The Beginnings of Change. February 9, 2015 Chapter 12 test today! Take a few minutes to study! Chapter 12 notes are due. Also, if you did your study guide.

The Beginnings of Change

February 9, 2015

Chapter 12 test today!Take a few minutes to study!Chapter 12 notes are due. Also, if you did your study guide this is extra credit.

After test you will do chapter 13 vocab and chapter 13-1/13-2 guided reading.

Chapter 13 starts on page 398.

February 6, 2014

Bell Work: Graphic Organizer 12-Age of Industry

Turn in when finished!

September 11, 2014

Bell Work: If you could invent something that would make the world a more efficient place. What would it be and why? Explain your answer.

January 10, 2014

Bell work: Answer Chapter 12 section 3 questions.

Turn in when finished.

Introduction

For centuries Great Britain’s public and private farm lands were unfenced.

By the late 1700’s wealthy landowners enclosed these farms to increase production and efficiency – Enclosure Movement Parliament supported

Small farmers forced to move into citiesAgriculture underwent a revolution

G.B. Leads the Way

Displaced farmers became industrial workers.

Money was provided to landowners by successful farming businesses.

G.B. had plenty of capital, Natural resources, and labor supply.

Money

Capital – money to invest in labor machines and raw materials. Essential for industrial growth

Industrial Revo. provided the rich & middle classes with new opportunities to invest.

Money

Those who invested in industry usually made a profit.

Parliament passed laws to encourage investment. Helped growing business

Natural Resources

Harbors for ships. Imports, exports - trade

Waterways for developing industries and transporting materials.

Lots of iron and steel for machinery.Lots of coal to fuel industry.

Large Labor Supply

Arguably G.B.’s greatest resource.Farming improvements increased the

quality and availability of food. Longer, healthier lives Population grew from 5 million (1700) to 9

million (1800)

Large Labor Supply

New machinery increased supply of industrial workers. Former farmers pushed into cities

Entrepreneurs set up industries by bringing together capital, labor, and new industrial inventions.

Textile Industries

People in G.B. wanted to buy cool, colorful cloth.

Domestic system could not meet the demand.

Textile industries ignited cloth production w/ technological advances.

Advances in Machinery

Weaving cloth was difficult and time-consuming.

Width of fabric was limited by the distance a weaver could “throw” the shuttle.

1733, British clock maker John Kay improved the loom with his “flying shuttle.”

Advances in Machinery

The flying shuttle allowed weavers to produce 2-3 times more material. Needed more yarn than ever

James Hargreaves, a weaver-carpenter, invented a more efficient spinning machine – Spinning Jenny.

Advances in Machinery

1768, Richard Arkwright invented the Water Frame – spinning machine that ran on waterpower.

1779, Samuel Crompton invented the Spinning Mule – combination of the Spinning Jenny and Water Frame.

Producing More Cloth

More thread was being made than there were weavers to use it.

1787, Edmund Cartwright answered this issue w/ the power loom. Ran by steam power, water, or horse

Created a growing need for more raw cotton.

Producing More Cloth

1793, American inventor, Eli Whitney created the cotton gin.

Cleaned cotton 50 times faster than a person could.

Factory System

Industrialists moved cloth production out of workers’ cottages and into large buildings near waterways.

Marked the beginning of the factory system. method of production that brought

workers and machines together under the control of managers

Factory System

Initially, waterways powered machines and provided transportation for materials.

Factories grew, calling for more power than horses and water could provide.

In the 1760s James Watt designed an efficient steam engine. helped set the Industrial Revolution in full

motion

Industrial Developments

Factory machinery increased demand for iron and steel.

In the mid-1800s William Kelly and Henry Bessemer developed methods to produce steel from iron inexpensively.

Meanwhile, people worked to advance transportation in Europe and the U.S.

Industrial Developments

1700s, a canal building craze began both in Europe and the U.S.

A combination of steam power and steel would soon revolutionize both land and water transportation.

Industrial Developments

In 1801 British engineer Richard Trevithick devised a steam-powered carriage that ran on wheels.

And 3 years later, a steam locomotive that ran on rails.

In 1807 Robert Fulton, an American inventor, designed the first practical steamboat.

Railroads and steamboats laid the foundations for a global economy.

February 4, 2015

Bell Work: Chapter 12 section 4 questions. You have 15 minutes to finish!

Section 3The Growth of Industry

G.B. keeps technologies secretG.B. most productive country in world.

Parliament passes laws:Restricting the flow of machines and

skilled workers to other countries.1820s-many leave G.B.

Spread of Industry

G.B. gives up trying to guard industrial monopoly.

Saw they could make money from other countries.

“Workshop of the world”

Spread of Industry cont…

In many countries, factory system did not boom until 1870 or later.

Exceptions were:France, Germany, and U.S.France-Napoleonic Wars strained economy.Gov’t funding helped German industry

grow.1840s-coal, iron, and textile industries

emerge.

Spread of Industry

Industrialization increased in U.S.New industries promoted in America.

1870-U.S ranks world’s top three of most industrialized countries.

Growth of Big Business

CapitalismCapitalist system

Decide how to make a profitDetermine business practices

Industrial Capitalism-continually expanding factories or investing in new businesses.

Mass Production

Machines replace costly human labor.Machines enabled mass-production.Eli Whitney-Interchangeable partsFrederick Taylor-divide tasks into

specific segments and step by step procedure.

Division of labor in factoriesAssembly line

Mass Production cont…

Henry Ford-assembly line methods

1913-Model TProduced greater quantities.cost of production of each car fell.

Cars are now cheaper to buy.

Henry Ford and the Assembly Line

Organizing Business

Production increasesContinual flow of capital for business expansion.

Partnerships-business organizations involving two or more entrepreneurs.

Organizing Business cont…

Corporations-business organizations owned by stockholders who buy shares in a company.

Late 1800s-corporations grow.

Corporations

Business Cycles

Businesses start producing particular kinds of products.

Industries dependent on each other.

Example:Ford Motor Co.-demand for carsPetroleum industryRubber for tires

Business Cycles cont…

Economy depended on business cycles.

“Boom”-business is up “bust”-business is downDepression-lowest point in the business cycle.

Science and Industry

trial and errorLate 1800s, manufacturers apply more scientific findings to businesses.

Samuel Morse-telegraph (1830s)Guglielmo Marconi-wireless telegraph (1895).

Alexander Graham Bell-telephone (1876)

Electricity

Early 1900s electricity replaces coal.

1831 Michael Faraday-electric current.

Electric motor based on Faraday’s principles.

1877 Thomas Edison-phonograph and light bulb.

Energy and Engines

Late 1880s Gottlieb Daimler-redesigned internal combustion engine to run on gasoline.

Could propel vehicles and boats.

Energy and Engines cont…

Rudolf Diesel-oil burning internal combustion engine.

Could run industrial plants, ocean liners, and locomotives.

1890s Ferdinand von Zeppelin-balloonlike invention. Could carry passengers.

1903-Wilbur and Orville Wright-1st successful flight of motorized airplane.

February 7, 2014

Bell work: Chapter 12 Graphic organizer “Age of Industry”

Turn in when finished. You have fifteen minutes.

Section 4A New Society

Before the Industrial Age, a person’s position in life was determined at birth.

1700s and 1800s-Industrial Revolution creates new opportunities for people.

Rise of the Middle Class

Industrialization expands the middle class.

Education as key to business success.Wealthy manufacturers and middle class

became politically active in reforms:EducationHealth carePrison improvements sanitation

Middle-Class Lifestyles

Family life begins to changeMen and women have different roles.

Men become sole providerMen workedWomen stayed home-brought up children.

Domestic help

Middle-Class Lifestyles cont…

Boys went to school for employment or preparation for higher education.

Daughters expected to learn:CookSewWorks of the household to be prepared

for marriage.

Lives of the Working Class

Working class grows in greater numbers.

Enjoyed few of the new luxuries.Depended solely on money they earned to buy what they needed.

At the Mercy of Machinery

Mill towns-Lowell and Massachusetts.Work conditions were tolerable.Industrial competition increases-work becomes harder and more dangerous.monotonous workNoisyRepetitive machinery

At the Mercy of Machinery cont…

Factory machinery a danger to lives.

Long work hours (10-14 hrs./day)Poor working conditions

Unventilated roomsLintDust

At the Mercy of Machinery cont…

Employees earned little support.Factory owners kept wages low to earn a profit.Men paid moreWomen made half the wages of menChildren paid even less.

Workers’ Lives

Whole families work in factories and mines.

Children-As young as 6 years old12 hr. shifts (sometimes longer)Only a short breakDid not go to schoolSpent most of the day working

Workers’ Lives cont…

Women-Industries offer independenceTextile mills provided opportunities to

make money and new friends.Workers live near factories

tenements

Workers’ Lives cont…

Mill owners control rentDecided when and whether to improve living conditions.

Urban problems-Human wasteIndustrial waste contaminates water

suppliesSpread of diseases (cholera and typhoid)

Workers Unite

Workers initiate reforms.Form Organized labor groups.Late 1800s and early 1900s-working conditions begin to improve.

Workers Unite cont…

G.B.-Worker associationsGroups representing workers in a

specific industry.

Workers associations develop into labor unions (Europe and U.S. in 1800s).

Union Tactics

Workers protestStrikes-workers refuse to work.Workers demand shorter working hrs. and higher wages.

Manufacturers complain-Add to production costsIncrease the price of goodsHurt business

Union Tactics cont…

BlacklistCombination Acts of 1799 and 1800-British Parliament banned unions.

1820s-Parliament agrees to meet to discuss working hrs. and wages.

Skilled British workers form unions-Based on specific trade or craftAble to bargain with employers

Union Tactics cont…

Collective bargaining1870s-British unions’ power increasedParliament legalized strikes

Unskilled workers form unions (late 1880s).1900s-union membership grows in Europe and U.S.