kje{cfbxgvcje ce Cefjeb{cg! Achbxcg! Xgefg! g ef [cbxxg Abjeb%
Vdxbb eb {vxgvbock cecvcgvc~b{ bxb agrekdbf frxceo NS 800?% Vdbs gxb [vxgvbock Xbkxrcvlbev gef Jrvxbgkd
$bedgekceo xbkxrcvlbev gef jrvxbgkd vj vdb 20- gob pjpragvcje! egvcjega jxogecygvcje{! gef xbvrxebf Pbgkb
Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{#! Lbg{rxceo jrx [rkkb{{ gef Clpgkv! gef Pxjljvceo ^jarevbbxc{l gv Djlb gef Ghxjgf% Vj
hbvvbx lbg{rxb jrx {rkkb{{ g ef clpgkv! b kxbgvbf vdb Jkb j [vxgvbock Cejxlgvcje! Xb{bgxkd! gef Page,
eceo dckd jkr{b{ je pbxjxlgekb pageeceo gef xbpjxvceo! lbg{rxblbev gef b~gargvcje{! gef fgvg lgegob,
lbev rekvcje{ jx vdb gobeks% _b ga{j dg~b ge jeojceo vg{m jxkb fbeceo {vbp{ vj hbvvbx pxjljvb ~jarevbbx,
c{l vdxjrod jrx {vg gef ^jarevbbx{ gv pj{v{%
Gljeo jrx kjevcerceo cecvcgvc~b{! ^jarevbbx {gbvs gef {bkrxcvs xblgce{ vdb gobeks{ dcodb{v pxcjxcv s gef vdbPbgkb Kjxp{ kjevcerb{ vj kjevxchrvb {coeckgevas vj vdb oajhga odv gogce{v DC^*GCF[% Jrx cevbxega lgegob,
lbev g{{b{{lbev{ j pj{v{ bxb kjevcerbf ce NS 800? vj pgxvebx cvd xbocjega gef pj{v {becjx abgfbx{dcp vj
{vxbeovdbe gef clpxj~b pj{v lgegoblbev%
Vdb kxjeceo egekcga gkdcb~blbev j NS 800? g{ gvvgceceo vdb x{v,b~bx rewrgacbf jpcecje xjl vdb bt,
vbxega grfcvjx{ je vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ egekcga {vgvblbev{ jx vdb {kga sbgx befceo [bpvblhbx ;0! 800?% Gaa
7 Vdb je hjgxf kjrev jx gaa Pbgkb Kjxp{ jarevbbx{ gef vxgcebb{! gef Kxc{c{ Kjxp{ jarevbbx{! xjl gaa refceo {jrxkb{ {bx~ceo refbx vdb
Pbgkb Kjxp{ g{ j [bpvblhbx ;0! 800?! c{ 4!0?3% Vdc{ erlhbx cekarfb{ 732 ^jarevbbx{ refbf hs vdb Pxb{cfbev{ Blbxobeks Page jx GCF[
Xbacb gef eceb ^jarevbbx{ refbf hs R[GCF V{reglc ref{% [jlb pj{v{ kj~bx ljxb vdge jeb kjrevxs% Vdb je hjgxf kjrev cekarfb{ pj{v{ ce
dckd vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ c{ gkvc~b jx {r{pbefbf! hrv ejv kaj{bf%
VDB FCXBKVJX JN VDB PBGKB KJXP[
_G[DCEOVJE! F%K%

7/96
btc{vceo lgvbxcga bgmeb{{b{ bxb xb{ja~bf vdc{ sbgx gef vdb egekcga {s{vbl g{ {rkkb{{raas kbxvcbf gef
gkkxbfcvbf% Vdc{ {rkkb{{ kge hb gvvxchrvbf vj jrx kjevcerceo cevbxega kjevxja pxjoxgl kjrpabf cvd cevbe{c~b
lgegoblbev bjxv{ gkxj{{ vdb gobeks gef clpablbevgvcje j egekcga lgegoblbev gef cejxlgvcje vbkdeja,
jos $CV# {s{vbl{ clpxj~blbev{ vdxjrodjrv vdc{ {kga sbgx% Ejvghab gljeo vdb fb~bajpceo {s{vbl{ bjxv{ c{
vdb kxbgvcje j Lgobaage! g oajhga CV ebvjxm vdgv caa {bkrxbas kjeebkv pj{v{ vj vdb dbgfwrgxvbx{ gef xbocjegaxbkxrcvceo jkb{! btpajxgvcje j jeaceb kjaaghjxgvcje vjja{! gef kjevcerceo jxm vj clpxj~b gef bedgekb vdb
^jarevbbx Fbac~bxs [s{vbl%
Jrx NS 800? pbxjxlgekb lbg{rxb{ bxb glhcvcjr{% C gl pabg{bf vj xbpjxv vdgv vdb gobeks btkbbfbf cv{ pbx,
jxlgekb vgxobv{ ce ~b j cv{ bcodv pbxjxlgekb ojga{ gef gppxjtclgvbas ?; pbxkbev j ;; pbxjxlgekb ce,
fckgvjx{% Vdb{b xb{rav{ {dj kjevcerbf clpxj~blbev hs {vg gef ^jarevbbx{ g{ baa g{ clpxj~bf xb{bgxkd
gef lgegoblbev j pbxjxlgekb fgvg% J~bxgaa! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ dg{ lgfb oxbgv pxjoxb{{ ce fjkrlbevceo gef
{vxbglaceceo cv{ pbxjxlgekb xbpjxvceo pxjkb{{ gef kge pxj~cfb {jacf xb{rav{ je pbxjxlgekb lbg{rxb{%
Vdb gkkjlpgesceo egekcga {vgvblbev{ ce vdc{ Pbxjxlgekb gef Gkkjrevghcacvs Xbpjxv {rhlc{{cje bxb pxb,
pgxbf xjl vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ egekcga {s{vbl gef pxjkb{{b{ r{ceo vdb lj{v xbacghab gef kjlpabvb fgvg g~gca,ghab% Vdb gobeks{ vjvga g{{bv{ bxb &7>> lcaacje g{ j [bpvblhbx ;0! 800?! gef &7?; lcaacje g{ j [bpvblhbx ;0!
800>% Hrfobvgxs xb{jrxkb{ g~gcaghab xjl gaa sbgx{ gef gaa {jrxkb{ jx r{b hs vdb gobeks vjvgabf &;62 lcaacje
ce NS 800? gef &;66 lcaacje ce NS 800>! j dckd gppxjpxcgvbf ref{ vjvgabf &;80 lcaacje gef &;88 lcaacje!
xb{pbkvc~bas%
Clpxj~blbev{ gef xbeblbev{ kge g ags{ hb lgfb ce vdb egekcga lgegoblbev jxaf gef vdj{b gxb xbnbkvbf
ce vdb Lb{{gob xjl vdb Kdcb Ncegekcga Jkbx vdgv gppbgx{ agvbx ce vdc{ xbpjxv%
Vdb gobeks{ egekcga gef pbxjxlgekb fgvg jx vdc{ {kga sbgx gxb xbacghab gef kjlpabvb dckd c{ g vxchrvb vj
vdb dgxf jxm j Pbgkb Kjxp{ blpajsbb{% C gl lj{v pabg{bf cvd vdb cekxbg{b vdc{ sbgx ce vdb erlhbx j fbfc,
kgvbf ^jarevbbx{ pxjrfas {bx~ceo gxjref vdb jxaf gef C ajjm jxgxf vj cekxbg{ceo vdb erlhbx j ^jarevbbx{gob 20 gef ghj~b ce vdb sbgx{ gdbgf% ^jarevbbx{ xbpxb{bev vdb ~bxs hb{v j G lbxckg ce {bx~ceo vdb ebbf{ j jvd,
bx{ gv vdc{ vclb j oxbgv kjenckv vdxjrodjrv vdb jxaf% Jrx ^jarevbbx{ {dgxb vdbcx {mcaa{ gef btpbxcbekb{ dcab
ac~ceo ce fc{vgev kjllrecvcb{ gxjref vdb oajhb gef vdbcx ghcacvs vj wrcbvas j{vbx pbgkb gef xcbef{dcp gxjref
jrx jxaf dg{ eb~bx hbbe ljxb clpjxvgev%
Xje V{kdbvvbx! Fcxbkvjx
Ej~blhbx 72! 800?

8/96
L G E G o b L b E V [ F c [ K r [ [ c j E G E F G E G a S [ c [

9/96
Vdb PbGKb KJXP[ 99 PbXNJXLGEKb GEF GKKJREVGhCACVS XbPJXV 99 NC[KGA SbGX 800?
Lc{{cje gef Jxogecygvcjega [vxrkvrx
0
Lc{{cj [vvlv
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ lc{{cje c{ vj pxjljvb jxaf pbgkb
gef xcbef{dcp% _dcab lrkd dg{ kdgeobf ce vdb
jxaf {cekb vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ jrefceo ce 73>7! cv{
lc{{cje dg{ ejv% Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ vdxbb kjxb ojga{
gxb g{ xbab~gev vjfgs g{ vdbs bxb 6> sbgx{ goj9
7# vj dbap vdb pbjpab j cevbxb{vbf kjrevxcb{ ce
lbbvceo vdbcx ebbf jx vxgcebf lbe gef jlbe=
8# vj dbap pxjljvb g hbvvbx refbx{vgefceo j Glbx,
ckge{ je vdb pgxv j vdb pbjpab{ {bx~bf= gef
;# vj dbap pxjljvb g hbvvbx refbx{vgefceo j jvdbx
pbjpab{ je vdb pgxv j Glbxckge{%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ kgxxcb{ jrv cv{ lc{{cje gef ojga{
hs g{{c{vceo cevbxb{vbf kjrevxcb{ cvd vdbcx fb~ba,
jplbev ebbf{ dcab pxj~cfceo ge bbkvc~b gef {gv,
c{sceo ^jarevbbx btpbxcbekb jx g fc~bx{b oxjrp j
Glbxckge{ ce g {gb gef {bkrxb be~cxjelbev= gef
hs hrcafceo ge jpbxgvcjega cexg{v xrkvrxb vdgv b,
kcbevas gef bbkvc~bas {rppjxv{ Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jare,vbbx{ ce vdb 87{v kbevrxs%
[cekb vdb pxjoxgl{ cekbpvcje! ljxb vdge 730!000
Glbxckge{ dg~b {bx~bf g { Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{!
gef vdb gobeks dg{ pgxvebxbf cvd 7;3 kjrevxcb{
vdxjrodjrv vdb jxaf% Vdb{b ^jarevbbx{ j{vbx pj{,
cvc~b xbagvcje{dcp{ cvd dj{v kjrevxs egvcjega{! fc{,
pba lsvd{ ghjrv Glbxckge{! gef pxjljvb {r{vgce,
ghab fb~bajplbev% Rpje vdbcx xbvrxe! ^jarevbbx{
hxceo lb{{gob{ hgkm vj vdb Glbxckge pbjpab ghjrv
acb j~bx{bg{! vdb pbjpab vdbs dg~b {bx~bf! gef vdbkravrxb{ vdbs dg~b btpbxcbekbf%
Vdb jlbe gef lbe dj {bx~b g{ Pbgkb Kjxp{
^jarevbbx{ xbnbkv vdb xckd fc~bx{cvs j vdb Recvbf
[vgvb{ gef xbpxb{bev {jlb j vdb eb{v kdgxgkvbx,
c{vck{ j vdb Glbxckge pbjpab9 g obebxj{cvs j {pcxcv!
g {vxjeo jxm bvdck! g kjllcvlbev vj {bx~ckb! gefge gppxjgkd vj pxjhabl{ vdgv c{ hjvd jpvclc{vck gef
pxgolgvck% Jrx ^jarevbbx{ gxb gjxfbf ej {pbkcga
pxc~cabob{ gef jvbe ac~b ce xbljvb! c{jagvbf kjl,
lrecvcb{ dbxb vdbs {pbgm ajkga ageorgob{ gef
abgxe vdb kravrxb{ gef kr{vjl{ j vdb pbjpab vdbs
{bx~b% Ce vdc{ pxjkb{{! ^jarevbbx{ {dgxb gef xbpxb,
{bev vdb kravrxb gef ~garb{ j vdb Glbxckge pbjpab
gef! ce fjceo {j! bgxe xb{pbkv gef gflcxgvcje jx
vdb Recvbf [vgvb{ gljeo pbjpab dj lgs dg~b eb~,
bx lbv ge Glbxckge%
Jkb{ vdxjrodjrv vdb gobeks fbac~bx {bx~ckb{ xgeo,
ceo xjl xbkxrcvlbev gef {babkvcje j ^jarevbbx{ vj
pxj~cfceo vxgceceo gef {rppjxv vj ^jarevbbx{ ce vdb
baf vj kgxxsceo jrv b{{bevcga egekcga! cejxlgvcje
vbkdejajos! gef gflcec{vxgvc~b {rppjxv rekvcje{%
Fb~bajplbev cefckgvjx{ {roob{v vdgv egvcje{ gkb
{coeckgev kdgaabeob{ ce goxckravrxb! bfrkgvcje!
hr{ceb{{! cejxlgvcje vbkdejajos! dbgavd gef DC *
GCF[! vdb be~cxjelbev! gef sjrvd fb~bajplbev%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{! ce pgxvebx{dcp cvd cevbxb{vbfkjrevxcb{! pxj~cfb{ {mcaabf Glbxckge{ dj jxm
vj vxge{bx vdbcx mejabfob ghjrv vdb{b gxbg{ gef
vj hrcaf oxbgvbx refbx{vgefceo hbvbbe kravrxb{%
Vdr{! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ pxj~cfb{ pxgkvckga g{{c{vgekb
vj fb~bajpceo kjrevxcb{ hs {dgxceo Glbxckg{ lj{v
pxbkcjr{ xb{jrxkbcv{ pbjpab% Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{
kjlhceb{ fb~bajplbev cvd vdb {vxjeo pbjpab,vj,
pbjpab xbagvcje{dcp{ vdgv ^jarevbbx{ jxob cvd
dj{v kjrevxs kjaabgorb{ gef kjllrecvcb{! pxj~cf,
ceo g kxrkcga jrefgvcje jx pbgkb gef xcbef{dcp jx
sbgx{ vj kjlb% Cefbbf! vdb kjxb ~garb{ j v db PbgkbKjxp{ {cekb cv{ b{vghac{dlbev je Lgxkd 7! 73>7! xb,
lgce xbab~gev! ~cvga! gef {vxjeo%
Vdb jxogecygvcje kdgxv j vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ jaaj{9

10/96
Ejv Ce vdbcx rekvcje{ g{ Kdcb Ncegekcga Jkbx gef Kdcb Cejxlgvcje Jkbx! vdb cekrlhbev{ xbpjxv
fcxbkvas vj vdb Fcxbkvjx% Vdb Jkb j Gkwrc{cvcje{ gef Kjevxgkv Lgegoblbev xbpjxv{ vj vdb Kdcb
j [vg cvd g fjvvbf aceb xbpjxv vj vdb Fcxbkvjx%
Pgk Kjxp{ Jxogecygvcje
Btbkrvc~b[bkxbvgxcgv
Jnnckb jn GlbxckgeFc~bx{cvs*BBJ
Jnnckb jn vdbObebxga Kjre{ba
Fcxbkvjx
Fbprvs Fcxbkvjx
J~bx{bg{ Pj{v{
Jnnckb jn[gnbvs gef [bkrxcvs
Jnnckb jn
^jarevbbx Xbkxrcvlbev
gef [babkvcje
Jnnckb jn vdb Kdcbn
Ncegekcga Jnnckbx
Jnnckb jn^jarevbbx [rppjxv
Vdb Kbevbx njxNcbaf G{{c{vgekb .Gppacbf Xb{bgxkd
Jnnckb jn vdb Kdcbn
Cenjxlgvcje Jnnckbx
Kxc{c{ Kjxp{
Fjlb{vck
Pxjoxgl{
J~bx{bg{ Pj{v{
Cevbx,Glbxckg gefvdb Pgkcnck Xbocje
Gnxckg Xbocje
J~bx{bg{ Pj{v{
Brxjpb!Lbfcvbxxgebge! gef
G{cg Xbocje
Jnnckb jnCe{pbkvjx Obebxga
Kdcbn jn [vgnn
Fbprvs Kdcbn jn [vgnn
Jnnckb jn Gkwrc{cvcje{gef KjevxgkvLgegoblbev
Jnnckb jn
Lgegoblbev
Jnnckb jnPxc~gvb [bkvjx
Cecvcgvc~b{
Jnnckb jn [vxgvbock
Cenjxlgvcje! Xb{bgxkd
gef Pageeceo
Jnnckb jn
Kjeoxb{{cjega
Xbagvcje{
Jnnckb jn
GCF[ Xbacbn
Jnnckb jn
Kjllreckgvcje{
Jnnckb jn
Pxb{{ Xbagvcje{Kdcbn Kjlpacgekb
Jnnckbx
Fcxbkvjx jn[pbkcga Cecvcgvc~b{

11/96
0
Ms Pxjxlgek Lg{rx{
Pxjxl Oj{ f X{rv{ [rllx
Vdb gobeks c{ krxxbevas rvcacyceo cv{ 800;,8004 {vxg,
vbock page dckd g{ xb~c{bf jx 800>,8004 vj hbv,
vbx gacoe vdb page cvd vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ vdxbb ojga{
gef cevbxega pxjkb{{b{! cekarfceo eb gef ljfcbf
{vxgvbock jhibkvc~b{ cvd jrvkjlb,jxcbevbf vgxobv{
gef cefckgvjx{% Vdb NS 8004 Kjeoxb{{cjega Hrfobv
Ir{vcnkgvcje $KHI#! dckd c{ {rhlcvvbf vj Kjeoxb{{
bgkd sbgx! cekarfb{ vdb rpfgvbf {vxgvbock page% Vdb
KHI c{ g~gcaghab vj vdb prhack je vdb gobeks{ bh{cvb
%pbgkbkjxp{%oj~% Vdb mbs {vxgvbock ojga{ jrv,
acebf ce vdb gobeks{ xb~c{bf {vxgvbock page jkr{ je9
Fbac~bxceogvxgcebfgeffc~bx{boxjrpjn^jare,
vbbx{ vj cevbxb{vbf kjrevxcb{ vj vxge{bx vgeochab
{mcaa{ gef pxjljvb kxj{{,kravrxga refbx{vgefceo=
Be{rxceo jarevbbx{dg~bgwrgacvsbtpbxcbekbhs
pxj~cfceo xbab~gev dbgavd! {gbvs! gef pxjoxgl,
lgvck {rppjxv=
Cekxbg{ceo vdb btpj{rxb jn Glbxckge{ vj jvd,
bx kravrxb{ hs {dgxceo ^jarevbbx btpbxcbekb{vdxjrod g ~gxcbvs j g~berb{= gef
Lbbvceovdbebbf{jngppackgev{gef^jarevbbx{
cvd bkcbev gef bbkvc~b {rppjxv%
Vdr{! NS 800? c{ vdb {bkjef sbgx jx vdb gobeks
vj xbpjxv jrv je cv{ krxxbev {bv j glhcvcjr{ hrv
gkdcb~ghab pbxjxlgekb ojga{ gef cefckgvjx vgxobv{
jrvacebf ce vdb xb~c{bf {vxgvbock page% Ce NS 800?!
vdb gobeks g{ ghj~b vgxobv jx ~b j cv{ bcodv pbx,
jxlgekb ojga{ gef gppxjtclgvbas ?; pbxkbev j cv{;; pbxjxlgekb cefckgvjx{%
Pxjxl Oj{ f [vvr{
Gv vdb bef j NS 800?! 4!0?3 Glbxckge{ bxb {bx~ceo
ce ?6 kjrevxcb{ vdxjrod >4 pj{v{ g{ Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^ja,
revbbx{! bekjrxgoceo {r{vgceghab fb~bajplbev gef
kxj{{,kravrxga refbx{vgefceo gv vdb oxg{{xjjv{ ab~ba%
Vdb erlhbx j ^jarevbbx{ c{ ejvbjxvds hbkgr{b cv
xbpxb{bev{ g ;?,sbgx dcod jx ^jarevbbx{ {bx~ceo ce
vdb baf frxceo vdb pbxcjf kj~bxbf hs vdb pxb{bev
{vxgvbock page% Vdb gobeks dg{ ga{j hxjgfbebf cv{
cevbxegvcjega xbgkd cvd ^jarevbbx pagkblbev{ ce
vdb Mceofjl j Kglhjfcg gef vdb dc{vjxck xbvrxe j
vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ pxjoxgl vj Bvdcjpcg% Ce gffcvcje! gerlhbx j g{{b{{lbev{ dg~b hbbe kjlpabvbf jx pj,
vbevcga eb kjrevxs bevxcb{ ce NS 8004%
Vdb gobeks g{ {acodvas hbaj vgxobv je vdb erl,
hbx j Pbgkb Kjxp{ gppackg ev{ xbpxb{bevceo fc~bx{b
bvdeckcvcb{ gef pbjpab 20-% _dcab vdb gobeks dg{
{bv glhcvcjr{ ojga{ ce vdb{b kgvbojxcb{! ljxb bjxv{
gxb pageebf vj dbap lbbv vgxobv{% Vdb{b cekarfb pc,
ajv xbkxrcvlbev bjxv{ cekarfceo 20- xbkxrcvlbev
acgc{je{ gv b~bxs xbocjega xbkxrcvlbev jkb% Vdb{b
jkb{ caa ga{j vgxobv {pbkcbf g{{jkcgvcje{ gefogvdbxceo{ vj dbap hjj{v gppackgvcje{ xjl jafbx
Glbxckge{ gef xjl Glbxckge{ j fc~bx{b bvdeckc,
vcb{% Ce NS 800?! vdb gobeks xjaabf jrv g eb 20-
bh{cvb gef vdb Kj~bxfbaa _jxaf _c{b [kdjja{ fcf
g lgijx xbfb{coe j cv{ bh{cvb! dckd {bbl{ vj dg~b
cekxbg{bf _bh vxgk%
Lbfcg jrvxbgkd bjxv{ gxb {vxjeo! gef vdb gobeks
btkbbfbf cv{ ojga{ ce NS 800? jx pxb{{ kj~bxgob j
fc~bx{b ^jarevbbx{ jx ce jrvabv{ kj~bxceo fc~bx{b
grfcbekb{% Acmbc{b ojga{ bxb btkbbfbf jx pagkb,lbev j prhack {bx~ckb geejrekblbev{ $P[G{# ce
lcejxcvs, gef fc~bx{cvs,obgxbf lbfcg%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ r{b{ ~gxcjr{ {rx~bs ce{vxrlbev{
vj kgpvrxb ^jarevbbx bbfhgkm je mbs cefckgvjx{
j vdb gobeks{ bbkvc~beb{{ ce fbac~bxceo fcbx,
bev {bx~ckb{% G{ vdb gobeks {vxc~b{ vj kjevcerjr{as
clpxj~b! vdb{b {rx~bs xb{rav{ kge hbebv krxxbevas

12/96
{bx~ceo gef rvrxb ^jarevbbx{% Vdb hcbeecga PbgkbKjxp{ ^jarevbbx {rx~bs pxj~cfb{ ge clpjxvgev
{egp{djv j ^jarevbbx {gvc{gkvcje frxceo vdb {glb
pbxcjf j vclb jxafcfb% Vdb kaj{b,j,{bx~ckb {rx,
~bs! dckd c{ oc~be dbe ^jarevbbx{ kjlpabvb vdbcx
{bx~ckb j~bx{bg{! pxj~cfb{ vdb gobeks cvd jeojceo
bbfhgkm xjl vdb baf%
Vdbxb gxb erlbxjr{ {vbp{ ce vdb gppackgvcje pxj,
kb{{ vj hbkjlb g Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx% Vdc{ be,
ghab{ vdb gobeks vj xbkxrcv gef vdjxjrodas {kxbbe
gppackgev{ jx {pbkck {mcaa{ gef lbfckga gef {rcv,ghcacvs c{{rb{ pxcjx vj gppxj~ceo gef ce~cvceo vdbl
vj {bx~b g{ ^jarevbbx{% Vdb gppackgvcje pxjkb{{ dg{
hbbe hxjmbe fje cevj vdb ~gxcjr{ {vgob{ vj gaaj
vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ vj hb{v gegasyb cv{ bkcbekcb{% Vdb
gobeks c{ pabg{bf vj dg~b btkbbfbf cv{ NS 800? ojga
j xb{pje{b vclb vj gppackgev{ gef xblgce{ kjl,
lcvvbf vj {vxbglaceceo vdb pxjkb{{b{ vdgv beghab
Glbxckge{ vj jhvgce cejxlgvcje! gppas! ijce! gef
kjlpabvb {bx~ckb g{ ^jarevbbx{%
Dcod ab~ba{ j xbvrxebf Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx$XPK^# pgxvckcpgvcje frxceo Pbgkb Kjxp{ _bbm
gef vdb jxm j jrx xbocjega xbkxrcvbx{ ce vxgkmceo
XPK^ pgxvckcpgvcje ce gkvc~cvcb{ vdgv kjevxchrvb fc,
xbkvas vj vdc{ ojga dc{vjxckgaas bxb ejv {rkbev vj
fblje{vxgvb gkdcb~blbev j jrx vgxobv ce vdc{ gxbg%
Vdb gobeks clpablbevbf kdgeob{ vj kxbgvb g ljxb
jhibkvc~b gef ~bxcghab lbvdjf j kgakragvceo vdb{b
xb{rav{ lj~ceo jxgxf% XPK^ jrvxbgkd gkvc~cvcb{
dbap kgxxs vdb lb{{gob j refbx{vgefceo j jvdbxkravrxb{ g{ vdbs {dgxb vdbcx {vjxcb{ gef btpbxcbekb{
cvd {kdjja{! kjllrecvs o xjrp{ gef jvdbx pdcage,
vdxjpck jxogecygvcje{ gkxj{{ vdb kjrevxs%
Pxjxl Xpjxvco Pxjfrx{
Ce NS 800?! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ hrcav je {coeckgev
clpxj~blbev{ vj cv{ pbxjxlgekb xbpjxvceo pxj,
kb{{% Vdxjrodjrv NS 800?! vdb gobeks kjevcerbf
vj ce{vcvrvcjegacyb cv{ cevbxega kjevxja{ gef fjkr,
lbevgvcje j pxjkb{{b{ {rxxjrefceo {vxgvbock pbx,jxlgekb xbpjxvceo% Vdb kxbgvcje j vdb Jkb j
[vxgvbock Cejxlgvcje! Xb{bgxkd! gef Pageeceo
$J[CXP# dg{ dbapbf ce{vcvrvcjegacyb gobeks pbxjx,
lgekb pageeceo gef xbpjxvceo! gaajceo jx oxbgvbx
kjevcercvs gef xbacghcacvs ce xbpjxvceo gef dbapceo
lcvcogvb vdb bbkv j {vg kdgeob{ je kje{c{vbev
pbxjxlgekb xbpjxvceo%
Gffxb{{ceo lcf,sbgx pbxjxlgekb xb{rav{ frx,
ceo NS 800? lcf,sbgx hrfobv xb~cb{ gaajbf vdb
gobeks vj vgmb gejvdbx pj{cvc~b {vbp vjgxf gacoe,ceo pbxjxlgekb cvd hrfobvceo% Vdb cevboxgvbf
lcf,sbgx xb~cb gaaj{ jx vdb xbgaajkgvcje j ref,
ceo gef drlge xb{jrxkb{ vj kjxxbkv g kjrx{b j gk,
vcje c vdbxb gxb kdgaabeob{ ce lbbvceo pbxjxlgekb
ojga{! jx vj ~gacfgvb pj{cvc~b gkvcje{ vgmbe vj lbbv
pbxjxlgekb vgxobv{%
Pxjxl Oj{ Rfx J J~x
%% Elhx êvx{ {x~e
%% Vxge{x {m{ gef mef
%% Xpx{ev Glxkge f~x{vs
%% êvx dgvdkgx)
%% êvx {gvs)
%% cevxgkve{ vd Glxkge{ v hf kx{{,kvxg efx{vgefe
%% Xfk x{pe{ vl v gppkgev{
%% Kgp êvx x{egve xgv
Vvg Pnlge Og{ ; 2
PbXJXLgekb OJga[ [RLLgXs
Ejv ) Vdb gobeks fjb{ ejv dg~b jkcga NS 800? vgxobv{ gef xb{rav{ jx kbxvgce pbxjxlgek b ojga{ gef cefckgvjx { hbkgr{b vdb hcbeecga jarevbbx {rx~bs c{ ejv
gflcec{vbxbf vdc{ sbgx% Xgvdbx vdge cefckgvceo E*G jx hjvd vdb ojga{ gef xb{rav{! vdb gobeks dg{ cevbxpjagvbf ojga{ gef rvcacybf kaj{b,j,{bx~ckb {rx~bs
xb{rav{ ce jxfbx vj pxj~cfb gavbxegvb cejxlgvcje j gobeks pbxjxlgekb ce vdb{b gxbg{%

13/96
Vj kjevcerb blpdg{cyceo vxge{pgxbeks gef pbxjx,
lgekb! vdb gobeks c{ r{ceo xb{rav{ xjl vdb kaj{b,j,
{bx~ckb {rx~bs ce NS 800? vj pxj~cfb gavbxegvb fgvg
jx cefckgvjx{ vdgv r{bf vdb hcbeecga {rx~bs cejx,lgvcje ce NS 800>% Vdc{ c{ frb vj vdb r eg~gcaghcacvs
j hcbeecga {rx ~bs fgvg ce NS 800?% Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{
page{ vj kjevcerb vdc{ pxgkvckb ce rvrxb sbgx{ dbe
vdb hcbeecga {rx~bs c{ ejv kjefrkvbf%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ NS 800? pbxjxlgekb xb{rav{ gxb
hg{bf je xbacghab! gkvrga fgvg vdgv gxb kjlpabvb g{
j vdb pxjfrkvcje j vdb xb{rav{ gv vdb kaj{b j vdb
{kga sbgx% _dcab vdb fgvg gxb agxobas g kjlpabvbgef gkkrxgvb ~cb j vdb raa {kga sbgx xb{rav{! vdbs
gxb aclcvbf hs ce{vgekb{ j rejxb{bbe kdgaabeob{
cvd vbkdejajos gef fgvg vdgv nj ce hbsjef vdb
xbpjxvceo fgvb{% J~bxgaa! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ dg{ lgfb
oxbgv pxjoxb{{ ce ce{vcvrvcjegacyceo cv{ pbxjxlgekb
xbpjxvceo pxjkbfrxb{ gef c{ baa,pj{cvcjebf vj pxj,
~cfb {jacf xb{rav{ je cv{ pbxjxlgekb lbg{rxb{%
Be~cxjelbev jarevbbx! Kglhjfcg

14/96
0
Gegas{c{ j Ncegekcga [vgvlev{
J~x~cw
Vdb kbxvckgvcje gef gkkxbfcvgvcje j vdb egekcga{s{vbl frxceo {kga sbgx 800? g{ g ageflgxm
gkdcb~blbev jx vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{% Vdc{ {kga sbgx!
gaa xbwrcxbf bfbxga egekcga {vgvblbev{ bxb obe,
bxgvbf fcxbkvas xjl vdb egekcga {s{vbl jx vdb
x{v vclb% Gejvdbx lgijx gkkjlpac{dlbevogceceo
hbvvbx kjevxja j vdb pxjpbxvs! pagev! gef bwrcplbev
$PP.B# kgpcvga g{{bv{g{ gkdcb~bf hs clpab,
lbevceo ge Jxgkab tbf g{{bv ljfrab vj {vxbglaceb
PP.B vxgkmceo gef fbpxbkcgvcje gef cecvcgvcje j g
{blcgeerga PP.B g{{bv ~bxckgvcje pxjkb{{ cvd
bgkd pj{v%
g{c{ j vd P kjxp{
cc [vvlv{
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ egekcga {vgvblbev{ bxb pxb,
pgxbf xjl cv{ egekcga {s{vbl gef pxjkb{{b{ r{ceo
vdb lj{v xbacghab gef kjlpabvb fgvg g~gcaghab% Vdb
egekcga {s{vbl g{ kbxvcbf gef gkkxbfcvbf frx,
ceo vdc{ {kga sbgx gef kjejxl{ raas vj oj~bxe,
lbev,cfb {vgefgxf{% Frxceo NS 800?! obebxgvcje
j vdb egekcga {vgvblbev{ g{ bedgekbf hs clpab,lbevceo jxlgacybf gef kjlpxbdbe{c~b xbkjekcac,
gvcje gef wrgacvs kjevxja pxjkb{{b{ gef hs rxvdbx
fjkrlbevceo gef prhac{dceo vdb hg{c{ jx bgkd ref
kag{{ckgvcje gef cv{ vxbgvlbev ce vdb egekcga
{vgvblbev{%
Vdb gobeks dgf vjvga g{{bv{ j &7>> lcaacje g{ j
[bpvblhbx ;0! 800?! gef &7?; lcaacje g{ j [bpvbl,
hbx ;0! 800>% G { lbevcjebf ghj~b! g lgijx gkkjl,
pac{dlbevogceceo hbvvbx kjevxja j PP.B kgpcvga
g{{bv{g{ gkdcb~bf hs clpablbevceo ge Jxgkabtbf g{{bv ljfrab vj {vxbglaceb PP.B vxgkmceo
gef fbpxbkcgvcje gef cecvcgvcje j g {blc,geerga
PP.B g{{bv ~bxckgvcje pxjkb{{ cvd bgkd pj{v%
Jpbxgvcjega clpxj~blbev{ dg~b xb{ravbf ce g {coec,
ckgev xbfrkvcje ce vdb jrv{vgefceo gkkjrev{ xbkbc~,
ghab gef gkkjrev{ pgsghab cvd vdb prhack ce vdb NS800? kaj{ceo hgagekb{ g{ kjlpgxbf vj vdb NS 800>
hgagekb{% Clpxj~blbev{ ce {s{vbl gef gkkjrevceo
pxjkbfrxb{ xb{ravbf ce ljxb gkkrxgvb xbpjxvceo
j pxbpgslbev{ gef gkkxrga{% Vdb {rh{vgevcga ce,
kxbg{b ce ebv jrvags{ xjl NS 800> vj NS 800? c{ g
xb{rav j 7# jpbxgvcjega bkcbekcb{ ce gkkjrev{ pgs,
ghab! 8# btpbe{ceo ljxb vdge &2 lcaacje vj pgxvcgaas
ref vdb dj{v kjrevxs xb{cfbev{ kjevxgkvjx{ {bpgxg,
vcje acghcacvs ref b{vghac{dbf frxceo NS 800? gef
;# cekxbg{b{ ce vdb erlhbx j ^jarevbbx{ gef vdb
g{{jkcgvbf cexg{vx rkvrxb gef {rppjxv kj{v{%
Hrfobvgxs xb{jrxkb{ g~gcaghab jx r{b hs vdb gobeks
vjvgabf &;62 lcaacje ce NS 800? gef &;66 lcaacje
ce NS 800>! j dckd gppxjpxcgvbf ref{ vjvgabf
&;80 lcaacje gef &;88 lcaacje! xb{pbkvc~bas%
Clpxjpx Plv{ Cjxlvcj gv $CPCg#
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ c{ ejv cfbevcbf ce Gppbefct K!
JLH Kcxkragx G,78; $jxlbxas [bkvcje 2?! Pxj,
oxgl{ jx dckd Bxxjebjr{ Pgslbev{ Cejxlgvcje c{Xbwrb{vbf! ce JLH Kcxkragx G,77#% Gogce vdc{ {kga
sbgx! ej clpxjpbx pgslbev{ bxb cfbevcbf cevbx,
egaas jx hs cefbpbefbev grfcvjx{ vdgv jraf xbgkd
vdb fbebf Clpxjpbx Pgslbev{ Cejxlgvcje Gkv
$CPCG# vdxb{djaf j 8%2 pbxkbev gef &70 lcaacje%
G xc{m g{{b{{lbev! vdjrod! g{ pbxjxlbf ce vdb
oajhga gkkjrev{ pgsghab gxbg vdc{ sbgx ce xbkjoec,
vcje j vdb cedbxbev xc{m g{{jkcgvbf cvd clpxjpbx
pgslbev{% Gffcvcjegaas! cevbxega kjevxja {glpab
vb{vceo kjefrkvbf frxceo vdc{ {kga sbgx je dcod
fjaagx pgslbev{ fcf ejv xb~bga ges {coeckgev cl,pxjpbx pgslbev{ jx vdb gobeks%

15/96
aclcvvcj{ j vd Pxccp
cc [vvlv{
Vdb pxcekcpga egekcga {vgvblbev{ dg~b hbbe pxb,pgxbf vj xbpjxv vdb egekcga pj{cvcje gef xb{rav{
j jpbxgvcje{ j vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{! prx{rgev vj vdb
xbwrcxblbev{ j ;7 R%[%K% ;272 $h#% _dcab vdb {vgvb,
lbev{ dg~b hbbe pxbpgxbf xjl vdb hjjm{ gef xb,
kjxf{ j vdb bevcvs ce gkkjxfgekb cvd obebxgaas
gkkbpvghab gkkjrevceo pxcekcpab{ jx Nbfbxga bevc,
vcb{ gef vdb jxlgv{ pxb{kxchbf hs JLH! vdb {vgvb,
lbev{ gxb ce gffcvcje vj vdb egekcga xbpjxv{ r{bf
vj ljecvjx gef kjevxja hrfobvgxs xb{jrxkb{ dckdgxb pxbpgxbf xjl vdb {glb hjjm{ gef xbkjxf{%
Vdb {vgvblbev{ {djraf hb xbgf cvd vdb xbgacygvcje
vdgv vdbs gxb jx g kjlpjebev j vdb R%[% Oj~bxe,
lbev! g {j~bxbcoe bevcvs%
Hr{ceb{{ jarevbbx! Rmxgceb

16/96
0
Gegas{c{ j [s{vl{! Kjevxja{! gef Aoga Kjlpacgek
Lolv g{{rx{
Nbfbxga Lgegobx{ Ncegekcga Cevboxcvs GkvVdb Nbfbxga Lgegobx{ Ncegekcga Cevboxcvs Gkv
$NLNCG# xbwrcxb{ gobekcb{ vj b{vghac{d gkkjrevceo
gef gflcec{vxgvc~b kjevxja{ vj cekarfb pxjoxgl!
jpbxgvcjega! gef gflcec{vxgvc~b gxbg{ g{ baa g{ gk,
kjrevceo gef egekcga lgegoblbev% Vdb NLNCG
b{vghac{db{ j~bxgaa xbwrcxblbev{ jx cevbxega kje,
vxja gef xbwrcxb{ vdgv vdb gobeks dbgf b~gargvb gef
xbpjxv geergaas je vdb kjevxja gef egekcga {s{,
vbl{ vdgv pxjvbkv vdb cevboxcvs j Nbfbxga pxjoxgl{
$[bkvcje 8 gef [bkvcje 6 j NLNCG xb{pbkvc~bas#%
Cevbxega Kjevxja J~bx Pbgkb Kjxp{ Jpbxgvcje{
J~bx{codv j vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ cevbxega kjevxja pxj,
oxgl c{ kjefrkvbf hs vjp gobeks lgegoblbev
rekvcjeceo g{ vdb {becjx g{{b{{lbev vbgl vdgv g{
b{vghac{dbf frxceo NS 800> gef abf hs vdb Kdcb
Ncegekcga Jkbx% Jkb{ vdxjrodjrv vdb gobeks
kjefrkvbf xc{m g{{b{{lbev{ jx vdbcx hr{ceb{{ gxbg{
frxceo NS 800? gef cfbevcbf ej xbpjxvghab lgvb,
xcga bgmeb{{b{% Gffcvcjegaas! Pbgkb Kjxp{ lgego,
bx{ pxbpgxbf geerga g{{rxgekb {vgvblbev{ gvvb{vceo
vj vdb gfbwrgks j cevbxega kjevxja{! cfbevcsceo ejxbpjxvghab lgvbxcga bgmeb{{b{ ce ges gxbg% G{{rx,
gekb{ bxb hg{bf je vdb lgegobx{ pbx{jega meja,
bfob j fgs,vj,fgs jpbxgvcje{! btc{vceo kjevxja{!
gef jvdbx xbagvbf xb~cb{ gef b~gargvcje{% Cevbxega
kjevxja vb{vceo g{ kjefrkvbf frxceo vdc{ {kga sbgx
vj {vxbeovdbe vdb xbacghcacvs j pbx{jega {bx~ckb kje,
vxgkv pgslbev pxjkb{{ceo jx vdb j~bx{bg{ kjevxgk,
vjx{ gef vj rxvdbx {rh{vgevcgvb vdb egekcga {vgvb,
lbev hgagekb{% Frxceo NS 8004! cevbxega kjevxja
vb{vceo caa hb btpgefbf%
[rllgxs
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ c{ pxjrf vj dg~b gkdcb~bf ge re,
wrgacbf {vgvblbev j g{{rxgekb jx NS 800? gef
vdgv vdb cevbxega kjevxja{ gef egekcga lgegoblbev
{s{vbl{ lbbv NLNCG jhibkvc~b{% Nrvrxb gobeks b,
jxv{ caa xblgce jkr{bf vj {rppjxv vdc{ rewrgac,
bf {vgvblbev j g{{rxgekb gef ge rewrgacbf grfcv
jpcecje je vdb gobeks{ egekcga {vgvblbev{% Kdgeo,
b{ lgfb cvdce vdb gobeks j~bx vdb ag{v b sbgx{ vdgv
pxjfrkbf {jref egekcga pxjkb{{b{! g kbxvcbf gef
gkkxbfcvbf egekcga {s{vbl! gef {vxjeo jpbxgvcjegalgegoblbev dg~b {rppacbf vdb pcaagx{ jx g {jacf ,
egekcga lgegoblbev jrefgvcje%
NS 800? Geerga NLNCG G{{rxgekb [vgvblbev
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ g{{b{{bf vdb bbkvc~beb{{ j vdb
cevbxega kjevxja{ vj {rppjxv bbkvc~b gef bkcbev
jpbxgvcje{! xbacghab egekcga xbpjxvceo! gef kjlpac,
gekb cvd gppackghab ag{ gef xboragvcje{ ce gkkjx,
fgekb cvd vdb Nbfbxga Lgegobx{ Ncegekcga Cevboxc,
vs Gkv $NLNCG# [bkvcje 8 gef JLH Kcxkragx G,78;!
Lgegoblbev{ Xb{pje{chcacvs jx Cevbxega Kjevxja%Hg{bf je vdc{ g{{b{{lbev! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ kge pxj,
~cfb xbg{jeghab g{{rxgekb jx NS 800? vdgv cv{ cevbx,
ega kjevxja j~bx vdb bbkvc~beb{{ gef bkcbeks j
jpbxgvcje{! egekcga xbpjxvceo! gef kjlpacgekb cvd
gppackghab ag{ gef xboragvcje{ g{ jpbxgvceo bbk,
vc~bas gef ej lgvbxcga bgmeb{{b{ bxb jref ce vdb
fb{coe jx jpbxgvcje j vdb cevbxega kjevxja{%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ kjefrkvbf cv{ g{{b{{lbev j dbvd,
bx vdb egekcga lgegoblbev {s{vbl{ kjejxl vj
oj~bxelbev,cfb egekcga {s{vbl{ xbwrcxblbev{ cegkkjxfgekb cvd NLNCG [bkvcje 6 gef JLH Kcxkr,
agx G,78;% Hg{bf je vdc{ g{{b{{lbev! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{
kge pxj~cfb xbg{jeghab g{{rxgekb vdgv cv{ egekcga
lgegoblbev {s{vbl{ gxb ce kjlpacgekb cvd vdb gp,
packghab pxj~c{cje{ j vdb NLNCG jx NS 800?%
Xje V{kdbvvbx! Fcxbkvjx
Ej~blhbx 72! 800?
Objxob G% [kdrvvbx CCC! KPG! KPKL
Kdcb Ncegekcga Jkbx
Ej~blhbx 72! 800?

17/96
0
Kjx C{{r{
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ pxj~cfb{ pxgkvckga g{{c{vgekb vj
fb~bajpceo kjrevxcb{ hs {dgxceo Glbxckg{ lj{vpxbkcjr{ xb{jrxkbcv{ pbjpab% Vdb kaj{b cevbxgkvcje
hbvbbe Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{ gef ajkga kjl,
lrecvcb{ dg{ gaajbf vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ vj b{vghac{d
g xbkjxf j {bx~ckb vdgv c{ gflcxbf gef xbkjoecybf
gxjref vdb jxaf%
Gv vdb bef j NS 800?! 4!0?3 Glbxckge{ bxb
{bx~ceo g{ Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{ gv >4 pj{v{ ce
?6 kjrevxcb{ $pj{v{ ce vdb Bg{vbxe Kgxchhbge gef
Lckxjeb{cg pxj~cfb {rppjxv vj bcodv c{agef eg,
vcje{# gef j{vbxceo {r{vgceghab fb~bajplbev gefkxj{{,kravrxga refbx{vgefceo gv vdb oxg{{xjjv{
ab~ba% Krxxbevas! ghjrv 80 pbxkbev j vdb ^jare,
vbbx{ gxb {bx~ceo ce egvcje{ cvd pxbfjlcegevas
Lr{acl pjpragvcje{% ^jarevbbx{ jxm ce vdb gxbg{
j goxckravrxb! hr{ceb{{! bfrkgvcje! vdb be~cxje,
lbev! dbgavd gef DC^*GCF[! gef sjrvd fb~bajp,
lbev! cekjxpjxgvceo kxj{{,krvvceo vdblb{ {rkd g{
cejxlgvcje gef kjllreckgvcje{ vbkdejajos cevj
vdbcx jxm% Ce gffcvcje vj vxge{bxxceo {mcaa{ vj dj{v
kjrevxs egvcjega{ gef pxjljvceo kxj{{,kravrxga re,
fbx{vgefceo hbvbbe Glbxckge{ gef jvdbx pbjpab{!vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ {bx~ckb ga{j pxj~cfb{ vdb Glbxckge
jxmjxkb cvd j~bx{bg{ btpbxcbekb% Ce gkv! ce [bp,
vblhbx 800?! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ g{ gogce xbkjoecybf
hsHr{ceb{{ _bbm g{ jeb j vdb vjp 20 hb{v pagkb{ vj
agrekd g kgxbbx% Xbvrxebf Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{
ga{j kjevxchrvb vj Glbxckg{ abogks j {bx~ckb hs
jbxceo vdbcx vclb gef {mcaa{ vj kjllrecvs ~jare,
vbbx pxjoxgl{ jx jxogecygvcje{ gxjref vdb kjrevxs
gef vdxjrod Pbgkb Kjxp{ pxjoxgl{ {rkd g{ Kxc{c{
Kjxp{! Nbaaj{*R[G! gef Pbgkb Kjxp{ _bbm%
Ce NS 800?! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ blhgxmbf je vdxbb
{vxgvbock cecvcgvc~b{9 Xbkxrcvlbev gef Jrvxbgkd=
Lbg{rxceo [rkkb{{ gef Clpgkv= gef ^jarevbbxc{l
gv Djlb gef Ghxjgf%
Xxrcvlv f Jrvxd
Vdb 20- pjpragvcje xbpxb{bev{ g vxblbefjr{ jp,
pjxvrecvs jx vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{% Cefc~cfrga{ ce vdc{
pjpragvcje gaxbgfs ~jarevbbx gv dcod xgvb{ gef dg~b
g fb{cxb vj {dgxb vdbcx btpbxvc{b gef {mcaa{% Vdb
Pbgkb Kjxp{ dg{ g {vxjeo xbagvcje{dcp cvd GGXP!
dckd c{ dbapceo vdb gobeks xbkxrcv jafbx Glbxc,
kge{% Gffcvcjegaas! vdb gobeks dg{ cfbevcbf pcajv
pj{v{ ce bgkd j vdb vdxbb xbocje{ vj xb~cb vdb
ebbf{ j pjvbevcga 20- ^jarevbbx{ gef lgmb xbk,
jllbefgvcje{%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ lr{v kjevcerb vj hb {vxgvbock
gef kxbgvc~b ce cekxbg{ceo xbkxrcvlbev bjxv{ gv
{lgaa kjaabob{ gef rec~bx{cvcb{% Xbagvcje{dcp{ cvd
oxjrp{ acmb vdb Dc{vjxckgaas Hagkm Kjaabob{ gef Rec,
~bx{cvcb{ $DHKR#! gef vdb Glbxckg e G{{jkcgvcje j
Kjllrecvs Kjaabob{ gxb dbapceo cvd vdb{b bjxv{!
abgfceo vj cecvcgvc~b{ {rkd g{ vdb Hgkkgagrxbgvb gef
Pbgkb Kjxp{ Pxbp pxjoxgl{%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ caa ga{j jxm vj be{rxb vdgv cv{ xb,
vrxebf Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx $XPK^# kjllrecvsc{ beogobf gef xbgfs vj g{{c{v vdb gobeks ce ^jare,
vbbx xbkxrcvlbev g{ gkvc~b garlec% Vdb gobeks c{
prx{rceo jppjxvrecvcb{ jx cekxbg{bf ce~ja~blbev!
{rkd g{ vdb lbevjxceo pxjoxgl hbvbbe XPK^{
gef xbkbevas xbvrxeceo ^jarevbbx{%
Vj cekxbg{b prhack ggxbeb{{ jx vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{!
vgxobvbf bh{cvb{ bxb kxbgvbf {rkd g{ vdb Vbbe{
bh{cvb gef vdb 20- bh{cvb! jx {coeckgevas xbfb,
{coebf! {rkd g{ vdb Kj~bxfbaa _jxaf _c{b [kdjja{
bh{cvb%
L{rxco Jrx [r{{ f Clpv
_dcab b bba vdgv vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ hxceo{ oxbgv ~ga,
rb vj vdb jxaf! vdb gobeks ebbf{ vj hbvvbx lbg{rxb
cv{ {rkkb{{ gef clpgkv vj hbvvbx fjkrlbev xb{rav{
gef hbvvbx gxvckragvb cv{ {rkkb{{ gef clpgkv cevbx,
egaas gef vj jvdbx{%

18/96
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ vjjm kjekxbvb {vbp{ ce NS 800? vj
pj{cvcje cv{ba jx bedgekbf pbxjxlgekb lbg{rxb,
lbev ce vdb rvrxb% Vdb gobeks kxbgvbf vdb Jkb
j [vxgvbock Cejxlgvcje! Xb{bgxkd! gef Pageeceovj jkr{ gef cevboxgvb vdb bjxv{ j vdb gobeks vj
clpxj~b vdb b~gargvcje gef lbg{rxblbev j pbx,
jxlgekb! jrvkjlb{ gef clpgkv= vdb lgegoblbev
j fgvg gef cejxlgvcje! gef pbxjxlgekb pageeceo
gef xbpjxvceo cvdce vdb gobeks%
^jrvxc{l v Djl f ghxjf
_b hbacb~b vdgv vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ xbpxb{bev{ vdb
ojaf {vgefgxf jx ~jarevbbxc{l! gef b kge g{{c{v
jrx pgxvebx{ gxjref vdb jxaf ce pxjljvceo ~ja,revbbxc{l gljeo vdbcx je pbjpab% Jrx ^jare,
vbbx{ xbgkdbf ljxb vdge 7%6 lcaacje sjreo pbjpab
ce 800>! gef lges pj{v{ gxb gaxbgfs jxmceo cvd
sjrvd ce,{bx~ ckb abgxeceo pxjibkv{! vbgkdceo vdbl
vdb ~garb j oc~ceo hgkm vj vdbcx je kjllrecvcb{%
_b {rx ~bsbf jrx pj{v{ vj {bb dj jrx ^jarevbbx{
pxjljvb ~jarevbbxc{l ce vdbcx dj{v kjllrecvcb{
gef kxbgvbf g vg{m jxkb vj ajjm gv vdb gs vdgv vdb
Pbgkb Kjxp{ kge bekjrxgob vdb {pcxcv j ~jarevbbx,
c{l ce jrx kjrevxcb{ j {bx~ckb gef dbxb gv djlb%
Vdb gobeks caa hb pagkceo gffcvcjega blpdg{c{ cevdc{ gxbg g{ b clpablbev jrx jxafcfb jxogecyg,
vcjega page{ jx NS 8004 gkvc~cvcb{%
Jvdbx je,ojceo {coeckgev kjxb gkvc~cvcb{ cekarfb9
^jarevbbx [gbvs gef [bkrxcvs
^jarevbbx {gbvs gef {bkrx cvs xblgce{ vdb gobeks{
dcodb{v pxcjxcvs% Ce bgxas NS 800?! vdb Jkb j
[gbvs gef [bkrxcvs fbvbxlcebf vdgv g pxjoxgl g{,
{b{{lbev jraf hb r{bra vj be{rxb vdgv vdb jkb
g{ gppxjpxcgvbas {vgbf gef raaaceo cv{ pxjoxgl,lgvck xb{pje{chcacvcb{% Vdc{ pxjoxgl g{{b{{lbev
cekarfbf cevbx~cb{ gef g {rx~bs j vdb pxclgxs
{vgmbdjafbx{ j vdb {gbvs gef {bkrxcvs pxjoxgl%
Vdb jaajceo bedgekblbev{ bxb cfbevcbf jx
clpablbevgvcje ce NS 80049
Kjevcerb vj bedgekb vdb xjab{ j mbs {gbvs gef {b,krxcvs j~bx{bg{ {vg ce {rppjxvceo vdb {gbvs gef {b,
krxcvs j ^jarevbbx{= kjevcerb vj blpdg{cyb vdb cl,
pjxvgekb j {cvb {babkvcje gef ^jarevbbx {gbvs gef
{bkrxcvs vxgceceo= {pbgxdbgf clpxj~blbev{ vj vdb
btc{vceo pxjkb{{ jx ljecvjxceo kxcvckga {gbvs gef
{bkrxcvs xbkjllbefgvcje{= gef kjevcerb vdb gobe,
ks jkr{ je refbx,xbpjxvceo j kxclb{ kjllcvvbf
gogce{v ^jarevbbx{ gef btpajxb kxbgvc~b {jarvcje{
jx bekjrxgoceo gffcvcjega cekcfbev xbpjxvceo%
DC^*GCF[ Cecvcgvc~bVdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ kjevcerb{ vj kjevxchrvb {coec,
kgevas vj vdb oajhga odv gogce{v DC^*GCF[% Pbgkb
Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{! hs ac~ceo gef jxmceo gv vdb
oxg{{xjjv{ ab~ba ce kjllrecvcb{ gef {pbgmceo vdb
ajkga ageorgob! gxb recwrbas {rcvbf vj xbgkd pjpr,
agvcje{ lj{v ce ebbf j DC^*GCF[ pxb~bevcje gef
kgxb {bx~ckb{% Vdb Jkb j GCF[ Xbacb kjevcerb{ vj
pxj~cfb gobeks,ab~ba pjacks orcfgekb= j~bxgaa abgf,
bx{dcp= gef obebxga {rpbx~c{cje! fcxbkvcje! gef kj,
jxfcegvcje j Pbgkb Kjxp{ DC^*GCF[ gkvc~cvcb{! ce,
karfceo vdb gobeks { pgxvckcpgvcje ce vdb Pxb{cfbev{Blbxobeks Page jx GCF[ Xbacb $PBPNGX#% Vdb
Pbgkb Kjxp{ kjevcerb{ vj hb g ~garghab pgxvckcpgev
ce vdb PBPNGX pxjoxgl cvd 732 PBPNGX,refbf
^jarevbbx{ {bx~ceo ce 70 j PBPNGX{ 72 jkr{ kjre,
vxcb{%8 Ce gffcvcje vj pj{v{ ce vdb jkr{ kjrevxcb{! 78
jvdbx Pbgkb Kjxp{ pj{v{ clpablbevbf PBPNGX,
refbf gkvc~cvcb{ ce NS 800?%;
G{ g xb{rav j vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ cekxbg{bf ce~ja~b,
lbev ce DC^*GCF[ bjxv{ oajhgaas! vdb gobeks c{
b~gargvceo dj c{{rb{ gxjref fbgvd! fsceo! oxcb!gef aj{{ frb vj DC^*GCF[ gxb gbkvceo ^jarevbbx{
bljvcjega dbgavd vj be{rxb vdb gobeks c{ pxj~cfceo
gfbwrgvb {rppjxv vj ^jarevbbx{% Vdb xb{rav{ j vdc{
8 PBPNGX dg{ cfbevcbf 72 jkr{ kjrevxcb{% Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ dg{ pj{v{ ce vbe j vdb{b jkr{ kjrevxcb{Hjv{geg! Bvdcjpcg! Orsgeg! Mbesg! Ljyglhcwrb!Eglchcg! [jrvd Gxckg! Vgeygecg! Rogefg! gef Yglhcg% Vdb jvdbx jkr{ kjrevxcb{ gxb Dgcvc! C~jxs Kjg{v! Ecobxcg! Xgefg! gef ^cbvegl%
; Jvdbx Pbgkb Kjxp{ pj{v{ clpablbevceo PBPNGX,refbf gkvc~cvcb{ cekarfb9 Fjlceckge Xbprhack! Bg{vbxe Kgxchhbge! Objxocg! Odgeg! Djefrxg{! Mgygmd{vge!Msxosy Xbprhack! Ab{jvdj! Lgagc! [gycagef! Vdgcagef! gef Rmxgceb%

19/96
b~gargvcje caa fbeb dbxb vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ ebbf{
vj {vxbeovdbe {rppjxv {s{vbl{ vj be{rxb vdgv vdj{b
^jarevbbx{ pbxjxlceo vdb{b fckrav vg{m{ gxb
baa,pxbpgxbf vj kjpb cvd vdb{b c{{rb{%
kjvcrjr{ Clpxj~lv
Ce ge bjxv vj jkr{ je vdb bkcbeks gef bbkvc~b,
eb{{ j Pbgkb Kjxp{ jpbxgvcje{! vdb gobeks kje,
vcerbf cv{ pxjoxgl j Cevbxega Lgegoblbev G{,
{b{{lbev{ $CLG# j pj{v{ ce NS 800?% Vdb ojga j
vdb CLG pxjoxgl c{ vj pgxvebx cvd xbocjega gef
pj{v{ {becjx abgfbx{dcp vj {vxbeovdbe gef clpxj~b
pj{v lgegoblbev% G{{b{{lbev vbgl{ dg~b prx{rbf
lbgeceora {jarvcje{ vj clpxj~b pj{v{ jpbxgvcje{gef vj bedgekb ^jarevbbx {bx~ckb gef pxjoxgllgv,
ck clpgkv% Eceb pj{v g{{b{{lbev{ bxb kjefrkvbf ce
NS 800?! abgfceo vj {pbkck xbkjllbefgvcje{ cvd
gobeks,cfb clpackgvcje{%
Ce gffcvcje! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ Jkb j vdb Ce{pbkvjx
Obebxga $JCO# xboragxas kjefrkv{ grfcv{ gef b~gar,
gvcje{ ce vdb rvcacygvcje j gobeks xb{jrxkb{! gef vdb
bkcbeks gef bbkvc~beb{{ j pxjoxgl{ vdgv {rp,
pjxv Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{% Grfcv{ jkr{ je {kga
gkkjrevghcacvs gef bbkvc~beb{{ j cevbxega kjevxja{j~bx Pbgkb Kjxp{ cfb xb{jrxkb{% B~gargvjx{ geg,
asyb vdb pxjoxgl jpbxgvcje{ j vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ gv
hjvd j~bx{bg{ pj{v{ gef fjlb{vck jkb{% Grfcv{ gef
b~gargvcje xbpjxv{ cfbevcs cevbxega kjevxja bgm,
eb{{b{! hb{v pxgkvckb{ gef xbkjllbef pxjoxgl cl,
pxj~blbev{ gef lbge{ vj kjlpas cvd Pbgkb Kjxp{
pjackcb{ gef pxjkbfrxb{% Frxceo NS 800?! vdb JCO
c{{rbf {ct pxjoxgl b~gargvcje xbpjxv{ gef 7> grfcv
xbpjxv{ ce 87 kjrevxcb{%
J~x
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ lc{{cje gef bjxv{ gxjref vdb
oajhb gxb g{ clpjxvgev g{ b~bx% Vdb gobeks caa
kjevcerb vj {vxc~b vj jpbxgvb gv cv{ jpvclrl ab~ba vj
be{rxb ljxb Glbxckge{ gxb oc~be vdb jppjxvrecvs
vj {bx~b g{ Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{ vj kgxxs jrv vdb
gobeks{ lc{{cje j jxaf pbgkb gef xcbef{dcp%
Dbgavd jarevbbx! Hbece

20/96
0
Gkvcje{ vj Gffx{{ Goeks,Cfevcnf Pxcjx Sgx Kgaaeo{
^jrvx Fc~x [{vl
Bgxas ce NS 800?! vdb Fcxbkvjx geejrekbf vdb jx,
lgvcje j vdb ^jarevbbx Fbac~bxs [s{vbl $^F[#
{vbbxceo kjllcvvbb g{ g lgijx cecvcgvc~b vj kjlb jrv
j vdb {vxgvbock pageeceo bjxv% Vdb ^jarevbbx Fb,
ac~bxs [s{vbl xbpxb{bev{ vdb bevcxb pcpbaceb j vdb
{s{vbl ce dckd ^jarevbbx{ gxb xbkxrcvbf! gppas! gxb
ce~cvbf! vxg cebf gef fbpajsbf vj {bx~b j~bx{bg{%
Vdb jhibkvc~b j vdb ^F[ {vbbxceo kjllcvvbb c{ jx
vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ vj jpvclcyb ^F[ hs ab~bxgoceo vdb
raa jxkb j vdb gobeks{ jxogecygvcje! lgegob,lbev! vbkdejajos! gef {kga jpbxgvcje{ vj clpxj~b
gef {r{vgce ^F[ djac{vckgaas% Vdb {vbbxceo kjl,
lcvvbb be{rxb{ {bglab{{ kjevcercvs j jpbxgvcje{
hbvbbe jkb{! jkr{b{ gobeks xb{jrxkb{! gef pxj,
pj{b{ {vxgvbock {jarvcje{ vj blbxoceo kdgaabeob{%
Vj fgvb! vdb ^F[ {vbbxceo kjllcvvbb dg{ hbbe j,
kr{ceo je vdb c{{rb{ j eb xbkxrcvceo {vxgvbocb{
$cekarfceo Glbxckge{ j~bx 20#! hbvvbx lb{{goceo j
vdb lbgeceo j {bx~ckb! btpbfcvceo vdb pxjkb{{ jx
kabgxceo gef ce~cvceo gppackgev{! ageorgob vxgceceo!gef vdb fb~bajplbev j ojjf {cvb{ gef pxjibkv{ jx
^jarevbbx{% Pxjkb{{ gef {s{vbl kdgeob{ gxb refbx
b~gargvcje% Gffcvcjegaas! pcajv pj{v{ dg~b hbbe cfbe,
vcbf vj b~gargvb bbkvc~beb{{ j kdgeob{ ce baf jp,
bxgvcje{% Vdb gkvc~b gef clpjxvgev jxm j vdb ^F[
{vbbxceo kjllcvvbb caa kjevcerb cevj NS 8004 gef
hbsjef g{ kdgeob{ gxb btpbkvbf vj hb clpablbevbf
vj {vgxv gffxb{{ceo cfbevcbf kdgaabeob{%
[vxvoc X{xd! b~rvcj
f Pco rvcj{
Vdb gobeks cfbevcbf vdb agkm j {vxgvbock xb{bgxkd!
b~gargvcje gef pageeceo rekvcje{ g{ g lgijx kdga,
abeob jx NS 800?% Vdb gobeks lr{v fj g hbvvbx ijh
j lbg{rxceo cv{ pbxjxlgekb gef fjkrlbevceo xb,
{rav{ vj bedgekb cv{ ghcacvs vj gxvckragvb cv{ {rkkb{{
gef clpgkv cevbxegaas gef vj jvdbx{% Pxjpbaabf hs
cevbxega {vxgvbock pageeceo! vdb Jkb j Lgegob,
lbev gef Hrfobv $JLH# Pxjoxgl gef Xgvceo Vjja
$PGXV# g{{b{{lbev pxjkb{{! gef vdb ebbf jx g kj,db{c~b pxjkb{{ ce pxbpgxceo vdb NS 8003,8076 {vxg,
vbock page! vdb gobeks vjjm lgijx {vbp{ ce NS 800?
vj gffxb{{ vdc{ c{{rb%
Vdb gobeks kxbgvbf vdb Jkb j [vxgvbock Cejxlg,
vcje! Xb{bgxkd! gef Pageeceo $J[CXP# vj jkr{ gef
cevboxgvb vdb bjxv{ vj clpxj~b9 vdb b~gargvcje gef
lbg{rxblbev j jrx pbxjxlgekb! jrvkjlb{ gef
clpgkv= vdb lgegoblbev j fgvg gef cejxlgvcje!
gef pbxjxlgekb pageeceo gef xbpjxvceo cvdce vdb
gobeks% Vdb eb jkb hboge cv{ jxm ce Lgs 800?gef dg{ gaxbgfs hbore clpxj~ceo vdb oj~bxegekb j
fgvg gef cejxlgvcje! gef vdb xb{bgxkd g{{jkcgvbf
cvd vdb jxlragvcje j kxcvckga b~gargvcje{ vdgv
lr{v hb pbxjxlbf ce jxfbx vj {rppjxv vdb fb~bajp,
lbev j vdb gobeks{ NS 8003,8076 {vxgvbock page%
cc Pxj{{ kdo{
Btvbe{c~b {s{vbl gef pxjkb{{ kdgeob{ clpablbev,
bf ce NS 800> gef ce pxcjx sbgx{ bxb btvxblbas
bbkvc~b ce NS 800?% Vdb{b pxcjx sbgx {s{vbl gefpxjkb{{ kdgeob{ gaajbf jx vdb pxjfrkvcje j gk,
krxgvb gef vclbas egekcga {vgvblbev{ ce NS 800?%
Kdgeob{ clpablbevbf ce vdb pg{v sbgx{ bxb rx,
vdbx vb{vbf gef ~gacfgvbf frxceo vdc{ sbgx{ {rkkb{{,
ra kbxvckgvcje gef gkkxbfcvgvcje j vdb egekcga
{s{vbl! Jfs{{bs! ce gkkjxfgekb cvd vdb Nbfbxga
Cejxlgvcje [bkrxcvs Lgegoblbev Gkv $NC[LG#!
Prhack Ag 70?,;6?% Vdbxb bxb ej xbwrcxblbev{
jx gffcvcjega {s{vbl gef pxjkb{{ kdgeob{ xb{rav,
ceo xjl vdb jxlga NC[LG xb~cb% Gffcvcjegaas!
cevbxega kjevxja vb{vceo g{ baa g{ clpablbevceo{vgefgxfcybf xbkjekcacgvcje{ gaajbf vdb Pbgkb
Kjxp{ vj lgmb ebkb{{gxs kdgeob{ g{ g pgxv j vdb
xboragx fgs,vj,fgs jpbxgvcje{ ce vdb egekcga gxb,
eg% Vdc{ {kga sbgx ej lgvbxcga bgmeb{{b{ bxb
cfbevcbf ce vdb xc{m g{{b{{lbev{ gef btc{vceo lg,
vbxcga bgmeb{{b{ xjl pg{v sbgx egekcga grfcv{
bxb lcvcogvbf%

21/96
Ce ajjmceo gdbgf! rvrxb kdgaabeob{ jx vdb gobeks
cekarfb9
Kjevcerceovj bedgekbvdb^jarevbbxFbac~bxs[s{vbl! cvd g {pbkcga jkr{ je vdb xbkxrcvlbev
j 20- gef gppackgev{ j fc~bx{b bvdeckcvcb{%
Ce{vcvrvcjegacyceovdbnrekvcje{jnpbxnjxlgekb
pageeceo gef xbpjxvceo! b~gargvcje gef lbg,
{rxblbev gef {vxgvbock lgegoblbev j cejx,
lgvcje vdxjrod vdb bjxv{ j J[CXP% Vdc{ caa
be{rxb vdgv vdb{b rekvcje{ gxb clpablbevbf ce
g djac{vck! kjlpxbdbe{c~b gef bbkvc~b lgeebx%
B~gargvceo gef clpxj~ceo vdb kgpghcacvcb{ jn
{vg vj be{rxb vdb kjevcercvs j lc{{cje ce {rp,
pjxvceo jrx ^jarevbbx{ gef be{rxceo bbkvc~b
pbxjxlgekb gv jrx pj{v{ j~bx{bg{%
[vgefgxfcyceogefnjxlgacyceovxgceceojnDj{v
Kjrevxs [vg ce krxxbev egekcga lgegoblbev
hb{v pxgkvckb{%
_dcab jrx kdg aabeob{ kjevcerb vj b~ja~b! vdb Pbgkb
Kjxp{ lc{{cje c{ g{ ~cvga vjfgs g{ cv g{ ce 73>7 gef
vdb gobeks c{ baa pj{cvcjebf vj lbbv vdb{b kdga,
abeob{ dbgf je g{ b kjevcerb vj blpdg{cyb jpbxg,
vcjega btkbaabekb ce vdb sbgx{ vj kjlb%
Bfrkgvcje jarevbbx! Eckgxgorg
0
Goeks,Cfevcnf Nrvrx Kgaaeo{

22/96
0
Px{cfev{ Lgegolev Goefg [rllgxs
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ kjevcergaas {vxc~b{ vj clpxj~b
cv{ lgegoblbev gef pbxjxlgekb% [vxgvbock gefpbxjxlgekb ojga{! cefckgvjx{! gef vgxobv{ bxb xb,
kbevas g{{b{{bf cvdce vdb kjevbtv j vdb Pxb{cfbev{
Lgegoblbev Gobefg $PLG# gef vdb gobeks{ je
lgegoblbev cecvcgvc~b{% Dcodacodvbf dbxb gxb vdb
lgijx clpxj~blbev{ jx bgkd PLG cecvcgvc~b lgfb
frxceo vdc{ {kga sbgx vdgv xbnbkv bkcbeks gef b,
bkvc~beb{{ ogce{ jx vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ gef gaa j cv{
{vg% Vdb PLG dbap{ vdb gobeks gfjpv eb fc{kc,
paceb{ vj be{rxb cv{ jkr{ je xb{rav{ c{ bbkvc~b gef
befrxceo% Njx bgkd cecvcgvc~b! vdb PLG b{vghac{db{
kabgx! oj~bxelbev,cfb ojga{ jx {vgefgxf{ jx {rk,kb{{ gef vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ c{ kjllcvvbf vj lbbvceo
jx btkbbfceo vdb{b ojga{ gef {vgefgxf{%
[vxvoc Lolv j Drl kpcv
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ jpbxgvb{ refbx g recwrb vbxl,
aclcvbf dcxceo grvdjxcvs% [vg lblhbx{ gxb aclcvbf
vj ~b sbgx{ j xboragx blpajslbev! cvd ge gffc,
vcjega ;0 ljevd{ g~gcaghab jx rp vj 72 pbxkbev j
vdb {vg% _cvdce vdc{ kjevbtv! vdb gobeks kjevcer,
gaas {vxc~b{ vj clpxj~b cv{ drlge xb{jrxkb lgegob,lbev $DXL# kje{c{vbev cvd vdb ojga{ j PLG gef
vj lbbv jx btkbbf vdb gobeks{ je ojga{ gef cecvcg,
vc~b{%
G ~cvga pgxv j vdb gobeks{ DXL page c{ vdb cevb,
oxgvcje j vdb Pxb{cfbev{ btpgefbf b,oj~bxelbev
cecvcgvc~b cevj gaa j jrx pxjkb{{b{% Vdb lj{v clpjx,
vgev cecvcgvc~b vj {rppjxv {vxgvbock lgegoblbev j
drlge kgpcvga c{ jrx jeojceo clpablbevgvcje j
ge grvjlgvbf drlge kgpcvga lgegoblbev {s{vbl
cevxjfrkbf g{ g pcajv pxjoxgl frxceo NS 800>% Hsgrvjlgvceo lges j jrx DXL rekvcje{ gef jvdbx
b,oj~bxelbev cecvcgvc~b{! vdb gobeks c{ {vxbglace,
ceo lges j cv{ pxjkb{{b{! pxjkbfrxb{ gef pxgkvckb{%
Xbpbvcvc~b xbpjxvceo vg{m{ gxb hbceo xbfrkbf gef
cejxlgvcje c{ {dgxbf ljxb wrckmas gef bkcbevas
hbvbbe jkb{% Grvjlgvceo cevbxega pxjkb{{b{ xb,
frkb{ jpbxgvceo kj{v{%
R{b j vdc{ {s{vbl gef cv{ xbkxrcvlbev gef {vgeo
ljfrab{ dg{ xbfrkbf vdb vclb cv vgmb{ vj xbkxrcv gefdcxb wrgacvs gppackgev{ hs {clravgebjr{as {befceo
~gkgeks geejrekblbev{ vj j~bx 7!600 xbkxrcv,
lbev {jrxkb{% Pjvbevcga kgefcfgvb xj{vbx{ gxb ej
g~gcaghab cvdce jeb bbm! g {coeckgev clpxj~b,
lbev j~bx vdb pxb~cjr{ lgerga {s{vbl% Gffcvcje,
gaas! vdc{ {s{vbl pxj~cfb{ vdb gppackgev cevgmb vjja
jx vdb Abgfbx{dcp Fb~bajplbev Gkgfbls dckd
g{ agrekdbf ce NS 800> gef c{ ej ce cv{ {bkjef
sbgx% Vdb ojga j vdc{ 78,ljevd abgfbx{dcp pxjoxg l
c{ vj be{rxb vdgv pjvbevcga rvrxb abgfbx{ dg~b vdb
ebkb{{gxs {mcaa{ vj abgf vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{% Jvdbx be,dgekblbev{ gkdcb~bf vdxjrod vdb jeojceo {s{vbl
clpablbevgvcje cekarfb {pbkcgacybf jxcbevgvcje
vxgceceo! kjefrkvceo j DXL jxlga bkcbeks {rx,
~bs{! fc{vxchrvceo kr{vjlcybf wrgxvbxas babkvxjeck
eb{abvvbx{! kjefrkvceo vdxbb vje dgaa b~bev{
cvd cekxbg{bf pgxvckcpgvcje! fb~bajpceo g lgegob,
lbev kjllreckgvcje page! gef lgcevgceceo g pbx,
{jeeba fgvghg{b j jxlbx Pbgkb Kjxp{ blpajsbb{
vj gkcacvgvb rvrxb xb,blpajslbev%
Clpxj~blbev{ gxb hbceo kjevcerjr{as cekjxpjxgv,bf gef vdb gobeks c{ eb,vreceo vdb gs ce dckd
DXL hr{ceb{{ c{ kjefrkvbf vj lgtclcyb pbxjx,
lgekb gef vj be{rxb vdgv vdb lj{v bkcbev xb{rav{
gxb gkdcb~bf vj lbbv vdb ebbf{ j gaa Pbgkb Kjxp{
kr{vjlbx{%
kjlpvcvc~ [jrxco
J~bx vdb pg{v b sbgx{! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ dg{ jrv,
{jrxkbf lges rekvcje{ vj pxc~gvb xl{ gef vj
jvdbx oj~bxelbev gobekcb{% Vdb{b ~gxcjr{ jrv,{jrxkceo cecvcgvc~b{ dg~b xb{ravbf ce g 897 xgvcj j
jrv{jrxkbf pj{cvcje{ vj Pbgkb Kjxp{ blpajsbb{%
Vdb gobeks kjevcerb{ vj jpbxgvb bbkvc~bas cvd g
raa,vclb {vg j gppxjtclgvbas 7!000 blpajsbb{ gv
Pbgkb Kjxp{ dbgfwrgxvbx{! xbocjega xbkxrcvceo j,
kb{! gef gv pj{v{ ce vdb ?6 kjrevxcb{ ce dckd ^ja,
revbbx{ {bx~b% Vdb gobeks grolbev{ cv{ raa,vclb
{vgeo cvd ghjrv 8!000 kjevxgkvjx{! dj jxm

23/96
fjlb{vckgaas gef j~bx{bg{% Lj{v j~bx{bg{ {vg
rekvcje{ refbx pbx{jega {bx~ckb kjevxgkv{! dckd
gxb xbebbf geergaas% _dcab vdb gobeks c{ jpbe vj
ebas fb~bajpceo jppjxvrecvcb{! ej eb kjlpbvc,vc~b {jrxkceo cecvcgvc~b{ bxb clpablbevbf vdc{ {,
kga sbgx! gef ejeb gxb pageebf jx NS 8004%
Clpxj~f cc Pxjxl
Vdb lj{v {coeckgev clpxj~blbev{ ce egekcga
pbxjxlgekb ce vdc{ {kga sbgx bxb kjlpabvceo
vdb kbxvckgvcje gef gkkxbfcvgvcje pxjkb{{ jx vdb
gobeks{ egekcga {s{vbl gef ~gacfgvceo vdb gobe,
ks{ kjevceobeks page% Vdc{ lcvcogvbf eje,kjejx,
lgekb{ vj vdb oj~bxelbev,cfb egekcga lgegob,lbev {s{vbl{ xbwrcxblbev{ pxb~cjr{as clpbfceo g
kabge egekcga grfcv jpcecje% Vdb egekcga {s{vbl{
gxbg kge ej jkr{ ljxb fcxbkvas je rvrxb {s{vbl
clpxj~blbev{ jx Pbgkb Kjxp{ kr{vjlbx{% Vdc{ {,
kga sbgx gaa xbwrcxbf bfbxga egekcga {vgvblbev{
bxb obebxgvbf f cxbkvas xjl vdb egekcga {s{vbl
gef pxjkb{{b{ jx vdb x{v vclb%
Btvbxega grfcvjx{ c{{rbf g wrgacbf jpcecje je vdb
Pbgkb Kjxp{ [bpvblhbx ;0! 800>! hgagekb {dbbv%
_cvd vdb clpxj~bf egekcga xbpjxvceo gef cevbx,ega kjevxja{ clpablbevbf hs vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{! vdb
grfcvjx{ bxb ghab vj pbxjxl btvbefbf pxjkbfrxb{
frxceo NS 800? gef ge rewrgacbf jpcecje g{ bt,
vbefbf vj gaa egekcga {vgvblbev{ jx vdb {kga sbgx
befbf [bpvblhbx ;0! 800?% Gooxb{{c~b ljecvjxceo
gef kjlpabvcje j vdb kjxxbkvc~b gkvcje{ ebkb{{gxs
vj {gvc{s vdb gobeks{ kjxxbkvc~b gkvcje page{ ce xb,
{pje{b vj jvdbx btvbxega egekcga grfcv efceo{
dg~b {coeckgevas xbfrkbf vdb j~bxgaa erlhbx j
jrv{vgefceo grfcv efceo{ gef baclcegvbf lgvbxcga
bgmeb{{b{ jx vdb gobeks% Lgijx lcab{vjeb{ bxbgkdcb~bf vdc{ {kga sbgx ce ogceceo hbvvbx kjevxja j
vdb kgpcvga g{{bv{ $pxjpbxvs! pagev! gef bwrcplbev
]PP.B\# vdxjrod clpablbevgvcje j ge Jxgkab Nctbf
G{{bv ljfrab vj {vxbglaceb vxgkmceo gef fbpxbkgvcje
j PP.B gef cecvcgvceo vdb jeojceo pxjkb{{ j {blc,
geerga ~bxckgvcje j PP.B g{{bv{ cvd bgkd pj{v%
Gkkjrev xbkjekcacgvcje{ bxb {vgefgxfcybf frxceo
vdc{ sbgx gef rxvdbx {s{vblgvcyceo bjxv{ caa jk,
krx ce vdb rvrxb% Vdb Ce{pbkvjx Obebxga{ pj{v gef
dbgfwrgxvbx{ grfcv{ bxb kaj{bas ljecvjxbf vj be,
{rxb egekcga,xbagvbf efceo{ bxb xb{ja~bf {pbbf,
cas! vdbxbhs xbfrkceo jrv{vgefceo egekcga j~bx{codvgrfcv efceo{ xjl 8; vj jeb jx vdc{ {kga sbgx% Vdb
xbkbev Jkb j vdb Kdcb Ncegekcga Jkbx xbjxog,
ecygvcje dg{ pxjfrkbf hbvvbx kjllreckgvcje gef
kje{c{vbeks gljeo lgegobx{ gef dbapbf {vghcacyb
kjevxgkv kje{ravgev{ ce vdbcx pj{cvcje{%
Vdb gobeks,cfb cevbxega kjevxja pxjoxgl btpgef,
bf vj cekarfb cevbxega kjevxja vb{vceo vj {vxbeovdbe
vdb xbacghcacvs j pbx{jega {bx~ckb kjevxgkv pgslbev
pxjkb{{ceo jx vdb j~bx{bg{ kjevxgkvjx{ gef vj rx,
vdbx {rh{vgevcgvb refbac~bxbf jxfbx{ jx vdb ege,kcga {vgvblbev hgagekb{% Gffcvcjegaas! ajeo,vbxl
pbx{jega {bx~ckb kjevxgkv pgslbev{ bxb raas gr,
vjlgvbf frxceo vdc{ {kga sbgx vj rxvdbx cekxbg{b
gkkrxgks gef {pbbf gef aboc{agvcje g{ {coebf cevj
ag vdgv gaajbf vdb gobeks vj kxbgvb g pbx{jega
{bx~ckb kjevxgkvjx{ {bpgxgvcje pgs gkkjrev gv Vxbg,
{rxs vj hbvvbx lgegob vdb refceo j {bpgxgvcje pgs
jx dj{v kjrevxs egvcjega{%
Ncegekcga lgegoblbev clpxj~blbev bjxv{ cevxj,
frkbf vdc{ {kga sbgx vdgv fcxbkvas hbebv vdb pj{v{ajkgvbf gxjref vdb jxaf cekarfb bedgekceo ege,
kcga lgegoblbev vxgceceo jx eb kjrevxs fcxbkvjx{
gef gflcec{vxgvc~b jkbx{= xbpagkceo geejrekbf
kg{d ~bxckgvcje{ cvd {rxpxc{b grfcv{ hs bgkd pj{v=
xbfrkceo vdb xbwrcxbf wrgxvbxas xbpjxv{ xjl ~b
vj vj= kdgeoceo vdb clpxb{v ref xbpabec{dlbev{
xjl kdbkm vj grvjlgvbf kabgxceodjr{b*babkvxjeck
ref{ vxge{bx= jkr{ceo je babkvxjeck ref{ vxge{,
bx pgslbev{ vj xbfrkb clpxb{v ref kg{d xbwrcxb,
lbev{= clpablbevceo vdb pgpbx kdbkm kje~bx{cje
j~bx,vdb,kjrevbx pxjoxgl vj raas grvjlgvb gefclpxj~b vdb kjaabkvcje! xbkjekcacgvcje! xb{bgxkd
gef xbpjxvceo g{{jkcgvbf cvd kdbkm kjaabkvcje{=
gef kgekbaceo gef kxbfcvceo pgslbev{ c{{rbf hs vdb
[vgvb Fbpgxvlbev{ egekcga {bx~ckb kbevbx{ {j vdb
refceo c{ cllbfcgvbas g~gcaghab vj vdb pj{v{%
Lges jvdbx clpjxvgev egekcga pbxjxlgekb gk,
kjlpac{dlbev{ bxb ce{vcvrvbf frxceo vdc{ {kga

24/96
sbgx vj cekarfb egekcga lgegoblbev pbxjxlgekb
lbvxck{ lbg{rxceo kxcvckga gkvc~cvcb{ vdgv b~gargvb
vdb gobeks{ egekcga dbgavd! baclcegvceo vdb &7%8
lcaacje fbhcv kgxf hgkmajo {pgeeceo {b~bxga {kgasbgx{ gef kdgeoceo vj g eb fbhcv kgxf pagvjxl
vdgv caa grvjlgvckgaas reajgf rer{bf gljrev{
je fbhcv kgxf{ hg{bf je btpcxgvcje fgvb vj pxb~bev
rvrxb pxjhabl{ g{ baa g{ xbpagkceo vdb lgerga
lbvdjf j xbbxxceo fbhv{ vj Vxbg{rxs jx kjaabk,
vcje% [vxjeo bjxv{ vj clpxj~b egekcga pjacks gef
vj fc{{blcegvb vdgv pjacks xgpcfas vdxjrodjrv vdb
gobeks kjevcerb vdxjrod r{b j b,lgca{! hraabvce{!
pjackcb{! gef pxjkbfrxb{ gef caa hb b~be rxvdbx
{vxbeovdbebf ce vdb kjlceo {kga sbgx% Je,ojceo
bjxv{ vj lgcevgce gef rpfgvb Pbgkb Kjxp{ lger,ga{ gef dgefhjjm{ kjevcerb vj hb g pxcjxcvs jx vdb
rvrxb g{ baa g{ {vxbeovdbeceo vdb fjkrlbevgvcje
jx rekvcje{ gef pxjkb{{b{%
btpff b,Oj~xlv
Btpgefbf b,oj~bxelbev j{vbx{ g kcvcybe,kbevbxbf
oj~bxelbev cvd g oxbgvbx ~jarlb j {bx~ckb gv
g ajbx kj{v% Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ kdgaabeob c{ vj be,
{rxb vdgv cv{ ce~b{vlbev{ ce cejxlgvcje vbkdeja,
jos $CV# gxb prv vj vdb hb{v r{b dcab pxj~cfceo jx{s{vbl {bkrxcvs gef cevboxcvs% Vdc{ c{ kxcvckga {cekb
vdb acmbacdjjf j jhvgceceo xb{jrxkb{ jx gaa cfbevc,
bf CV cecvcgvc~b{ kge hb fckrav% Vj gkcacvgvb pxj,
oxgl gef jpbxgvcje vxge{pgxbeks! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{
b,oj~bxelbev cecvcgvc~b{ gxb obgxbf vjgxf j~bx,
kjlceo gobeks hrxbgrkxgvck fc~c{cje{ gef cekxbg{,
ceo pxjfrkvc~cvs gef vdb bg{b j babkvxjeck gkkb{{ jx
kcvcybe{% Vdb gobeks dg{ cveb{{bf geerga pxjoxb{{
ce cv{ {s{vbl{ lgvrxgvcje! xjl g aj,vbkd jpbxgv,
ceo be~cxjelbev vj g vdb dcod,vbkd beghabf gobeks
j vjfgs%
Kje{c{vbev cvd krx xbev oj~bxelbev,cfb lgegob,
lbev xbjxl{! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ caa cekxbg{b cv{ r{b
j CV gef b,oj~bxelbev {bx~ckb{ vj {vxbeovdbe vdb
wrgacvs! bkcbeks! gef vclbaceb{{ j xbkxrcvceo! g{,
{b{{ceo! gef {babkvceo pxj{pbkvc~b ^jarevbbx{% Ce
8006! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ hboge fb~bajpceo vdb cexg,
{vxrkvrxb xbwrcxbf vj ljfbxecyb vdb gobeks gef
beghab oxbgvbx b,oj~bxelbev {jarvcje{% Vdb gobeks
dg{ bedgekbf vbabkjllreckgvcje{! dgxfgxb! {b,
krxcvs! gef {jarvcje{ fb~bajplbev kgpghcacvs jxaf,cfb {cekb vdgv vclb%
Vdb ^jarevbbx Fbac~bxs [s{vbl $^F[# c{ g kjevcer,
jr{ kskab j ^jarevbbx xbkxrcvlbev! {kxbbeceo! gef
pagkblbev vdgv gaaj{ vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ vj fbac~bx vdb
hb{v {rcvbf ^jarevbbx{ jx g dj{v kjrevxs { ebbf{%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ dg{ {vxgvbockgaas gacoebf cv{ ^F[
cvd vdb gobeks{ lc{{cje! ljfbxecyceo cv{ pxj,
kb{{b{ vj {pbbf rp vdb fbac~bxs pxjkb{{ gef vj xbgkd
fcbxbev fc~bx{b oxjrp{ ljxb bbkvc~bas% Cevbxega
kjllreckgvcje dg{ hbbe {vxbglacebf gef j~bxgaaxb{pje{b vclb{ vj gppackgev{ dg~b hbbe xbfrkbf%
Vdb gobeks dg{ fbpajsbf g _bh,hg{bf kjebxbek,
ceo vjja! _bhBt! dckd gkcacvgvb{ {dgxceo xbga,
vclb cejxlgvcje hbvbbe j~bx{bg{ gef fjlb{vck
{vg% _bhBt dg{ {coeckgevas clpxj~bf ^jarevbbx
pagkblbev hbkgr{b vdb pj{v xbkbc~ceo vdb jarevbbx
kge fc{kr{{ dj{v ebbf{ gef xbwrcxblbev{ cvd vdb
Pagkblbev Jkb vdgv {bef{ vdb ^jarevbbx% Kjxxb,
{pjefceoas! gkkrxgvb gef bbkvc~b pagkblbev xb,
frkb{ bgxas vbxlcegvcje xgvb{ gef cekxbg{b{ ^jare,
vbbx {gvc{gkvcje hbkgr{b vdb xcodv pbx{je c{ pagkbfce vdb xcodv ijh% _bhBt ga{j xbfrkb{ vxg~ba kj{v{ hs
gaajceo {vg vj vbabkjebxbekb ~cg vdb _bh ce{vbgf
j lbbvceo gkb,vj,gkb%
G{ vdb gobeks xbxb{dbf vbkdejajos gv Gxckg xbocje
pj{v{! g erlhbx j kjrevxs fcxbkvjx{ xbkjllbefbf
bedgekblbev{ vj cekxbg{b pxjfrkvc~cvs gef bbk,
vc~beb{{% Ce xb{pje{b! Beoac{d ageorgob gef v spceo
vrvjxcga{ dg~b hbbe cevxjfrkbf gv bgkd pj{v% Vdb{b
vjja{ cekxbg{b pxjfrkvc~cvs j gflcec{vxgvc~b {vg!
pxclgxcas dj{v kjrevxs egvcjega{ dj lgs {vxrooabcvd ageorgob jx fgvg bevxs%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ kjevcerb{ vj clpablbev CV {bkr,
xcvs {jarvcje{ vj {bkrxb fgvg {vjxbf gef pxjkb{{bf
je gobeks kjlprvbx{% Vdc{ beghab{ vdb gobeks vj hb
kjlpacgev cvd vdb Kjevcercvs j Jpbxgvcje{ Page
$KJJP# gef vdb Nbfbxga Cejxlgvcje [bkrxcvs Ce,

25/96
jxlgvcje Lgegoblbev Gkv% Ce NS 800?! vdb gobe,
ks lgfb {coeckgev {vxcfb{ ce vdb kbxvckgvcje gef
gkkxbfcvgvcje pxjkb{{b{%
Bedgekbf vbkdejajos dbapbf pxj~cfb ge grvjlgvbf
pxjpbxvs vxgkmceo {s{vbl vdgv c{ hbvvbx kjevxjaaceo
gef lgegoceo g{{bv{ jebf gef*jx jpbxgvbf hs vdb
gobeks% PxjpLge CC! vdb gobeks{ eb PP.B {s{,
vbl! ejv jeas clpxj~b{ pxjpbxvs lgegoblbev! hrv
cv pxj~cfb{ g {vgefgxf {s{vbl vj kgpvrxb! vxgkm! gef
xbpjxv je Pbgkb Kjxp{ pxjpbxvs%
G erlhbx j j~bx{bg{ pj{v{ dg~b ljevdas vbabkjl,
lreckgvcje{ kj{v{ j ljxb vdge &6!000! cekarfceo
ajeo,fc{vgekb gef ajkga pdjeb {bx~ckb% Vdb PbgkbKjxp{ c{ pcajvceo g ~jckb,j~bx,Cevbxebv pxjvjkja
$^JCP# gv vj j~bx{bg{ pj{v{! xbfrkceo vdc{ kj{v vj
gppxjtclgvbas &600 pbx ljevd% ^JCP kjraf pjvbe,
vcgaas ajbx vbabkjllreckgvcje{ kj{v{ jx g{ lges
g{ 80 j~bx{bg{ pj{v{%
B,lgca c{ g kxcvckga kjlpjebev j vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{
kjllreckgvcje gef kjaaghjxgvcje be~cxjelbev%
Cv c{ pxjhghas vdb lj{v fbpbefbf,rpje vbkdeja,
jos ce vdb gobeks% Gppxjtclgvbas 42 pbxkbev j jrx
cekjlceo b,lgca c{ {pgl% Ce NS 800?! vdb PbgkbKjxp{ clpablbevbf g {pgl xbfrkvcje {jarvcje vdgv
baclcegvb{ 33%2 pbxkbev j {pgl gef pxb~bev{ vdb
aj{{ j pxjfrkvc~cvs g{{jkcgvbf cvd lgegoceo hj,
or{ b,lgca%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ xbabg{bf g eb ~bx{cje j vdb ^ja,
revbbx cejxlgvcje fgvghg{b gppackgvcje $^CFG#
dckd gaaj{ pj{v{ vj lg egob vdbcx ^jarevbbx{ r{,
ceo g {vgefgxf {s{vbl! pxjkb{{! gef xbpjxv{% Vdc{
jxm c{ jeojceo gef cekarfb{ bedgekblbev{ vj lj,
hcacvs $^CFG caa jxm je g agpvjp! vghabv! jx pbx,{jega fcocvga g{{c{vgev# gef fgvg vxge{lc{{cje $fgvg
caa hb g~gcaghab gv Pbgkb Kjxp{ dbgfwrgxvbx{#%
Vdb gobeks kjevcerb{ vj clpablbev ^[GV $~bxs
{lgaa gpbxvrxb vbxlcega! ge bgxvdhjref {vgvcje
r{bf ce {gvbaacvb kjllreckgvcje{ j fgvg! ~jckb!
gef ~cfbj {coega{# vbxlcega{ ce kjrevxcb{ dbxbvdb vbabkjllreckgvcje{ cexg{vxrkvrxb fjb{ ejv
{rppjxv {vghab vbabpdjeb gef Cevbxebv {bx~ckb{% Ce
NS 800?! vdc{ vbkdejajos g{ clpablbevbf ce Hb,
ece! Hrxmceg Ng{j! Orsgeg! Mbesg! Msxosy Xbprh,
ack! Ab{jvdj! Lgagc! Lgac! Lgrxcvgecg! Lckxjeb,
{cg! [gljg! [v% Arkcg! Vjoj! Vjeog! Vrxmlbec{vge!
Rogefg! gef ^gergvr%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ rpoxgfbf vdb Kxclb Cekcfbev Xb,
pjxvceo [s{vbl cevxjfrkbf ce NS 800> vj g Kxclb
Cekcfbev Xbpjxvceo Njxl $KCXN#% KCXN c{ pxj~cf,ceo g {bkrxb! vclbas! {vgefgxf babkvxjeck {jarvcje jx
pj{v{ vj xbpjxv {pbkck kxclb{ gogce{v ^jarevbbx{
vj vdb Jkb j [gbvs gef [bkrxcvs! xbocje{! lbfc,
kga {vg! vdb ce{pbkvjx obebxga! gef obebxga kjre{ba%
KCXN c{ {g~ceo vclb! bedgekceo {gbvs gef {bkrxcvs!
gef pxj~cfceo gkkrxgvb gef kje{c{vbev cejxlgvcje
vj gaa pgxvcb{ ce~ja~bf%
Pbgkb Kjxp{ b,oj~bxelbev page{ jx NS 8004,
8003 cekarfb9
Fbpajsceog{bgxkdbeoceb{jarvcjekgaabfCenjx,
lgvcje Gkkb{{
Fb~bajpceo vdb x{v cvbxgvcje fgvg gxbdjr{b
jx cejxlgvcje {dgxceo
Fb~bajpceoxbwrcxblbev{gefgegas{c{njxgkje,
vbev lgegoblbev {s{vbl
Gegasyceogfjkrlbevlgegoblbev{jarvcjevj
gffxb{{ vdb Dbgavd Ce{rxgekb Pjxvghcacvs gefGkkjrevghcacvs Gkv! vdb Egvcjega Gxkdc~b{ gef
Xbkjxf{ Gflcec{vxgvcje! gef KJJP ebbf{
Fbpajsceogegobeksljhcacvs{jarvcje!cekarf,
ceo cxbab{{%

26/96
Fbpajsceogpcajvcmc$gejeacebkjaaghjxgvcje
vjja# kgaabf Pbgkb _cmc%
Fbpajsceo {dgxbpjcev pjxvga {bx~ckb{ vj ljxbpj{v{! xbfrkceo vdb ebbf jx ^jarevbbx{ vj vxg~ba
vj pj{v{ vj btkdgeob cejxlgvcje%
Fbpajsceo vdb ^JCP {jarvcje njx gffcvcjega
pj{v{%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ caa kjevcerb vj gacoe CV {s{vbl{
cvd kjxb hr{ceb{{ pxjkb{{b{ r{ceo cv{ oj~bxegekb
pxjkb{{ vj be{rxb gobeks pxcjxcvcb{ gxb gkdcb~bf%
Fbeceo CV {vxgvbock pageeceo gxjref pxjkb{{b{
vdgv lgmb vdb hb{v r{b j _bh gkkb{{chcacvs caa hbjeb gs vdb gobeks gkkjlpac{db{ vdc{%
Hrfov f Pxjxl Cvoxvcj
Vdb pxclgxs vjja vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ r{b{ vj cevboxgvb
hrfobv gef pbxjxlgekb c{ cv{ Cevboxgvbf Pageeceo
gef Hrfobv [s{vbl $CPH[#% Vdb CPH[ c{ kje{c{vbev
cvd vdb pageeceo pxjkb{{ fbebf hs vdb Oj~bxe,
lbev Pbxjxlgekb gef Xb{rav{ Gkv gef c{ vcbf vj
vdb PLG% Vdb {s{vbl gacoe{ vdb Kjeoxb{{cjega
pageeceo gef hrfobv kskab cvd vdb lgijx hr{ceb{{acb kskab{ j vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ $c%b%! pj{v{ baf pxji,
bkv fb{coe gef vdb gobeks{ ^jarevbbx xbkxrcvlbev
gef fbac~bxs kskab{#% CPH[ g{ xbbeocebbxbf frxceo
NS 800> gef vdb gobeks c{ btpbxcbekceo vdb hbeb,
v{ j vdb bedgekbf pageeceo bgvrxb{! vdb cevbxega
ljevdas hrfobv btbkrvcje xb~cb{ gef vdb wrgx,
vbxas btbkrvcje xb~cb{% Xbgacoeceo pbxjxlgekb
xb~cb{ cvd vdb lcf,sbgx hrfobv xb~cb pxjkb{{!
kjlhcebf cvd jxlga pxb{bevgvcje{ vj vdb Fcxbk,
vjx! dg{ {vxbglacebf vdb xbgaajkgvcje pxjkb{{ jx
refceo gef vdb lgegoblbev j drlge xb{jrxkb{gef cekxbg{bf vdb ~c{chcacvs j pxjhabl gxbg{ jx
wrckm xb{jarvcje%
Vdb gobeks{ lj{v xbkbev {vbp vjgxf clpxj~ceo
vdb hrfobv gef pbxjxlgekb cevboxgvcje g{ kxbgv,
ceo vdb Jkb j [vxgvbock Cejxlgvcje! Xb{bgxkd!
gef Pageeceo frxceo NS 800?% Vdc{ jkb caa abgf
vdb fb~bajplbev j kjevbev jx ajeo,xgeob pageeceo
bjxv{= gkcacvgvb clpablbevgvcje j Pbgkb Kjxp{,
ab~ba pxjoxgl b~gargvcje{= clpxj~b r{b j jrv,
kjlb,jxcbevbf pbxjxlgekb lbg{rxb{= gef {bx~b
g{ vdb gobeks{ grvdjxcvs jx fgvg oj~bxegekb gef{vbgxf{dcp%
Lgegoceo cvdce vdb xglbjxm j vdb Pxb{cfbev{
Lgegoblbev Gobefg pxj~cfb{ gobeks lg egoblbev
cvd ge jppjxvrecvs vj kxbgvb {s{vbl{ vdgv bedgekb
pbxjxlgekb% Vdb{b clpxj~bf kgpghcacvcb{ gaaj
vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ vj jkr{ je cv{ ~cvga lc{{cje gef
hrcaf g {jacf jrefgvcje jx rvrxb btkbaabekb%
^jarevbbx{ ce Ba [ga~gfjx

27/96P b X N j X L G E K b [ b K V c j E

28/96
Pxjxlgek [kvcje
Geerga Pxjxlgek Xpjxv
0
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ lc{{cje j pxjljvceo jxaf pbgkb
gef xcbef{dcp c{ gkkjlpac{dbf vdxjrod vdb jxm j
Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{ g{ vdbs vxge{bx {mcaa{ gef
hrcaf kxj{{,kravrxga refbx{vgefceo ce pgxvebx kjre,vxcb{ vdxjrodjrv vdb jxaf% Vdb gobeks jpbxgvb{ ce
dj{v kjrevxcb{ vdgv dg~b ce~cvbf vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ vj
g{{c{v vdbl ce lbbvceo vdbcx fb~bajplbev ebbf{%
Vdxjrod vdbcx jxm! Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{ hrcaf
hxcfob{ j refbx{vgefceo hbvbbe Glbxckge{ gef
dj{v kjrevxs egvcjega{%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ r{b{ pbxjxlgekb ojga{ gef lbg,
{rxb{ vdgv jkr{ je pxj~cfceo {mcaabf ^jarevbbx{ vj
lbbv dj{v kjrevxs ebbf{! {rppjxvceo vdb dbgavd gef
{gbvs j vdb ^jarevbbx{! gef be{rxceo vdgv ^jare,vbbx{ xbnbkv vdb gkb j Glbxckg vj dj{v kjrevxcb{%
Vdb lbg{rxb{ ga{j ajjm gv vdb bkcbeks gef bbk,
vc~beb{{ j bjxv{ vj xbkxrcv! vxgce! gef {rppjxv ^ja,
revbbx{ g{ vdbs kgxxs jrv vdbcx jxm! g{ baa g{ vdb
btpj{rxb j Glbxckge{ vj jvdbx kravrxb{ hbkgr{b j
vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{% Vdb{b ojga{ gef lbg{rxb{ pxj~cfb
g kabgx pckvrxb j vdb gobeks{ lj{v clpjxvgev pbx,
jxlgekb xb{rav{%
Ce NS 800?! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ lgfb {coeckgev {vxcfb{
ce ce{vcvrvcjegacyceo cv{ pbxjxlgekb xbpjxvceo pxj,kb{{ vdxjrod vdb kxbgvcje j vdb Jkb j [vxgvbock
Cejxlgvcje! Xb{bgxkd! gef Pageeceo $J[CXP#% Njx
NS 800>,8004! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ gfir{vbf cv{ {vxgvb,
ock page vj hbvvbx gacoe vdb page vj vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{
vdxbb kjxb ojga{ gef cevbxega pxjkb{{b{! cekarfceo
eb gef ljfcbf {vxgvbock jhibkvc~b{ cvd jrvkjlb,
jxcbevbf vgxobv{ gef cefckgvjx{% Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{
kjlpabvbf! gef JLH gppxj~bf! vdb xb~c{bf ~bx{cje
j vdb gobeks{ {vxgvbock page! dckd g{ cekarfbf ce
vdb NS 800? Kjeoxb{{cjega Hrfobv Ir{vcnkgvcje%
Pxjoxl g{{{{lv Xvco Vjj
Vdb {vxgvbock page gfir{vlbev g{ ce xb{pje{b vj vdb
Pbgkb Kjxp{ x{v,b~bx Pxjoxgl G{{b{{lbev Xgvceo
Vjja $PGXV# xb~cb! dckd jkkrxxbf ce NS 8002%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ xbkbc~bf ge bbkvc~b xgvceo! dckd
cefckgvb{ vdgv vdb gobeks dg{ {bv glhcvcjr{ ojga{!
gkdcb~bf xb{rav{! c{ baa,lgegobf! gef clpxj~b{ b,
kcbeks% Vdb PGXV xb~cb pxjkb{{ ga{j cekarfbf xbk,
jllbefgvcje{ jx clpxj~blbev! kgaabf vdb PGXV
clpxj~blbev page% Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ clpxj~blbev
page jrvacebf vdb ebbf vj cfbevcs eb {vxgvbock jhibk,vc~b{ cvd jrvkjlb,jxcbevbf vgxobv{ gef cefckgvjx{
ljxb kaj{bas gacoebf vj vdb gobeks{ lc{{cje {vgvb,
lbev% Ce xb{pje{b! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ pxjfrkbf vdb
cevbxcl gfir{vlbev vj vdb {vxgvbock page fb{kxchbf
ghj~b refbx dckd vdb gobeks c{ krxxbevas jpbxgvceo%
Vdb PGXV clpxj~blbev page ga{j xbbx{ vj vdb gobe,
ks{ ebbf vj hbvvbx lbg{rxb ^jarevbbx{ bbkvc~beb{{
ce kgxxsceo jrv vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ {bkjef kjxb ojga j
pxjljvceo g hbvvbx refbx{vgefceo j Glbxckge{ je
vdb pgxv j vdb pbjpab{ {bx~bf% J[CXP c{ fb~bajpceo{jpdc{vckgvbf xb{bgxkd lbvdjf{ vj lbg{rxb jrv,
kjlb{ vdgv caa beghab vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ vj wrgevcs
cv{ gkdcb~blbev j vdc{ {bkjef kjxb ojga gef vdb xb{v
j vdb gobeks{ pbxjxlgekb lbg{rxb{ ce NS 8004%
Ce gffcvcje vj ce{vcvrvcjegacyceo vdb gobeks{ pbxjx,
lgekb xbpjxvceo! J[CXP c{ ga{j kdgxobf cvd fb~ba,
jpceo vdb NS 8003,8076 {vxgvbock page%
Jn j C{pvjx Ox grfcv{
f b~rvcj{
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ Jkb j vdb Ce{pbkvjx Obebxga
$JCO# xboragxas kjefrkv{ grfcv{ gef b~gargvcje{ j
vdb bbkvc~beb{{ j pxjoxgl{ vdgv {rppjxv Pbgkb
Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{% Grfcvjx{ jkr{ je {kga gkkjrev,
ghcacvs gef bbkvc~beb{{ j cevbxega kjevxja{ j~bx
Pbgkb Kjxp{ xb{jrxkb{% B~gargvjx{ gegasyb vdb pxj,
oxgl jpbxgvcje{ j vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ gv hjvd j~bx,
{bg{ pj{v{ gef fjlb{vck jkb{% Grfcv{ gef b~garg,
vcje xbpjxv{ cfbevcs cevbxega kjevxja bgmeb{{b{!
hb{v pxgkvckb{ gef xbkjllbef pxjoxgl clpxj~b,
lbev{ gef lbge{ vj kjlpas cvd gppackghab bfbxgaxboragvjxs orcfgekb! gef Pbgkb Kjxp{ pjackcb{ gef
pxjkbfrxb{% Frxceo NS 800?! vdb JCO c{{rbf {ct pxj,
oxgl b~gargvcje xbpjxv{ gef 7> grfcv xbpjxv{ xbpjxv,
ceo je 87 kjrevxcb{% Grfcv lgegoblbev kdgaabeob{
kcvbf ce vdb xbpjxv{ cekarfb jpbxgvcjega gxbg{ xbagvbf
vj egekcga xbpjxvceo! cejxlgvcje vbkdejajos! gef
cevbxega kjevxja{ j~bx Pbgkb Kjxp{ xb{jrxkb{ {rkd g{
kg{d gef kgpcvga g{{bv{% Kdgaabeob{ kcvbf ce vdb pxj,

29/96
Pxjxlgek [kvcje
oxgl b~gargvcje xbpjxv{ xbagvb vj {cvb fb~bajplbev
gef {babkvcje! oxgev,lgmceo gef jvdbx refceo,xb,
agvbf c{{rb{! vbkdeckga gef ajkga ageorgob vxgceceo!
gef vdb {rkcbeks gef wrgacvs j lbfckga {bx~ckb{ vj
^jarevbbx{%
JCO c{{rbf 7> grfcv xbpjxv{ ce NS 800? xbagvbf vj
gflcec{vxgvc~b gef egekcga jpbxgvcje{ gv j~bx{bg{
pj{v{% Jvdbx grfcv{ pbxjxlbf cekarfbf vdb geerga
grfcv{ j vdb gobeks{ egekcga {vgvblbev{! pxc~gks
gef ~raebxghcacvs g{{b{{lbev j Pbgkb Kjxp{ ce,
vxgebv gef btvbxega bh{cvb! gef g Nbfbxga Cejxlg,
vcje [bkrxcvs Lgegoblbev Gkv xb~cb j {babkvbf
gobeks cejxlgvcje {s{vbl{%
Vdb {ct pxjoxgl b~gargvcje{ bxb kjefrkvbf ceGybxhgcige! Kglbxjje! Bg{vbxe Kgxchhbge! Bkrg,
fjx! Orcebg! gef [jrvd Gxckg% Xbpjxv{ xjl vdb{b
b~gargvcje{ gxb {rhlcvvbf vj xbocjega fcxbkvjx{ dj
vdbe vgmb gppxjpxcgvb gkvcje vj gffxb{{ cfbevcbf
kjekbxe{%
Ce NS 800?! vdb JCO ga{j cecvcgvbf baf xb{bgxkd
jx vj agxob,{kgab kjlpxbdbe{c~b b~gargvcje{ vj
ajjm gv vdb {gbvs gef {bkrxcvs j ^jarevbbx{ gef vdb
gobeks{ lbfckga {kxbbeceo pxjkb{{ jx pjvbevcga
^jarevbbx{% Xb{bgxkd jx vdb{b vj b~gargvcje{ ce,~ja~bf vxg~ba vj 7> kjrevxcb{%
Cvx Lolv g{{{{lv{
Vdb ojga j vdb Jkb j vdb Fcxbkvjx{ cevbxega lge,
goblbev g{{b{{lbev $CLG# pxjoxgl c{ vj pgxvebx
cvd xbocjega gef pj{v {becjx abgfbx{dcp vj {vxbeovd,
be gef clpxj~b vdb lgegoblbev j pj{v{% G{{b{{,
lbev vbgl{ dg~b prx{rbf lbgeceora {jarvcje{
vj clpxj~b vdb bkcbeks gef bbkvc~beb{{ j pj{v
jpbxgvcje{ gef vj bedgekb ^jarevbbx {bx~ckb gefpxjoxgllgvck clpgkv% Vdb{b g{{b{{lbev{ gxb kja,
aghjxgvc~b gef hrcaf kje{be{r{% Gffcvcjegaas! vdb g{,
{b{{lbev{ gxb vclbas jx pj{v{ gef xbocje{! xbab~gev
vj {becjx {vg gv {babkvbf pj{v{ gef vdb xbocje{! gef
gxb xb{pje{c~b vj pj{v gef xbocje ebbf{%
Ce NS 800? CLG g{{b{{lbev{ bxb kjefrkvbf ce9
Hbacyb! Kj{vg Xckg! Orsgeg! Mbesg! Lbtckj! Ecobx!
Pbxr! vdb Pdcacppceb{! gef Yglhcg% G{{b{{lbev{ j,
kr{bf je9
Pj{v{cevxge{cvcje$ebabgfbx{dcp!pxjoxglfc,
xbkvcje gef cevbxega kdgaabeob{#=
PbgkbKjxp{vxgceceo=
Jpbxgvcjega ljfba{ ce objoxgpdckgaas agxob
kjrevxcb{=
Xb~cbjnPbgkbKjxp{jpbxgvcje{ceebbevxs
kjrevxcb{ $vdxbb vj ~b sbgx{ gvbx jpbeceo#=
^jarevbbx {rppjxv kjekbxe{ ce kjrevxcb{ cvd
dcod cekcfbekb j DC^*GCF[ gef vdb clpgkv j
vdb Pxb{cfbev{ Blbxobeks Page jx GCF[ Xbacb
$PBPNGX# ref{ je jpbxgvcje{= gef
Pj{v oxjvd $clpackgvcje{ njx {vgeo! hrfobv!
^jarevbbx {rppjxv! gef {cvb fb~bajplbev#%
Pxjxl Xpjxvco Pxj{{
Vdxjrodjrv NS 800?! vdb gobeks kjevcerbf vj r{bvdb bedgekbf cevbxega kjevxja{ gef fjkrlbevgvcje
j pxjkb{{b{ fb~bajpbf ce NS 800>% Vdb kxbgvcje j
J[CXP g{ g lgijx {vbp ce pxj~cfceo ge ce{vcvrvcje,
ga djlb jx pbxjxlgekb xbpjxvceo ce vdb gobeks%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ NS 800? pbxjxlgekb xb{rav{ gxb
hg{bf je xbacghab! gkvrga fgvg vdgv gxb kjlpabvb g{
j vdb pxjfrkvcje j vdb xb{rav{ gv vdb kaj{b j vdb
{kga sbgx% J~bxgaa! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ dg{ lgfb oxbgv
pxjoxb{{ ce ce{vcvrvcjegacyceo cv{ pbxjxlgekb xb,
pjxvceo pxjkb{{ gef c{ baa,pj{cvcjebf vj pxj~cfb{jacf xb{rav{ je pbxjxlgekb lbg{rxb{%

30/96
Pxjxlgek [kvcje
Pxjxl [rllx
NS 800? c{ vdb {bkjef sbgx jx vdb gobeks vj xbpjxv
jrv je cv{ krxxbev {bv j glhcvcjr{ hrv gkdcb~ghab
pbxjxlgekb ojga{ gef cefckgvjx vgxobv{ g{ jrv,acebf ce vdb {vxgvbock page% Ce NS 800?! vdb gobeks
g{ ghj~b vgxobv jx ~b j vdb bcodv pbxjxlgekb
ojga{ gef gppxjtclgvbas ?; pbxkbev j vdb ;; pbx,
jxlgekb cefckgvjx{% Ce {jlb kg{b{ xb{rav{ bxb
hbvvbx vdge gevckcpgvbf= ce jvdbx gxbg{ xb{rav{ baa
{djxv j vdb ojga% G kg{b,hs,kg{b gegas{c{ c{ cekarf,
bf ce vdb {bkvcje bevcvabf Geerga Pbxjxlgekb Xb,
{rav{% Vdb gobeks caa kjevcerb vj jxm vj gkdcb~bcv{ {vxgvbock ojga{ gef vj {bx~b vdb ^jarevbbx! dj{v
kjrevxs egvcjega{! gef vdb Glbxckge pbjpab%
Pnlge Og gef Hcn F{cpvce
Pnlge Og
Gogce{v Vgov
Pnlge Cefcgv{ Gogce{v Vgov
Refx Je J~x
7%7%7 ^jarevx{ {x~ceo J~x 8 7 7
7%8%7 [mcaa{ gef mejafo vxge{x J~x 7 ;
7%;%7 Xpx{evgvcje j Glxckge fc~x{cvs Refx 8 ;
8%7%7 ^jarevx gavkgx J~x) ;
8%8%7 ^jarevx {gvs Refx) ;
;%7%7Cevxgkvcje{ cv Glxckge{ vj rcafkxj{{,kravrxga refx{vgefceo
Refx 8 ;
6%7%7 Xfrkvcje j x{pje{ vcl vj gppackgev{ J~x 7 6
6%8%7 ^jarevx x{coegvcje xgv J~x 7 8
Vvg Pnlge Og{ < 4 ; Refx2 J~x
4 8 88
ejv{9 Vdb vdxbb kgvbojxcb{ j pbxjxlgekb lbg{rxblbev gxb refbx! je! jx j~bx vgxobv % G erlhbx vdgv c { refbx vgxobv c{ g es erlhbx
hbaj vdb vgxobv= g erlhbx vdgv c{ je vgxobv c{ ges erlhbx vdgv c{ btgkvas je vgxobv= gef g erlhbx vdgv c{ j~bx vgxobv c{ ges erlhbx
vdgv c{ ljxb vdge vdb vgxobv% Fgvg jx jeb j vdb pbxjxlgekb cefckgvjx{ jx Pbxjxlgekb Ojga 6%8%7 gxb ejv g~gcaghab g{ vdb hcbe,
ecga ^jarevbbx {rx~bs g{ ejv pbxjxlbf ce NS 800? gef vdb kaj{b,j,{bx~ckb {rx~bs fcf ejv cekarfb vdb ebkb{{gxs wrb{vcje vj
cejxl vdc{ cefckgvjx%
) Vdb gobeks fjb{ ejv dg~b jkcga NS 800? vgxobv{ gef xb{rav{ jx kbxvgce pbxjxlgekb ojga{ gef cefckgvjx{ hbkgr{b vdb hcbeecga
^jarevbbx {rx~bs c{ ejv gflcec{vbxbf vdc{ sbgx% Xgvdbx vdge cefckgvceo E*G jx hjvd vdb ojga{ gef xb{rav{! vdb gobeks dg{ cevbxpjagvbf
ojga{ gef rvcacybf kaj{b,j,{bx~ckb {rx~bs xb{rav{ ce jxfbx vj pxj~cfb gavbxegvb cejxlgvcje j gobeks pbxjxlgekb ce vdb{b gxbg{%
PbXJXLgekb CeFCkgVJX[ [RLLgXs
)

31/96
Pxjxlgek [kvcje
Kjxxagvcje j Pgk Kjxp{ Kjx Ojga{ gef [vxgvock Ojga{
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ dg{ jrx {vxgvbock ojga{ vdgv gacoe vj vdb gobeks{ vdxbb kjxb ojga{ $g{ {bv jxvd ce vdb Pbgkb
Kjxp{ Gkv#% Gavdjrod lges j vdb gobeks{ gkvc~cvcb{ krv gkxj{{ gaa j vdb vdxbb kjxb ojga{! vdbxb gxb kaj{b
xbagvcje{dcp{ hbvbbe {pbkcnk kjxb ojga{ gef kbxvgce {vxgvbock ojga{% Vdb jaajceo vghab {dj{ vdb{b xbag,vcje{dcp{%
Ojga 7# vj dbap vdb pbjpab j cevbxb{vbf kjrevxcb{ ce lbbvceo vdbcx ebbf jx vxgcebf lbe gef jlbe=
Ojga 8# vj dbap pxjljvb g hbvvbx refbx{vgefceo j Glbxckge{ je vdb pgxv j vdb pbjpab{ {bx~bf= gef
Ojga ;# vj dbap pxjljvb g hbvvbx refbx{vgefceo j jvdbx pbjpab{ je vdb pgxv j Glbxckge{%
0
Kjx Ojga{[vxgvockOjga{
PxjxlgekOjga{ Kjxxagvcje
Oj 7 7! 8! 6 7%7%7
7%8%7
Lx êvx{ e vd nf px~f lx ppxvev{ v g{{{v evx{vf kevx{
gef hxgfe vd lpgkv vd geks%
8%7%7
8%8%7
Vd kv~e{{ êvx{ v g{{{v kllev{ ~x{g{ { edgekf de vds
gx {g gef dgvds%
6%7%7
6%8%7
ovve êvx{ v vd nf gef dg~e vdl {x~ vdx vxl edgek{ vd
ppxvev{ x p{v~ lpgkv%
Oj 8 7! 8! 6 7%7%7
7%;%7
Hs ekxg{e vd elhx êvx{ ~x{g{! gef dg~e g f~x{ xpx{evgve
Glxkg! g hvvx efx{vgefe Glxkge{ hs vd pp vds {x~ { tpgeff%
8%7%78%8%7
Vd kv~e{{ êvx{ v gkklp{d og 8 { edgekf devds gx {g gef dgvds%
6%7%7
6%8%7
ovve êvx{ v vd nf gef dg~e vdl {x~ vdx vxl edgek{ vd ghvs
v n og 8%
Oj ; ; 7%7%7
7%;%7
Hs ekxg{e vd elhx êvx{ {x~e ~x{g{! vd hg{ px{e{ d
pxlv g hvvx efx{vgefe vdx pp{ v Glxkge{ { tpgeff%
;%7%7 Dpe pxlv g hvvx efx{vgefe vdx pp{ e vd pgxv Glxkge{ {
gkd~f hs {dgxe êvx tpxek{ gef {vx{ e g ~gxvs ~e{%
kJXXbagVCJe J Pbgkb kJXP[ kJXb geF [VXgVbOCk OJga[

32/96
Pxjxlgek [kvcje
Geerga Pxjxlgek X{rav{
[VxGVbOCk OjGa 7
G{{c{v cevbxb{vbf kjrevx cb{ cvd vdbcx cfbevcnbf ebbf{ hs oxgfrg aas bt pgefceo vdb erlhbx j vxg cebf ^ja,
revbbx{ {bx~ceo j~bx{bg{= hxjgfbeceo vdb clpgkv je vdb ac~b{ j lbe gef jlbe ce vdbcx dj{v kjllrecvcb{hs vxge{bxxceo vgeochab {mcaa{= gef dbapceo vj pxjljvb ge refbx{vg efceo j Glbxckge{! cekarfceo xbpxb,
{bevceo Glbxckge fc~bx{cvs! gv g xgvb kje{c{vbev cvd geerga refceo%
Jrvjl Oj{9
7%7 G{{c{v cevbxb{vbf kjrevxcb{ cvd vdbcx cfbevcbf ebbf{ hs oxgfrgaas btpgefceo vdb erlhbx j vxgcebf ^ja,
revbbx{ {bx~ceo j~bx{bg{ xjl ?!?;; ce NS 8006 vj 4!000 ce NS 8004! gv g xgvb kje{c{vbev cvd geerga
refceo%
7%8 Hxjgfbe vdb clpgkv j jarevbbx{ je vdb ac~b{ j lbe gef jlbe ce vdbcx dj{v kjllrecvcb{ hs vxge{bx,
xceo vgeochab {mcaa{! g{ lbg{rxbf hs cekxbg{ceo ^jarevbbx{ xbpjxvceo ce vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ kaj{b,j {bx~ckb
{rx~bs vdgv vdbs bxb gfbwrgvbas vj btkbpvcjegaas bbkvc~b ce vxge{bxxceo mejabfob gef {mcaa{ vj
lblhbx{ j vdbcx dj{v kjllrecvs! xjl 40 pbxkbev ce NS 800> vj 48 pbxkbev hs NS 8004%7%; Xbpxb{bev Glbxckge fc~bx{cvs ce Pbgkb Kjxp{ dj{v kjllrecvcb{ hs cekxbg{ceo erlhbx{ j Pbgkb Kjxp{
gppackgev{ xbpxb{bevceo fc~bx{b bvdeckcvcb{ gef pbjpab 20- hs 6 pbxkbev! xjl vdb NS 8002 ab~ba j 86
pbxkbev vj 84 pbxkbev hs NS 8004%
Pxjxl Oj %%%
Cekxbg{b vdb erlhbx j Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{ vj
?!380 hs NS 800?%
Xb{rav{ gef Gegas{c{9Gv v db bef j NS 800?! 4!0?3 G lbxckge{ bxb {bx~ceo ce ?6 kjrevxcb{ vdxjrod >4 pj{v{ g{ Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^ja,
revbbx{ bekjrxgoceo {r{vgceghab fb~bajplbev gef kxj{{,kravrxga refbx{vgefceo gv vdb oxg{{xjjv{ ab~ba% Vdc{
ab~ba j gkdcb~blbev c{ ejvbjxvds hbkgr{b cv xbpxb{bev{ g dcod jx baf,{bx~ceo ^jarevbbx{ frxceo vdb pbxcjf
kj~bxbf hs vdb pxb{bev {vxgvbock page gef jx vdb gobeks frxceo vdb ag{v ;? sbgx{% Ce gffcvcje! vdb gobeks hxjgf,
bebf cv{ cevbxegvcjega xbgkd cvd vdb gxxc~g a j jarevbbx{ bevbxceo je frvs ce vdb Mceofjl j Kglhjfcg dckd
jpbebf ce NS 800> gef vdb dc{vjxck xbvrxe j vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ vj Bvdcjpcg%
Pxjxlgek Cefckgvjx{ % NS Vgxov NS X{rav{
c% Erlx j e kjrevxs evxc{ 8 7
cc% Pxkevgo j Pgk Kjxp{ jkr{ kjrevxc{ pgxvckcpgvceo cev Px{cfev{ blxoeks Page jx GCF[ Xac $PbPNGX# 700" 700"
ccc% Erlx j Kxc{c{ Kjxp{ jarevx{ $gaa refceo {jrxk{# 700 >6
c~% J~xgaa ~c{cv{ vj {cv 4%> lcaacje 70 lcaacje
0
NS 800? Ojga NS 800? Gkvrga?!380 4!0?3
X{rav{
NS 800; NS 8006 NS 8002 NS 800>
?!2;; ?!?;; ?!470 ?!?63

33/96
Pxjxlgek [kvcje
Xb{rav{ gef Gegas{c{9
Ce gkkjlpac{dceo vdb gobeks { ojga{ jx ljfb{v btpge{cje! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ kjevcerb{ vj xb{pjef vj vdb erlbx,
jr{ kjrevxcb{ xbwrb{vceo g Pbgkb Kjxp{ pxb{bekb hs jpbeceo eb pxjoxgl{ vdgv jkr{ je lbbvceo vdb recwrb
ebbf{ j vdb dj{v kjrevxs% Ce Gpxca 800?! vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ pagkbf ^jarevbbx{ ce vdb Mceofjl j Kglhjfcg jx
vdb x{v vclb% ^jarevbbx{ caa ga{j gogce hb jxmceo ce Bvdcjpcg cvd vxgcebb{ gxxc~ceo vdbxb ce Jkvjhbx 800?%Vdb gobeks dg{ ga{j kjlpabvbf g{{b{{lbev{ jx eb kjrevxs bevxcb{ ce vdxbb Gxckge kjrevxcb{ gef jeb G{cge
kjrevxs jx kje{cfbxgvcje ce NS 8004%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ kjevcerb{ vj hb g ~garghab pgxvckcpgev ce vdb Pxb{cfbev{ Blbxobeks Page jx GCF[ Xbacb
$PBPNGX#% Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ dg{ g pxb{bekb ce 70 j vdb 72 PBPNGX jkr{ kjrevxcb{% Bgkd j vdb{b pj{v{ gkvc~bas
pgxvckcpgvbf ce PBPNGX refbf DC^*GCF[ pxjoxgl{ frxceo NS 800?! btpgefceo gef bedgekceo vdbcx jeoj,
ceo bjxv{ ce vdb odv gogce{v vdb pgefblck% Vba~b gffcvcjega pj{v{ ga{j pgxvckcpgvbf ce vdb PBPNGX refbf
pxjoxgl! gef ^jarevbbx{ vdxjrodjrv vdb jxaf cevboxgvbf DC^*GCF[ ggxbeb{{ lb{{gob{ cevj vdbcx jxm% Hs
ac~ceo gef jxmceo gv vdb oxg{{xjjv{ ab~ba ce kjllrecvcb{ gef {pbgmceo vdb ajkga ageorgob! Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jare,
vbbx{ gxb recwrbas {rcvbf vj {dgxb kravrxgaas gppxjpxcgvb lb{{gob{ ce DC^*GCF[ bfrkgvcje gef pxb~bevcje%
Vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ Kxc{c{ Kjxp{ pxjoxgl {bef{ xbvrxebf Pbgkb Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{ je {djxv,vbxl g{{coelbev{ vj
g{{c{v cvd kxcvckga kjrevxs ebbf{% Vdc{ {kga sbgx! pxjoxgl{ pxclgxcas {rppjxvbf vdb DC^*GCF[ oajhga pge,
fblck gef fc{g{vbx pxbpgxbfeb{{ gef lcvcogvcje ce kjrevxcb{ pxjeb vj egvrxga fc{g{vbx{% Ce NS 800? Kxc{c{
Kjxp{ {bx~bf ce 70 eb kjrevxcb{9 Bg{vbxe Kgxchhbge $dckd kjlpxc{b{ Gevcorg*Hgxhgfj{! Fjlceckg! Oxb,
egfg! [v% Arkcg! [v% Mcvv{! gef [v% ^cekbev#! Orsgeg! Lgfgog{kgx! Pgeglg! gef vdb Pdcacppceb{% J vdb >6 Kxc{c{
Kjxp{ jarevbbx{ dj {bx~bf! 67 {rppjxvbf DC^*GCF[ pxjoxgl{ ce eceb kjrevxcb{% Kxc{c{ Kjxp{ g a{j {pje{jxbf
g fc{g{vbx pxbpgxbfeb{{ jxm{djp jx vdb Kbevxga Glbxckg*Kgxchhbge {rh,xbocje! pxj~cfceo {vxgvbock xb{pje{b
vxgceceo vj gkcacvgvb rvrxb pgxvckcpgvcje ce fc{g{vbx pxbpgxbfeb{{ gef xb{pje{b%
G {vxgvbock xbg acoelbev j pxcjxcvcb{ ce Iglgckg g ajeo cvd {vg kdgeob{ ce Iglgckg gef Orgvblgag! abf vj g
{djxvgaa j gevckcpgvbf g{{coelbev{ jx vdb Kxc{c{ Kjxp{ ce vdb Kbevxga Glbxckg*Kgxchhbge {rh,xbocje jxNS 800?% B{vghac{dceo g eb pxjoxgl ce vdb Pdcacppceb{! dckd xbwrcxbf dcxceo g pxjibkv kjjxfcegvjx gef bt,
vbe{c~b xbagvcje{dcp hrcafceo gef {cvb fb~bajplbev! ga{j fbagsbf pagkblbev{ gef kjevxchrvbf vj vdb pxjoxgl{
ejv lbbvceo cv{ NS 800? vgxobv{% Vdb pxjkb{{ vj xbwrb{v Kxc{c{ Kjxp{ ^jarevbbx{ dg{ hbbe {vxbglacebf! gef vdb
pxjoxgl btpbkv{ vj xbkbc~b ljxb,vdge,{rkcbev xbwrb{v{ vj lbbv cv{ NS 8004 vgxobv{%
Vdb Glbxckge prhack cekxbg{ceoas r{b{ vdb cevbxebv g{ cv{ pxclgxs {jrxkb vj jhvgce cejxlgvcje% Eb cecvcgvc~b{
jx vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ bh{cvb dg~b cekxbg{bf vxgk vj vdb {cvb hs ge gffcvcjega 38!000 ~c{cvjx{% Ce NS 800?! vdb{b
cecvcgvc~b{ cekarfbf XX[ $xbgaas {clpab {sefckgvcje# bbf{ vj {sefckgvb eb{! b~bev{! gef kjevbev j jarevbbx{
ijrxega{= gef gffceo kjlpbaaceo eb kjevbev vj vdb bh{cvb! {rkd g{ ge cevbxgkvc~b jxaf lgp! g Mbesge {coe
ageorgob pxjibkv! vdb eb Kj~bxfbaa _jxaf _c{b [kdjja{ {cvb! gef ^jarevbbx jckb{ pjfkg{v{%
Pxjxl Oj %%%
Cekxblbevgaas cekxbg{b vdb pbxkbevgob j xb{pjefbev{
vj vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ kaj{b,j,{bx~ckb {rx~bs xbpjxvceo
vdb bbkvc~beb{{ j vxge{bxxceo mejabfob gef {mcaa{
vj lblhbx{ j vdbcx dj{v kjllrecvs g{ gfbwrgvbas
vj btkbpvcjegaas vj 47 pbxkbev hs NS 800?%
NS 800? Ojga NS 800? Gkvrga47" 4>"
X{rav{
NS 800; NS 8006 NS 8002 NS 800>
E*G E*G E*G 4;"
Vdc{ c{ g ebw pbxjxlgekb ojga g{ j NS 800>% Ej fgvg xjl pg{v n{kga sbgx{ c{ g~gcaghab%

34/96
Pxjxlgek [kvcje
Xb{rav{ gef Gegas{c{9
Jeb j vdb Pbgkb Kjxp{ lgce jhibkvc~b{ c{ jx ^jarevbbx{ vj vxge{bx {mcaa{ vj lblhbx{ j vdb kjllrecvcb{ ce
dckd vdbs ac~b gef jxm ce jxfbx vj lgmb g lbgeceora gef {r{vgceghab fcbxbekb ce vdb ac~b{ j vdj{b vdbs
{bx~b% ^jarevbbx{ gxb ce{vxrkvbf je lbvdjf{ vj hrcaf vdb kgpgkcvs j vdb dj{v kjrevxs egvcjega{ cvd djl
vdbs jxm gef vj dbap vbkd {jarvcje{ vdgv caa hb {r{vgceghab cvdce vdb kjllrecvs% Gkkjxfceo vj ^jarevbbx{{r

The Peace Corps Performance and Accountability Report Fiscal Year 2007 annrept2007

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