Transcript
THE F- BLOCK ELEMENTS
Prepared by:Pascua, Riena Michelle M.
Penaflor, Raymond B.Recario, Mary Cris G.
ii-bspt
General Characteristics:
*incomplete f-orbital of the anti- `penultimate shell
*termed as inner transition elements as they are transition elements
within the transition elements i.e. d-block elements
*radioactive in nature*grouped in two: lanthanides and actinides
Lanthanides
* elements in which the 4f orbital is filled as the electrons are added*named after the first element of the series Lanthanum*ionic Radii and lanthanide contraction*color: silver white*paramagnetic in nature* very high ionization energies and electro negativity
Actinides
* elements in which the 5f orbital is filled as the electrons are added
*named after actinium *radioactive*highly electro-positive (show+3,+4,+5,+6 oxidation states)
tarnish in air*have number of isotopes.*react with boiling water or dilute acids to
give H2 gas.*directly combine with non-metals.
58CERIUM
Ce
Atomic Number: 58Atomic Weight: 140.116Melting Point: 1071 K (798°C or 1468°F)Boiling Point: 3697 K (3424°C or 6195°F)Density: 6.770 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
• used to make carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights.
• component of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters
• used as a catalyst to refine petroleum and as an alloying agent to make special metals
59PRASEODYMIUM
P
Atomic Number: 59Atomic Weight: 140.90765Melting Point: 1204 K (931°C or 1708°F)Boiling Point: 3793 K (3520°C or 6368°F)Density: 6.77 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
• added to fiber optic cables as a doping agent where it is used as a signal amplifier
• Praseodymium salts are used to give glasses and enamels a yellow color
• also a component of didymium glass, which is used to make certain types of welder's and glass blower's goggles.
• an alloying agent with magnesium to create high-strength metals that are used in aircraft engines
• makes up about 5% of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters.
• forms the core of carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights
60NEODYMIUM
Nd
Atomic Number: 60Atomic Weight: 144.242Melting Point: 1294 K (1021°C or
1870°F)Boiling Point: 3347 K (3074°C or 5565°F)Density: 7.01 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
• makes up about 18% of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters.
• also a component of didymium glass, which is used to make certain types of welder's and glass blower's goggles.
• added to glass to remove the green color caused by iron contaminants. It can also be added to glass to create violet, red or gray colors.
Atomic Number: 61Atomic Weight: 145Melting Point: 1315 K (1042°C or
1908°F)Boiling Point: 3273 K (3000°C or 5432°F)Density: 7.26 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
61PROMETHIUM
Pm
• used to make a nuclear powered battery
• used as a portable X-ray source, in radioisotope thermoelectric generators to provide electricity for space probes and satellites, as a source of radioactivity for gauges that measure thickness and to make lasers that can be used to communicate with submerged submarines.
Atomic Number: 62Atomic Weight: 150.36Melting Point: 1347 K (1074°C or
1965°F)Boiling Point: 2067 K (1794°C or 3261°F)Density: 7.52 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
62SAMARIUM
Sm
• one of the rare earth elements used to make carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights
• makes up about 1% of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters.
63Europium
Eu
Atomic Number: 63Atomic Weight: 151.964Melting Point: 1095 K (822°C or 1512°F)Boiling Point: 1802 K (1529°C or 2784°F)Density: 5.24 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
• being studied for use in nuclear reactors.
• Europium oxide (Eu2O3), one of europium's compounds, is widely used as a red phosphor in television sets and as an activator for yttrium-based phosphors.
64GADOLINIUM
Gd
Atomic Number: 64Atomic Weight: 157.25Melting Point: 1586 K (1313°C or
2395°F)Boiling Point: 3546 K (3273°C or 5923°F)Density: 7.90 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
• can be combined with yttrium to form garnets that have applications in microwave technology.
• can be alloyed with iron, chromium and other metals to improve their workability and their resistance to high temperatures and oxidation. Gadolinium compounds are used to make phosphors for color televisions.
65TERBIUM
Tb
Atomic Number: 65Atomic Weight: 158.92535Melting Point: 1629 K (1356°C or
2473°F)Boiling Point: 3503 K (3230°C or 5846°F)Density: 8.23 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
• used to dope some types of solid-state devices and, along with zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), as a crystal stabilizer in fuel cells that operate at high temperatures
66DYSPROSIUM
Dy
Atomic Number: 66Atomic Weight: 162.500Melting Point: 1685 K (1412°C or
2574°F)Boiling Point: 2840 K (2567°C or 4653°F)Density: 8.55 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
• Since it easily absorbs neutrons and has a high melting point, dysprosium might be alloyed with steel for use in nuclear reactors.
• When combined with vanadium and other rare earth elements, dysprosium is used as a laser material.
• Dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3), also known as dysprosia, is combined with nickel and added to a special cement used to cool nuclear reactor rods.
67HOLMIUM
Ho
Atomic Number: 67Atomic Weight: 164.93032Melting Point: 1747 K (1474°C or
2685°F)Boiling Point: 2973 K (2700°C or 4892°F)Density: 8.80 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
• has no commercial applications, although it has unusual magnetic properties that could be exploited in the future.
68ERBIUM
Er
Atomic Number: 68Atomic Weight: 167.259Melting Point: 1802 K (1529°C or
2784°F)Boiling Point: 3141 K (2868°C or 5194°F)Density: 9.07 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
• added to fiber optic cables as a doping agent where it is used as a signal amplifier.
• has some uses in the nuclear power industry.
• Erbia has a pink color and is used to color glass and glazes.
69THULIUM
Tm
Atomic Number: 69Atomic Weight: 168.93421Melting Point: 1818 K (1545°C or
2813°F)Boiling Point: 2223 K (1950°C or 3542°F)Density: 9.32 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
• it currently has no commercial applications, although one of its isotopes, thulium-169, could be used as a radiation source for portable X-ray machines.
70YTTERBIUM
Yb
Atomic Number: 70Atomic Weight: 173.054Melting Point: 1092 K (819°C or 1506°F)Boiling Point: 1469 K (1196°C or 2185°F)Density: 6.90 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
• can be alloyed with stainless steel to improve some of its mechanical properties and used as a doping agent in fiber optic cable where it can be used as an amplifier.
• One of ytterbium's isotopes is being considered as a radiation source for portable X-ray machines
71LUTETIUM
Lu
Atomic Number: 71Atomic Weight: 174.9668Melting Point: 1936 K (1663°C or
3025°F)Boiling Point: 3675 K (3402°C or 6156°F)Density: 9.84 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6
• some of its radioactiveisotopes can be used as a catalyst in the cracking of petroleum products
• a catalyst in some hydrogenation and polymerization processes.
90THORIUM
Th
Atomic Number: 90Atomic Weight: 232.03806Melting Point: 2023 K (1750°C or 3182°F)Boiling Point: 5061 K (4788°C or 8650°F)Density: 11.72 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
• used in a type of lantern mantel known as a Welsbach mantle.
• used to make high temperature crucibles.
• Thorium oxide is also used to make glass with a high index of refraction that is used to make high quality camera lenses.
• Thorium oxide is used as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), in the cracking of petroleum products and in the conversion of ammonia (NH3) to nitric acid (HNO3).
91PROTACTINIUM
Pa
Atomic Number: 91Atomic Weight: 231.03588Melting Point: 1845 K (1572°C or 2862°F)Boiling Point: UnknownDensity: 15.37 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
• Due to its scarcity, high radioactivity and toxicity, there are currently no uses for protactinium outside of basic scientific research.
92URANIUM
U
Atomic Number: 92Atomic Weight: 238.02891Melting Point: 1408 K (1135°C or 2075°F)Boiling Point: 4404 K (4131°C or 7468°F)Density: 18.95 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
• uranium compounds have been used for centuries to color glass.
• uranium trioxide (uo3) is an orange powder and has been used in the manufacture of fiestaware plates.
• other uranium compounds have also been used to make vaseline glass and glazes. the uranium within these items is radioactive and should be treated with care.
93NEPTUNIUM
Np
Atomic Number: 93Atomic Weight: 237Melting Point: 917 K (644°C or 1191°F)Boiling Point: 4175 K (3902°C or 7056°F)Density: 20.25 grams per cubic
centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
• once considered to be completely artificial, extremely small amounts of neptunium are produced naturally in uranium ores through the interaction of atoms of uranium in the ore with neutrons produced by the decay of other atoms of uranium in the ore.
94PLUTONIUM
Pu
Atomic Number: 94Atomic Weight: 244Melting Point: 913 K (640°C or 1184°F)Boiling Point: 3501 K (3228°C or 5842°F)Density: 19.84 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
• Plutonium-238 is used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators to provide electricity for space probes.
• Plutonium-239 will undergo a fission chain reaction if enough of it is concentrated in one place, so it is used at the heart of modern day nuclear weapons and in some nuclear reactors.
95AMERICIUM
Am
Atomic Number: 95Atomic Weight: 243Melting Point: 1449 K (1176°C or 2149°F)Boiling Point: 2284 K (2011°C or 3652°F)Density: 13.69 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
• used in smoke detectors and can be used as a portable source of gamma rays.
96CURIUM
Cm
Atomic Number: 96Atomic Weight: 247Melting Point: 1618 K (1345°C or 2453°F)Boiling Point: ~3400 K (~3100°C or
~5600°F)Density: 13.51 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
• the compounds currently have no commercial applications and are primarily used for basic scientific research.
97BERKELIUM
Bk
Atomic Number: 97Atomic Weight: 247Melting Point: 1323 K (1050°C or
1922°F)Boiling Point: UnknownDensity: 14 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
• Since only small amounts of berkelium have ever been produced, there are no known uses for berkelium and its compounds outside of basic scientific research.
98CALIFORNIUM
Cf
Atomic Number: 98Atomic Weight: 251Melting Point: 1173 K (900°C or 1652°F)Boiling Point: UnknownDensity: UnknownPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
• used as a neutron source to identify gold andsilver ores through a technique known as neutron activation.
• used in devices known as neutron moisture gauges that are used to find water and oil bearing layers in oil wells.
99EINSTEINIUM
Es
Atomic Number: 99Atomic Weight: 252Melting Point: 1133 K (860°C or 1580°F)Boiling Point: UnknownDensity: UnknownPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
• Since only small amounts of einsteinium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research
100FERMIUM
Fm
Atomic Number: 100Atomic Weight: 257Melting Point: 1800 K (1527°C or
2781°F)Boiling Point: UnknownDensity: UnknownPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
• Due to the small amounts produced and its short half-life, there are currently no uses for fermium outside of basic scientific research.
101MENDELEVIUM
Md
Atomic Number: 101Atomic Weight: 258Melting Point: 1100 K (827°C or 1521°F)Boiling Point: UnknownDensity: UnknownPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
• Since only small amounts of mendelevium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
102NOBELIUM
No
Atomic Number: 102Atomic Weight: 259Melting Point: 1100 K (827°C or 1520°F)Boiling Point: UnknownDensity: UnknownPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
•Since only tiny amounts of nobelium have ever been produced, there are currently no uses for it outside of basic scientific research.
103LAWRENCIUM
Lr
Atomic Number: 103Atomic Weight: 262Melting Point: 1900 K (1627°C or
2961°F)Boiling Point: UnknownDensity: UnknownPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7
• Since only tiny amounts of lawrencium have ever been produced, there are currently no uses for it outside of basic scientific research.
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