Transcript
Attribution Attribution TheoryTheory
Attribution Attribution TheoryTheory
to explain the world and to determine to explain the world and to determine the cause of an event or behaviorthe cause of an event or behavior
Attributions
Source: Social Psychology: Social Thinking Social Thinking 2008 2008 -- by: James Neillby: James Neill
“The causes of events always interest us more than the events themselves”
“The causes of events always interest us more than the events themselves”
Cicero
“Happy is he who has been able to
perceive the causes of things”
“Happy is he who has been able to
perceive the causes of things”
Virgil
Why do we make attributions?
Sense of cognitive control.
To predict the future.
To respond appropriately.
Sense of cognitive control.
To predict the future.
To respond appropriately.
Attribution Theory
• “…deals with how the social
perceiver uses information
to arrive at causal
explanations for events”
• “…deals with how the social
perceiver uses information
to arrive at causal
explanations for events”
Attribution
• attribution theory: a group of theories that
describe how people explain the causes of
behavior
– Why do people behave the way that they do?
– What are they likely to do in the future?
• attribution theory: a group of theories that
describe how people explain the causes of
behavior
– Why do people behave the way that they do?
– What are they likely to do in the future?
Theories of attributionHeider(1958): ‘Naïve Scientist’
Jones & Davis (1965): Correspondent
Inference Theory
Kelley (1967, 1973): Covariation Theory
Weiner (1979, 1985): Internal / External
+ Stable / Unstable
Heider(1958): ‘Naïve Scientist’
Jones & Davis (1965): Correspondent
Inference Theory
Kelley (1967, 1973): Covariation Theory
Weiner (1979, 1985): Internal / External
+ Stable / Unstable
Attribution theory
• Heider hypothesised that:
• People are naïve scientists who attempt to use rational processes to explain events.
• Heider hypothesised that:
• People are naïve scientists who attempt to use rational processes to explain events.
Attribution theory
People perceive behaviour as being caused.
People give causal attributions (even to inanimate objects!).
Both disposition & situation can cause behaviour.
People perceive behaviour as being caused.
People give causal attributions (even to inanimate objects!).
Both disposition & situation can cause behaviour.
The Attribution Process
Antecedents--factors internalto the perceiver
•Information•Beliefs•Motivation
•Perceived external or internal causesof behavior
Attributions made by the perceiver
Consequences for the perceiver
•Perceived external or internal causesof behavior
•Behavior•Feelings•Expectations
Attribution theory
• Causes of behaviour are seen as inside (internal) or outside (external) a person.
• Causes of behaviour are seen as inside (internal) or outside (external) a person.
Internal External
Causes situational
attributionspersonal
attributions
Attribution theory
• We generally assume that people choose to behave the way they do,
• i.e., there is a tendency to make internal attributions.
• We generally assume that people choose to behave the way they do,
• i.e., there is a tendency to make internal attributions.
Internal attribution
• ‘Bob is a jerk!’
• ‘Bob is short-tempered!’
• ‘Bob likes to beat people
up!’
• ‘Bob is a jerk!’
• ‘Bob is short-tempered!’
• ‘Bob likes to beat people
up!’
External attribution
• ‘Steve just told Bob that he is having an affair w/ Bob’s wife.’
• ‘Steve paid Bob $100 to give him a black eye.’
• ‘Bob tripped on a cord and accidentally hit Steve when he lost his balance.’
• ‘Steve just told Bob that he is having an affair w/ Bob’s wife.’
• ‘Steve paid Bob $100 to give him a black eye.’
• ‘Bob tripped on a cord and accidentally hit Steve when he lost his balance.’
Atribusi internal atau eksternal?
1.Komar datang terlambat ke kampus untukmengikuti kuliah.
2.Cindy terlambat mengumpulkan tugas.
3.Seorang pengemudi motor memotong Andadi jalan raya.
4.Bagas adalah mahasiswa yang rajin danpandai, namun kemarin dia ketahuanmencontek waktu ujian.
1.Komar datang terlambat ke kampus untukmengikuti kuliah.
2.Cindy terlambat mengumpulkan tugas.
3.Seorang pengemudi motor memotong Andadi jalan raya.
4.Bagas adalah mahasiswa yang rajin danpandai, namun kemarin dia ketahuanmencontek waktu ujian.
Weiners model of attributionWeiner’s theory attempts to categorise all
attributions under common categories. He placed these categories across two
dimensions and added a third after further research. The two we need to learn today are:
1. Locus of causality: internal or external factors. What is the cause?
2. Locus of stability: stable or unstable factors. How stable is it?
Weiner’s theory attempts to categorise all attributions under common categories.
He placed these categories across two dimensions and added a third after further research. The two we need to learn today are:
1. Locus of causality: internal or external factors. What is the cause?
2. Locus of stability: stable or unstable factors. How stable is it?
Causal attributions
• List the causal attributions you think people may give for their level of success or failure.
• ability
• effort
• task difficulty
• luck.
• List the causal attributions you think people may give for their level of success or failure.
• ability
• effort
• task difficulty
• luck.
Weiner’s attribution model
ABILITY TASK DIFFICULTY
LOCUS OF CAUSALITY DIMENSION
S
T
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
D
I
M
E
N
S
I
O
N
Internal
attribution
External
attribution
Stable
attribution
EFFORT LUCK
S
T
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
D
I
M
E
N
S
I
O
N
Unstable
attribution
Weiner’s attribution model: reasons why I won my tennis match!
I played better than her today
She is younger than me and
inexperienced
LOCUS OF CAUSALITY DIMENSION
S
T
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
D
I
M
E
N
S
I
O
N
Internal
attribution
External
attribution
Stable
attributionI played better than
her todayShe is younger than
me and inexperienced
I trained really hard up to the game
I was lucky at match point; the umpire
gave me a line call.
S
T
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
D
I
M
E
N
S
I
O
N
Unstable
attribution
ATTRIBUTIONAL MODEL OF FAILURE
INTERNAL ATTRIBUTION (Person Responsible?)
• LACK OF EFFORT
• LACK OF ABILITY
EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTION (Environment/situation Responsible?)
• DIFFICULT TASK
• BAD LUCK
WHAT IS THE SUPERVISOR’S RESPONSE?
NO ABILITY Training or Transfer
NO EFFORT Reprimand or Motivational Strategy
HARD TASK Job Redesign
BAD LUCK Sympathy and Support
INTERNAL ATTRIBUTION (Person Responsible?)
• LACK OF EFFORT
• LACK OF ABILITY
EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTION (Environment/situation Responsible?)
• DIFFICULT TASK
• BAD LUCK
WHAT IS THE SUPERVISOR’S RESPONSE?
NO ABILITY Training or Transfer
NO EFFORT Reprimand or Motivational Strategy
HARD TASK Job Redesign
BAD LUCK Sympathy and Support
ATTRIBUTION THEORYKELLEY (73)
IS THE CAUSE OF THE BEHAVIOR SEEN AS INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL? WE LOOK FOR THREE TYPES OF INFORMATION TO DECIDE:
DISTINCTIVENESSIS THIS PERSON’S PERFORMANCE DIFFERENT ON OTHER TASKS AND IN OTHER SITUATIONS?
CONSISTENCYOVER TIME, IS THERE A CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR OR RESULTS ON THISTASK BY THIS PERSON?
CONSENSUSDO OTHERS PERFORM OR BEHAVE SIMILARLY WHEN IN A SIMILAR POSITION?
IS THE CAUSE OF THE BEHAVIOR SEEN AS INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL? WE LOOK FOR THREE TYPES OF INFORMATION TO DECIDE:
DISTINCTIVENESSIS THIS PERSON’S PERFORMANCE DIFFERENT ON OTHER TASKS AND IN OTHER SITUATIONS?
CONSISTENCYOVER TIME, IS THERE A CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR OR RESULTS ON THISTASK BY THIS PERSON?
CONSENSUSDO OTHERS PERFORM OR BEHAVE SIMILARLY WHEN IN A SIMILAR POSITION?
Theory of Causal Attributions
ConsistencyDoes person usuallybehave this way in
this situation?
DistinctivenessDoes person behavedifferently in different
situations?
DistinctivenessDoes person behavedifferently in different
situations?
ConsensusDo others behave
similarly in thissituation?
LowInternal Attribution(to person’s disposition)High
External Attribution(to person’s situation)
ATTRIBUTION ERRORS
• THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR– THE CAUSE OF POOR PERFORMANCE (BY OTHERS) IS DUE TO
PERSONAL FACTORS (LAZY…DIDN’T TRY VERY HARD)
• SELF-SERVING BIAS– THE CAUSE OF POOR PERFORMANCE (BY MYSELF) IS DUE TO
SITUATIONAL FACTORS (POOR SUPPORT), NOT BECAUSE OF A LACK OF EFFORT
• THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR– THE CAUSE OF POOR PERFORMANCE (BY OTHERS) IS DUE TO
PERSONAL FACTORS (LAZY…DIDN’T TRY VERY HARD)
• SELF-SERVING BIAS– THE CAUSE OF POOR PERFORMANCE (BY MYSELF) IS DUE TO
SITUATIONAL FACTORS (POOR SUPPORT), NOT BECAUSE OF A LACK OF EFFORT
Common Perceptual Errors
• Perceptual defense: the tendency for people to protect themselves against ideas, objects, or situations that are threatening
• Stereotyping: the tendency to assign attributes to someone solely on the basis of the category of people, of which that person is a member
• Halo effect: the process by which the perceiver evaluates another person solely on the basis of one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable
• Projection: the tendency for people to see their own traits in others
• Expectancy effects: extent to which expectations bias how events, objects, and people are actually perceived– Self-fulfilling prophecy: expecting certain things to happen will
shape the behavior of the perceiver in such a way that the expected is more likely to happen
• Perceptual defense: the tendency for people to protect themselves against ideas, objects, or situations that are threatening
• Stereotyping: the tendency to assign attributes to someone solely on the basis of the category of people, of which that person is a member
• Halo effect: the process by which the perceiver evaluates another person solely on the basis of one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable
• Projection: the tendency for people to see their own traits in others
• Expectancy effects: extent to which expectations bias how events, objects, and people are actually perceived– Self-fulfilling prophecy: expecting certain things to happen will
shape the behavior of the perceiver in such a way that the expected is more likely to happen
Atribusi internal atau eksternal?
Mari kita diskusikan lagi beberapacontoh kasus berikut ini:
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