Transcript
THE HUMAN PERSON
Kristine DulnuanJuana Sophiya Ariza Garcia
Lyka LaluAldrin Ergs Nabong
Christabel RollePrince Christian Jeric Soliman
Micah Tolibas
Objectives:1. Explain the nature of the human
person.2. Differentiate the needs and values
based from different persons’ point of view.
3. Define terms related to conscience.
The Notion of a Person
The Notion of a PersonHistory
In ancient Rome… “persona” in Latin
“prosopon” ( ) in Greekπρόσωπον
“the face” or the masks worn by actors on stage
The masks represent the different “persona”.
The Notion of a PersonWhat is a person?
“The person is seen as more than an isolated individual body, but as a dynamically interior person able to grow deeply in oneself through the others with whom he or she communicates, therefore seeing the person in terms of relation to other persons.”
- Maritain
The Notion of a PersonWhat is a person?• “any entity that has the moral right of self-determination.”• the kind of being that has the moral right to make its own life-choices and to live its life without being provoked interfered by others
The Notion of a PersonWhat is a person?• the individual’s uniqueness which cannot be interchanged and therefore cannot be counted• a being that has certain capacities or attributes constituting personhood, which in turn is defined differently by different authors in different disciplines and by different cultures in different times and places
The Notion of a PersonLAW:A person is a human being or a corporation recognized in law as having certain rights and obligations.
PHILOSOPHY:A person is a being characterized by consciousness, rationality, and a moral sense, and traditionally thought of as consisting of both a body and a mind or soul.
The Notion of a Person
Personhood-the status of being a person-a controversial topic in philosophy and law- closely tied to legal and political concepts of citizenship, equality, and liberty
Needs and Values of Human Persons
Needs: Maslow‘s Hierarchy of Needs
Needs and Values of Human Persons
Needs: Maslow‘s Hierarchy of Needs
1. Human beings initially set their priorities according to their existential needs such as food, clothes and sleep. If the existential needs are not met survival is threatened and life itself is in danger.
2. If the existential needs are satisfied the need for safety is awakened: The desire for protection from the risks to life such as war, sickness, accident, environmental catastrophes etc. take centre ground.
Needs and Values of Human Persons
Needs: Maslow‘s Hierarchy of Needs
3. The next level in the priority pyramid according to Maslow concerns the social needs: The human being wants to be with like-minded people, he wants to be accepted and loved.
4. The following level is concerned with self-regard and the esteem of other people: The human being wants to strengthen his self-confidence and for this purpose seeks regard and recognition from other people.
Needs and Values of Human Persons
Needs: Maslow‘s Hierarchy of Needs
5. The top objective is the need for self-realization: The human being wants to be able to be himself and to permanently be able to experience inner peace, happiness and harmony.
Needs and Values of Human Persons
The Human Act:Its
Characteristics
The Human Act: Its Characteristics
• Knowledge• Freedom• Willfulness
Knowledge
• a familiarity with someone or something, which can include facts, information, descriptions, or skills acquired through experience or education
• theoretical or practical understanding of a subject• can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise)
or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject)
• can be more or less formal or systematic
Knowledge
• In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called epistemology.
• The philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as "justified true belief." However, no single agreed upon definition of knowledge exists, though there are numerous theories to explain it.
• Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: perception, communication, association and reasoning; while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgment in human beings
Freedom
• the state of being free at liberty rather than in confinement or under physical restraint
• exception from external control, interference, regulation, etc.
• the power to determine action without restraint• political or national independence• personal liberty, as opposed to bondage or slavery
Willfulness
• said or done on purpose; deliberate• obstinately bent on having one's own way.
Conscience
Definition of Conscience
Latin words:
cum (with) and scientia (knowledge)
thus meaning “with knowledge”
Definition of Conscience
• an aptitude, faculty, intuition or judgment of the intellect that distinguishes right from wrong
• tends to be defined as the feeling that may make a person believe that certain actions, or failures of actions, are inherently wrong
• Philosophers, religious leaders, psychologists and a variety of others have tried to determine the source of such emotions, and many arrive at different answers.
Definition of Conscience
• In many religions that worship the Judeo/Christian/Islamic god, conscience is a God-given facility; something that people have with us from birth.
• In psychological terms conscience is often described as leading to feelings of remorse when a human commits actions that go against his/her moral values and to feelings of rectitude or integrity when actions conform to such norms.
Definition of Conscience
“Conscience is a man's compass”.
- Vincent van Gogh
Conscience as a “Practical Judgment”
• A practical judgment means an operative, efficacious, active judgment. But a truly efficacious, active judgment must be the root and starting point of our action. In a word, such a judgment must necessarily result in action, unless impeded by a contrary, practical judgment. We must note carefully that the operation of an intelligent being is always physically begun and determined by a judgment.
Conscience as a “Practical Judgment”
• Conscience is entirely separate from action, and that we can act even against the dictate of conscience. Conscience, therefore, does not necessarily lead to action; it is not a judgment on which action depends, or to which action is physically joined. Conscience is not an operative judgment, and properly speaking cannot be called a practical judgment.
• It has been called a practical judgment because the word practical has been taken in a broad sense. Instead of being understood solely of something active or pertaining to action (its true meaning), practical now indicates something referring to, or ordered to, action.
Conscience as a “Practical Judgment”
• As a practical moral judgment, conscience takes the form: “I ought to do X.” Aquinas points out that when I make such a judgment, I should follow it. But acting on my conscience is not enough. Like any other kind of judgment—business, artistic, scientific or athletic—we base our moral judgments not only on principles but on evidence, data and information. A judgment made without data, evidence or information is a foolish one indeed. Thus, Aquinas thought it is as important to inform one’s conscience properly as it is to follow it. If I refuse to look at evidence or information in forming my moral judgment, I am actually refusing to act morally.
Different Kinds of Conscience:Antecedent and Consequent
Conscience
Judgment is passed before an action is performed or only after the action is done.
Different Kinds of Conscience:Right and Erroneous Conscience
Right - judge what is really good as good and evil what is really evil.
Erroneous - judges what is bad as good and vice versa.
Different Kinds of Conscience:Certain Conscience
Subjective assurance of
the lawfulness or
unlawfulness of certain
actions to be done or to
be admitted.
Different Kinds of Conscience:Doubtful Conscience
Suspends judgment on
the lawfulness of an
action and therefore( it
is possible) the action
should be omitted.
Different Kinds of Conscience:Scrupulous Conscience
Constantly afraid of
committing evil.
This conscience is a
result of a stubborn
character.
Different Kinds of Conscience:Lax Conscience
Conscience that tends to follow the easy way and to find excuses for mistakes.
Different Kinds of Conscience:Scrupulous Conscience
Disturbed conscience
trying to restore
good relations with
God by means of
sorrow and
repentance.
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