the f-block elements

THE F- BLOCK ELEMENTS

Prepared by:Pascua, Riena Michelle M.

Penaflor, Raymond B.Recario, Mary Cris G.

ii-bspt

General Characteristics:

*incomplete f-orbital of the anti- `penultimate shell

*termed as inner transition elements as they are transition elements

within the transition elements i.e. d-block elements

*radioactive in nature*grouped in two: lanthanides and actinides

Lanthanides

* elements in which the 4f orbital is filled as the electrons are added*named after the first element of the series Lanthanum*ionic Radii and lanthanide contraction*color: silver white*paramagnetic in nature* very high ionization energies and electro negativity

Actinides

* elements in which the 5f orbital is filled as the electrons are added

*named after actinium *radioactive*highly electro-positive (show+3,+4,+5,+6 oxidation states)

tarnish in air*have number of isotopes.*react with boiling water or dilute acids to

give H2 gas.*directly combine with non-metals.

58CERIUM

Ce

Atomic Number: 58Atomic Weight: 140.116Melting Point: 1071 K (798°C or 1468°F)Boiling Point: 3697 K (3424°C or 6195°F)Density: 6.770 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6

• used to make carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights.

• component of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters

• used as a catalyst to refine petroleum and as an alloying agent to make special metals

59PRASEODYMIUM

P


• added to fiber optic cables as a doping agent where it is used as a signal amplifier

• Praseodymium salts are used to give glasses and enamels a yellow color

• also a component of didymium glass, which is used to make certain types of welder's and glass blower's goggles.

• an alloying agent with magnesium to create high-strength metals that are used in aircraft engines

• makes up about 5% of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters.

• forms the core of carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights

60NEODYMIUM

Nd

Atomic Number: 60Atomic Weight: 144.242Melting Point: 1294 K (1021°C or

1870°F)Boiling Point: 3347 K (3074°C or 5565°F)Density: 7.01 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 6


• also a component of didymium glass, which is used to make certain types of welder's and glass blower's goggles.

• added to glass to remove the green color caused by iron contaminants. It can also be added to glass to create violet, red or gray colors.

Atomic Number: 61Atomic Weight: 145Melting Point: 1315 K (1042°C or


61PROMETHIUM

Pm

• used to make a nuclear powered battery

• used as a portable X-ray source, in radioisotope thermoelectric generators to provide electricity for space probes and satellites, as a source of radioactivity for gauges that measure thickness and to make lasers that can be used to communicate with submerged submarines.



62SAMARIUM

Sm

• one of the rare earth elements used to make carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights


63Europium

Eu


• being studied for use in nuclear reactors.

• Europium oxide (Eu2O3), one of europium's compounds, is widely used as a red phosphor in television sets and as an activator for yttrium-based phosphors.

64GADOLINIUM

Gd



• can be combined with yttrium to form garnets that have applications in microwave technology.

• can be alloyed with iron, chromium and other metals to improve their workability and their resistance to high temperatures and oxidation. Gadolinium compounds are used to make phosphors for color televisions.

65TERBIUM

Tb



• used to dope some types of solid-state devices and, along with zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), as a crystal stabilizer in fuel cells that operate at high temperatures

66DYSPROSIUM

Dy



• Since it easily absorbs neutrons and has a high melting point, dysprosium might be alloyed with steel for use in nuclear reactors.

• When combined with vanadium and other rare earth elements, dysprosium is used as a laser material.

• Dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3), also known as dysprosia, is combined with nickel and added to a special cement used to cool nuclear reactor rods.

67HOLMIUM

Ho



• has no commercial applications, although it has unusual magnetic properties that could be exploited in the future.

68ERBIUM

Er



• added to fiber optic cables as a doping agent where it is used as a signal amplifier.

• has some uses in the nuclear power industry.

• Erbia has a pink color and is used to color glass and glazes.

69THULIUM

Tm



• it currently has no commercial applications, although one of its isotopes, thulium-169, could be used as a radiation source for portable X-ray machines.

70YTTERBIUM

Yb


• can be alloyed with stainless steel to improve some of its mechanical properties and used as a doping agent in fiber optic cable where it can be used as an amplifier.

• One of ytterbium's isotopes is being considered as a radiation source for portable X-ray machines

71LUTETIUM

Lu



• some of its radioactiveisotopes can be used as a catalyst in the cracking of petroleum products

• a catalyst in some hydrogenation and polymerization processes.

90THORIUM

Th


• used in a type of lantern mantel known as a Welsbach mantle.

• used to make high temperature crucibles.

• Thorium oxide is also used to make glass with a high index of refraction that is used to make high quality camera lenses.

• Thorium oxide is used as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), in the cracking of petroleum products and in the conversion of ammonia (NH3) to nitric acid (HNO3).

91PROTACTINIUM

Pa

Atomic Number: 91Atomic Weight: 231.03588Melting Point: 1845 K (1572°C or 2862°F)Boiling Point: UnknownDensity: 15.37 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7

• Due to its scarcity, high radioactivity and toxicity, there are currently no uses for protactinium outside of basic scientific research.

92URANIUM

U


• uranium compounds have been used for centuries to color glass.

• uranium trioxide (uo3) is an orange powder and has been used in the manufacture of fiestaware plates.

• other uranium compounds have also been used to make vaseline glass and glazes. the uranium within these items is radioactive and should be treated with care.

93NEPTUNIUM

Np

Atomic Number: 93Atomic Weight: 237Melting Point: 917 K (644°C or 1191°F)Boiling Point: 4175 K (3902°C or 7056°F)Density: 20.25 grams per cubic

centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7

• once considered to be completely artificial, extremely small amounts of neptunium are produced naturally in uranium ores through the interaction of atoms of uranium in the ore with neutrons produced by the decay of other atoms of uranium in the ore.

94PLUTONIUM

Pu

Atomic Number: 94Atomic Weight: 244Melting Point: 913 K (640°C or 1184°F)Boiling Point: 3501 K (3228°C or 5842°F)Density: 19.84 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7

• Plutonium-238 is used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators to provide electricity for space probes.

• Plutonium-239 will undergo a fission chain reaction if enough of it is concentrated in one place, so it is used at the heart of modern day nuclear weapons and in some nuclear reactors.

95AMERICIUM

Am

Atomic Number: 95Atomic Weight: 243Melting Point: 1449 K (1176°C or 2149°F)Boiling Point: 2284 K (2011°C or 3652°F)Density: 13.69 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7

• used in smoke detectors and can be used as a portable source of gamma rays.

96CURIUM

Cm

Atomic Number: 96Atomic Weight: 247Melting Point: 1618 K (1345°C or 2453°F)Boiling Point: ~3400 K (~3100°C or

~5600°F)Density: 13.51 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7

• the compounds currently have no commercial applications and are primarily used for basic scientific research.

97BERKELIUM

Bk


1922°F)Boiling Point: UnknownDensity: 14 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7

• Since only small amounts of berkelium have ever been produced, there are no known uses for berkelium and its compounds outside of basic scientific research.

98CALIFORNIUM

Cf

Atomic Number: 98Atomic Weight: 251Melting Point: 1173 K (900°C or 1652°F)Boiling Point: UnknownDensity: UnknownPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7

• used as a neutron source to identify gold andsilver ores through a technique known as neutron activation.

• used in devices known as neutron moisture gauges that are used to find water and oil bearing layers in oil wells.

99EINSTEINIUM

Es


• Since only small amounts of einsteinium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research

100FERMIUM

Fm


2781°F)Boiling Point: UnknownDensity: UnknownPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7

• Due to the small amounts produced and its short half-life, there are currently no uses for fermium outside of basic scientific research.

101MENDELEVIUM

Md


• Since only small amounts of mendelevium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.

102NOBELIUM

No


•Since only tiny amounts of nobelium have ever been produced, there are currently no uses for it outside of basic scientific research.

103LAWRENCIUM

Lr


2961°F)Boiling Point: UnknownDensity: UnknownPhase at Room Temperature: SolidElement Classification: MetalPeriod Number: 7

• Since only tiny amounts of lawrencium have ever been produced, there are currently no uses for it outside of basic scientific research.

Thank you!!

the f-block elements

Education

metalperiod number

melting point

fboiling point

number of isotopes

ceriumceatomic number

neodymiumndatomic number

gadoliniumgdatomic number

room temperature