The Electrical Proporties of Treated Wood With a Focus on Utility Pole Conductivity

9+/"'3(*A&*(1"$'*(*"(MPPZ(*A+(+8+5*.$5&8(5"'3#5*$-$*/(5A&'>+%(8+%%(*A&'(]P(7"83(&55".3$'>(*"()*&A*( L"-+'(3./B(MPZ(L`a;(IQB(&'3(&9"-+( *A+(U)R(]MZ(L`a;(IQ?(^&*&( "9*&$'+3( 7."(b#C&1(Wc( *.+&*(18&'*%(8"5&*+3( $'(Y8&9.+( FQ?( ( R"8+%( 6+.+( 5"+"/(5"#.+(MQ(&'3(5"''+5*+3(

*A+(#*$8$*/(1"8+(%+5*$"'%(*"(&(N](D(-"8*(5"$8B(A+.+(+8+5*.$5$*/(6&%(>.&3#&88/(&118$+3(#'*$8(&(A$>A(-"8*&>+(6&%(.+&5A+3(6A+.+(*A+(5#..+'*(6"#83(9.$3>+(L$?+?B(V#"(*"(*A+(>."#'3(6$.+("'(*A+("11"%$*+(+'3?(,%$'>(*A$%(-"8*&>+()$+

(((( (

4*@5)#$ Q>$ GHH$ R+$ .-3#)$ +61$ +5(-F+(*-6$ (#'"6-&-@8$ '-F.+68S$ 0+'*&*(*#/$ 3#)#$ 5/#1$ (-$ +..&8$ "*@"$:-&(+@#$(-$3--1$.-$/#'(*-6/>$

Wafer and Pole Conductivity Measure U".*/( %"#*A+.'( /+88"6(1$'+( LPinus sp?Q(6&7+.%( LFH($(

0+&%#.+(+&5A(6&7+.($';9+*6++'(*A+(5"11+.(18&*+%(%"(*A&*(*A+(5"11+.(18&*+(6&%(8&.>+.(*A&'(*A+(6&7+.(%&

$4*@5)#$ Y>$ D#+/5)#F#6(/$ 3#)#$ F+1#$ +')-//$ ("#$ &-6@*(51*6+&$ 0+'#$ RLQ$ FFO$ S$ +61$ *6$ ("#$ )+1*+&$1*)#'(*-6$ +')-//$ ("#$ @)+*6$ RLZ$ FFO$ S$ +/$ /##6$ +M-:#O$ +61$ A*#F#6/$ .#)$ F#(#)$ 3#)#$ '+&'5&+(#1$ 0-)$3+0#)/$+61$.-/>$(

@A+(.+%$%*&'5+%("7(*A+(5"11+.(18&*+%(6+.+('+>8$>$98+B(&'3(*A+(&11&.&*#%(5&'(9+(%++'($'(U$>#.+(](&**&5A+3(*"(*A+(0+>+.(02@(FPMaM?(@A+(58&

"-+'( 3./( 5"'3$*$"'%( 6+.+( 5"$*#3$'&8( 3$.+5*$"'( L@&98+( XB( U$>#.+( NQ?( @A+( 5A+'$7$5&'*(3$77+.+'5+%( 6+.+( 7"#'3( 9+*6++'( 5A+'$7$5&'*8/( 8+%%( 5"'3#5*$-+( *A&'( #'*.+&*+3( &'3( bbY( *.+&*+3(6&7+.%?(((Cross sectional

b"'3#5*$-$*/("7(%"#*A+.'(1$'+(LPinus sp?Q(6&7+.%($'&*+3(6$*A(%+8+5*+3(5A+.+&*+.(7".(#'*.+&*+3()_R(6&7+.%(&'3(6&%(%*&*$%*$5&88/(%$>'$7$5&'*(LUi(MF?OOg(3?7?i(FXB(]OXg(Rij?PPPFQ(L@&98+(F?Q?(@A+("-+.&88(3&*&(%A"6+3(*A&*(*A+(5"'3#5*$-$*/("7(&88("*A+.(5A+'$7$5&'*(3$77+.+'5+%(6+.+( 7"#'3(9+*6++'(5A+

5A+$*#3$'&8(3$.+5*$"'(LU$>#.+(OQ?((

C

%$$?#(#6(*-6$:+&5#/$-0$'"#F*'+&$()#+(F#6($*6/*1#$("#$0*)/($0-5)$*6'"#/$-0$("#$3--1$3+0#)/>$$

!?%G!%C$2JJC$?%!%!I

!+M$Y>$9-615'(*:*(8$D#+/5)#F#6(/$*6$("#$P-6@*(51*6+&$C*)#'(*-6$+($(")##$F-*/(5)#$'-6(#6(/$9-615'(*:*(8$D#+/5)#F#6(/$*6$("#$P-6@*(51*6+&$C*)#'(*-6$

J:#6$C)8$?#+1*6@/$

A*#F#6/VF#(#)$ 9"#F*'+&$!)#+(F#6($9-615'(*:*(8$

C56'+6$\)-5.*6@$1.6E-11 Creosote F 7.2E-12 Penta G

6.06E-12 CuNap G 4.4E-12 CCA H 1.6E-12 Untreated I

QU]$D-*/(5)#$9-6(#6($8.50E-07 Penta E 6.80E-07 Untreated E 6.40E-07 CCA E 6.30E-07 CuNap E 5.00E-07 Creosote E

A+(5)+(#1$3.10E-03 Untreated A 2.60E-03 CCA B 2.00E-03 CuNap C 1.30E-03 Creosote D 1.10E-03 Penta D

n)o

!+M$[>$9-615'(*:*(8$D#+/5)#F#6(/$*6$("#$9)-//$A#'(*-6+&$C*)#'(*-6$+($(")##$F-*/(5)#$'-6(#6(/>$$

9-615'(*:*(8$D#+/5)#F#6(/$*6$("#$9)-//$A#'(*-6+&$C*)#'(*-6$

J:#6$C)8$?#+1*6@/$

A*#F#6/VF#(#)$ 9"#F*'+&$!)#+(F#6($9-615'(*:*(8$

C56'+6$\)-5.*6@$2.95E-11 Creosote A 1.22E-11 CCA B 1.15E-11 Untreated B 1.15E-11 Penta B 1.12E-11 CuNap B

QU]$D-*/(5)#$9-6(#6($5.95E-07 Penta A 2.85E-07 CCA AB 9.70E-07 Untreated AB 9.10E-08 Creosote AB 4.64E-08 CuNap B

A+(5)+(#1$1.18E-03 Untreated A 4.40E-04 Penta B 4.30E-04 Creosote B 3.80E-04 CCA B 3.00E-04 CuNap B

n)o

$GS$ $ $ $ $ $ HS$

Treatment0 1 2 3 4 5 6

S/m

0

1e-11

2e-11

3e-11

4e-11

5e-11

6e-11

Untreated Penta CCA Creosote Cunap

Oven Dry

Treatment0 1 2 3 4 5 6

S/m

0.0

2.0e-6

4.0e-6

6.0e-6

8.0e-6

1.0e-5

1.2e-5

1.4e-5

1.6e-5

1.8e-5

Untreated Penta CCA Creosote Cunap

20% Moisture

$(

(9S$

Treatment0 1 2 3 4 5 6

S/m

0.000

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

Untreated Penta CCA Creosote Cunap

Saturation

(($4*@5)#$ ^>$ H-N$ +61$2"*/E#)$ .&-(/$ -0$ '-615'(*:*(8$ 1+(+$ 0-)$ /-5("#)6$ 8#&&-3$ .*6#$ RPinus sp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

GS$$ $ $ $ $ $ HS(((

Moisture content (%)-5 0 5 10 15 20 25

S/m

0

5e-7

1e-6

1e-6

2e-6

1 20 1

0

5e-7

1e-6

1e-6

2e-6

Untreated

Moisture content (%)-5 0 5 10 15 20 25

S/m

0.0

5.0e-6

1.0e-5

1.5e-5

1 20 1

0.0

2.0e-6

4.0e-6

6.0e-6

8.0e-6

1.0e-5

1.2e-5

1.4e-5

1.6e-5

1.8e-5

Penta

((

(9S(( ( ( ( ( ( CS(

Moisture content (%)-5 0 5 10 15 20 25

S/m

0

2e-6

4e-6

6e-6

8e-6

1e-5

1 20 1

0

2e-6

4e-6

6e-6

8e-6

1e-5

CCA

Moisture content (%)-5 0 5 10 15 20 25

S/m

0

1e-6

2e-6

3e-6

1 20 1

0

1e-6

2e-6

3e-6

Cunap

(((

$4*@5)#$ _>$ H-N$ +61$2"*/E#)$ .&-(/$ -0$ '-615'(*:*(8$ 1+(+$ )+6@*6@$ 0)-F$ -:#6$ 1)8$ '-61*(*-6/$ (-$ QU]$F-*/(5)#$'-6(#6($-0$3+0#)$3*("$("#$+11*(*-6$-0$("#$'-615'(*:*(8$-0$0*:#$-6#$0--($5(*&*(8$.-$/#'(*-6/$R)#1$()*+6@/S$.&-((#1$0-)$56()#+(#1$A`,$RYUS$+61$'"#F*'+&&8$()#+(#1$A`,$,#6(+$RYUSO$99G$RYUSO$+61$95I+.$RYUS>$

$GS( ( ( ( ( ( HS(

Treatment0 1 2 3 4 5 6

S/m

0.0

2.0e-11

4.0e-11

6.0e-11

8.0e-11

1.0e-10

1.2e-10

Untreated Penta CCA Creosote Cunap

Oven Dry

(( Treatment0 1 2 3 4 5 6

S/m

0.0

2.0e-6

4.0e-6

6.0e-6

8.0e-6

1.0e-5

1.2e-5

1.4e-5

1.6e-5

1.8e-5

Untreated Penta CCA Creosote Cunap

20% Moisture

(9S$

(

Treatment0 1 2 3 4 5 6

S/m

0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0.012

0.014

0.016

Untreated Penta CCA Creosote Cunap

Saturation

(((4*@5)#$ a>$ H-N$ +61$2"*/E#)$ .&-(/$ -0$ '-615'(*:*(8$ 1+(+$ 0-)$ /-5("#)6$ 8#&&-3$ .*6#$ RPinus sp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

(?%4%?%I9%A(

F? Y'"'?(MPPN?(Y.*$58+(X?G?F?FX("7(bA&1*+.(IP($'(*A+(Yed0Y(0&'#&8(7".(e&$86&/(d'>$'++.$'>(d8+5*.$5&8(2("7(1+3#'5#8&*+(W&:(LQuercus robur(!Q(*6$>%(9/('+*$5(.+%"'&'5+($$'>?(K"8E7".%5A#'>(]MJ(]XF;]X]Q?(

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