Transcript
THE PASSIVE VOICE
La pasiva inglesa se usa más que en español, ya que nosotros contamos con recursos lingüísticos como el sujeto omitido o el uso de “se” que nos permiten no mencionar al agente de la acción
verbal: “Se venden libros aquí” –
“Books are sold here” “A su padre lo mataron en la guerra” -
“His father was killed in the war”
Los cambios estructurales son bastante simples:
Sujeto activo.
Objeto inmediato al verbo.
Verbo activo.
Desaparece la mayoría de las veces o aparece como complemento agente precedido de “by”.
Pasa a sujeto pasivo.
Se convierte en pasivo
Pasivizar el verbo no es más que sustituirlo por “to be” y añadir su participio de pasado.
(v )V
(V):
Si hay un modal o un auxiliar, este no cambia, pero
se adapta al nuevo sujeto.
To be:
Sustituimos el verbo principal por el verbo to be en la misma forma en que aparece éste.
Ved/past participle:
El verbo principal aparece siempre en su forma de participio de pasado en pasiva.
Resulta fundamental que estemos familiarizados Resulta fundamental que estemos familiarizados con la conjugación del verbo “to be”:con la conjugación del verbo “to be”:
Going to
Modal
Conditional
Future
Past
Present
PerfectContinuousSimple
Resulta fundamental que estemos familiarizados con la Resulta fundamental que estemos familiarizados con la conjugación del verbo “to be”:conjugación del verbo “to be”:
Was going to beWere going to be
Is going to beAm going to beAre going to be
Going to
Must have beenMust be beingMust beModal
Would have beenWould be beingWould beConditional
Will have beenWill be beingWill beFuture
Had beenWas beingWere being
Waswere
Past
Have beenHas been
am beingIs beingAre being
AmIsare
Present
PerfectContinuousSimple
Veamos algunos ejemplos de cómo Veamos algunos ejemplos de cómo transformar el verbo activo en pasivo:transformar el verbo activo en pasivo:
She paints her house every day.She paints her house every day. She is painting the house right now.She is painting the house right now. She hasn’t painted the house yet.She hasn’t painted the house yet. She will paint the house again.She will paint the house again. She painted the house last year.She painted the house last year. She will have to paint the house She will have to paint the house
again.again. She wants to paint the house.She wants to paint the house.
She paints her house every year.She paints her house every year.
Her house is painted every year.Her house is painted every year. She is painting the house right now.She is painting the house right now.
The house is being painted right now.The house is being painted right now. She hasn’t painted the houses yet.She hasn’t painted the houses yet.
The houses haven’t been painted yet.The houses haven’t been painted yet. She will paint the house again.She will paint the house again.
The house will be painted again.The house will be painted again. She painted the house last year.She painted the house last year.
The house was painted last year.The house was painted last year. She will have to paint the house again.She will have to paint the house again.
The house will have to be painted again.The house will have to be painted again. She wants to paint the house.She wants to paint the house.
She wants the house to be painted.She wants the house to be painted.
Objetos indirectos o precedidos de preposición.
A diferencia del español, que sólo permite que el objeto directo se convierta en sujeto pasivo, en inglés podemos poner en pasiva el indirecto o incluso el objeto de un “phrasal” o “prepositional verb”.
Si dudáis entre el objeto directo y el indirecto, optad por el más cercano al verbo, que suele ser el indirecto.
Vamos a probar con las siguientes Vamos a probar con las siguientes oraciones:oraciones:
The university offered him a The university offered him a scholarshipscholarship
They have sent Mary a postcard for They have sent Mary a postcard for her birthday.her birthday.
I will show them around Olvera next I will show them around Olvera next time.time.
Children can’t play with these toys Children can’t play with these toys safely.safely.
He sometimes looks after his sister.He sometimes looks after his sister.
The university offered him a scholarshipThe university offered him a scholarship He was offered a scholarship by the He was offered a scholarship by the
university.university. They have sent Mary a postcard for her birthday.They have sent Mary a postcard for her birthday. Mary has been sent a postcard for her Mary has been sent a postcard for her
birthday.birthday. I will show them around Olvera next time.I will show them around Olvera next time. They will be shown around Olvera next They will be shown around Olvera next
time.time. Children can’t play with these toys safely.Children can’t play with these toys safely. These toys can’t be played with safely.These toys can’t be played with safely. He sometimes looks after his sister.He sometimes looks after his sister. His sister is sometimes looked after by His sister is sometimes looked after by
him.him.
¿Qué hacemos si tenemos una oración compleja en vez de una simple?
“Everybody knows that he is in love with Anne.” Normalmente tenemos dos opciones:3. Usamos el “it” impersonal como sujeto pasivo del
verbo principal y no hacemos cambios en la subordinada.
“It is known that he is in love with Anne”.5. Optamos por usar el sujeto subordinado como
sujeto pasivo y convertimos el verbo subordinado en infinitivo.
“He is known to be in love with Anne”.
Prueba con estas oraciones:Prueba con estas oraciones:
We know that he eats no meat at all.We know that he eats no meat at all. Everybody expects he will become a Everybody expects he will become a
millionaire sooner or later.millionaire sooner or later. The police suppose they sell drugs The police suppose they sell drugs
for a living.for a living. People believed that he won the prize People believed that he won the prize
last year.last year. The judge thinks that he told the The judge thinks that he told the
truth at court.truth at court.
We know that he eats no meat at all.We know that he eats no meat at all. It is known that he eats no meat at all.It is known that he eats no meat at all. He is known to eat no meat at all.He is known to eat no meat at all. Everybody expects he will become a millionaire sooner or later.Everybody expects he will become a millionaire sooner or later. It is expected that he will become a millionaire sooner or It is expected that he will become a millionaire sooner or
later.later. He is expected to become a millionaire sooner or later.He is expected to become a millionaire sooner or later. The police suppose they sell drugs for a living.The police suppose they sell drugs for a living. It is supposed that they sell drugs for a living.It is supposed that they sell drugs for a living. They are supposed to sell drugs for a living.They are supposed to sell drugs for a living. People believed that he won the prize last year.People believed that he won the prize last year. It was believed that he won the prize last year.It was believed that he won the prize last year. He was believed to have won the prize last year.He was believed to have won the prize last year. The judge thinks that he told the truth at court.The judge thinks that he told the truth at court. It is thought that he told the truth at court.It is thought that he told the truth at court. He is thought to have told the truth at court.He is thought to have told the truth at court.
Have causativo. Conviene diferenciar las estructuras:
Activa: “Mary paints her house every summer”. Lo hace ella misma.
Pasiva: “Mary’s house is painted every summer”. Puede que lo haga ella o puede que contrate a alguien. A saber.
Causativa: “Mary has her house painted every summer”. Contrata a un profesional.
Estructura del causativo:
.
Sujeto
que ordena la acción aunque
no la lleva a cabo directamente.
Verbo to
have conjugado
como corresponda
Verbo en participio
de pasado.
Objeto
Intenta expresar esta frase de Intenta expresar esta frase de las tres formas:las tres formas:
“Al Capone mató al testigo”“Al Capone mató al testigo” Activa: Se lo cargó él.Activa: Se lo cargó él.
Pasiva: Se lo cargaronPasiva: Se lo cargaron
Causativa: Mandó a uno de sus Causativa: Mandó a uno de sus “esbirros”.“esbirros”.
Intenta expresar esta frase de Intenta expresar esta frase de las tres formas:las tres formas:
“Al Capone mató al testigo”“Al Capone mató al testigo” Activa: Se lo cargó él.Activa: Se lo cargó él. ““Al Capone killed the witness”.Al Capone killed the witness”. Pasiva: Se lo cargaronPasiva: Se lo cargaron ““The witness was killed by Al Capone”The witness was killed by Al Capone” Causativa: Mandó a uno de sus “esbirros”.Causativa: Mandó a uno de sus “esbirros”. ““Al Capone had the witness killed”Al Capone had the witness killed”
Prueba con esta otra:Prueba con esta otra:“Me cortaré el pelo la semana “Me cortaré el pelo la semana
que viene”que viene” Activa:Soy un excelente peluquero.Activa:Soy un excelente peluquero.
Pasiva:Pasiva:
Causativa: Recurro a un profesional.Causativa: Recurro a un profesional.
Prueba con esta otra:Prueba con esta otra:“Me cortaré el pelo la semana “Me cortaré el pelo la semana
que viene”que viene” Activa:Soy un excelente peluquero.Activa:Soy un excelente peluquero. ““I will cut my hair next week”I will cut my hair next week” Pasiva:Pasiva: ““My hair will be cut next week”.My hair will be cut next week”. Causativa: Recurro a un profesional.Causativa: Recurro a un profesional. ““I will have my hair cut next week”.I will have my hair cut next week”.
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