Teori atribusi

Attribution Attribution TheoryTheory

Attribution Attribution TheoryTheory

to explain the world and to determine to explain the world and to determine the cause of an event or behaviorthe cause of an event or behavior

Attributions

Source: Social Psychology: Social Thinking Social Thinking 2008 2008 -- by: James Neillby: James Neill

“The causes of events always interest us more than the events themselves”

“The causes of events always interest us more than the events themselves”

Cicero

“Happy is he who has been able to

perceive the causes of things”

“Happy is he who has been able to

perceive the causes of things”

Virgil

Why do we make attributions?

Sense of cognitive control.

To predict the future.

To respond appropriately.

Sense of cognitive control.

To predict the future.

To respond appropriately.

Attribution Theory

• “…deals with how the social

perceiver uses information

to arrive at causal

explanations for events”

• “…deals with how the social

perceiver uses information

to arrive at causal

explanations for events”

Attribution

• attribution theory: a group of theories that

describe how people explain the causes of

behavior

– Why do people behave the way that they do?

– What are they likely to do in the future?

• attribution theory: a group of theories that

describe how people explain the causes of

behavior

– Why do people behave the way that they do?

– What are they likely to do in the future?

Theories of attributionHeider(1958): ‘Naïve Scientist’

Jones & Davis (1965): Correspondent

Inference Theory

Kelley (1967, 1973): Covariation Theory

Weiner (1979, 1985): Internal / External

+ Stable / Unstable

Heider(1958): ‘Naïve Scientist’

Jones & Davis (1965): Correspondent

Inference Theory

Kelley (1967, 1973): Covariation Theory

Weiner (1979, 1985): Internal / External

+ Stable / Unstable

Attribution theory

• Heider hypothesised that:

• People are naïve scientists who attempt to use rational processes to explain events.

• Heider hypothesised that:

• People are naïve scientists who attempt to use rational processes to explain events.

Attribution theory

People perceive behaviour as being caused.

People give causal attributions (even to inanimate objects!).

Both disposition & situation can cause behaviour.

People perceive behaviour as being caused.

People give causal attributions (even to inanimate objects!).

Both disposition & situation can cause behaviour.

The Attribution Process

Antecedents--factors internalto the perceiver

•Information•Beliefs•Motivation

•Perceived external or internal causesof behavior

Attributions made by the perceiver

Consequences for the perceiver

•Perceived external or internal causesof behavior

•Behavior•Feelings•Expectations

Attribution theory

• Causes of behaviour are seen as inside (internal) or outside (external) a person.

• Causes of behaviour are seen as inside (internal) or outside (external) a person.

Internal External

Causes situational

attributionspersonal

attributions

Attribution theory

• We generally assume that people choose to behave the way they do,

• i.e., there is a tendency to make internal attributions.

• We generally assume that people choose to behave the way they do,

• i.e., there is a tendency to make internal attributions.

Internal attribution

• ‘Bob is a jerk!’

• ‘Bob is short-tempered!’

• ‘Bob likes to beat people

up!’

• ‘Bob is a jerk!’

• ‘Bob is short-tempered!’

• ‘Bob likes to beat people

up!’

External attribution

• ‘Steve just told Bob that he is having an affair w/ Bob’s wife.’

• ‘Steve paid Bob $100 to give him a black eye.’

• ‘Bob tripped on a cord and accidentally hit Steve when he lost his balance.’

• ‘Steve just told Bob that he is having an affair w/ Bob’s wife.’

• ‘Steve paid Bob $100 to give him a black eye.’

• ‘Bob tripped on a cord and accidentally hit Steve when he lost his balance.’

Atribusi internal atau eksternal?

1.Komar datang terlambat ke kampus untukmengikuti kuliah.

2.Cindy terlambat mengumpulkan tugas.

3.Seorang pengemudi motor memotong Andadi jalan raya.

4.Bagas adalah mahasiswa yang rajin danpandai, namun kemarin dia ketahuanmencontek waktu ujian.

1.Komar datang terlambat ke kampus untukmengikuti kuliah.

2.Cindy terlambat mengumpulkan tugas.

3.Seorang pengemudi motor memotong Andadi jalan raya.

4.Bagas adalah mahasiswa yang rajin danpandai, namun kemarin dia ketahuanmencontek waktu ujian.

Weiners model of attributionWeiner’s theory attempts to categorise all

attributions under common categories. He placed these categories across two

dimensions and added a third after further research. The two we need to learn today are:

1. Locus of causality: internal or external factors. What is the cause?

2. Locus of stability: stable or unstable factors. How stable is it?

Weiner’s theory attempts to categorise all attributions under common categories.

He placed these categories across two dimensions and added a third after further research. The two we need to learn today are:

1. Locus of causality: internal or external factors. What is the cause?

2. Locus of stability: stable or unstable factors. How stable is it?

Causal attributions

• List the causal attributions you think people may give for their level of success or failure.

• ability

• effort

• task difficulty

• luck.

• List the causal attributions you think people may give for their level of success or failure.

• ability

• effort

• task difficulty

• luck.

Weiner’s attribution model

ABILITY TASK DIFFICULTY

LOCUS OF CAUSALITY DIMENSION

S

T

A

B

I

L

I

T

Y

D

I

M

E

N

S

I

O

N

Internal

attribution

External

attribution

Stable

attribution

EFFORT LUCK

S

T

A

B

I

L

I

T

Y

D

I

M

E

N

S

I

O

N

Unstable

attribution

Weiner’s attribution model: reasons why I won my tennis match!

I played better than her today

She is younger than me and

inexperienced

LOCUS OF CAUSALITY DIMENSION

S

T

A

B

I

L

I

T

Y

D

I

M

E

N

S

I

O

N

Internal

attribution

External

attribution

Stable

attributionI played better than

her todayShe is younger than

me and inexperienced

I trained really hard up to the game

I was lucky at match point; the umpire

gave me a line call.

S

T

A

B

I

L

I

T

Y

D

I

M

E

N

S

I

O

N

Unstable

attribution

ATTRIBUTIONAL MODEL OF FAILURE

INTERNAL ATTRIBUTION (Person Responsible?)

• LACK OF EFFORT

• LACK OF ABILITY

EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTION (Environment/situation Responsible?)

• DIFFICULT TASK

• BAD LUCK

WHAT IS THE SUPERVISOR’S RESPONSE?

NO ABILITY Training or Transfer

NO EFFORT Reprimand or Motivational Strategy

HARD TASK Job Redesign

BAD LUCK Sympathy and Support

INTERNAL ATTRIBUTION (Person Responsible?)

• LACK OF EFFORT

• LACK OF ABILITY

EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTION (Environment/situation Responsible?)

• DIFFICULT TASK

• BAD LUCK

WHAT IS THE SUPERVISOR’S RESPONSE?

NO ABILITY Training or Transfer

NO EFFORT Reprimand or Motivational Strategy

HARD TASK Job Redesign

BAD LUCK Sympathy and Support

ATTRIBUTION THEORYKELLEY (73)

IS THE CAUSE OF THE BEHAVIOR SEEN AS INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL? WE LOOK FOR THREE TYPES OF INFORMATION TO DECIDE:

DISTINCTIVENESSIS THIS PERSON’S PERFORMANCE DIFFERENT ON OTHER TASKS AND IN OTHER SITUATIONS?

CONSISTENCYOVER TIME, IS THERE A CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR OR RESULTS ON THISTASK BY THIS PERSON?

CONSENSUSDO OTHERS PERFORM OR BEHAVE SIMILARLY WHEN IN A SIMILAR POSITION?

IS THE CAUSE OF THE BEHAVIOR SEEN AS INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL? WE LOOK FOR THREE TYPES OF INFORMATION TO DECIDE:

DISTINCTIVENESSIS THIS PERSON’S PERFORMANCE DIFFERENT ON OTHER TASKS AND IN OTHER SITUATIONS?

CONSISTENCYOVER TIME, IS THERE A CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR OR RESULTS ON THISTASK BY THIS PERSON?

CONSENSUSDO OTHERS PERFORM OR BEHAVE SIMILARLY WHEN IN A SIMILAR POSITION?

Theory of Causal Attributions

ConsistencyDoes person usuallybehave this way in

this situation?

DistinctivenessDoes person behavedifferently in different

situations?

DistinctivenessDoes person behavedifferently in different

situations?

ConsensusDo others behave

similarly in thissituation?

LowInternal Attribution(to person’s disposition)High

External Attribution(to person’s situation)

ATTRIBUTION ERRORS

• THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR– THE CAUSE OF POOR PERFORMANCE (BY OTHERS) IS DUE TO

PERSONAL FACTORS (LAZY…DIDN’T TRY VERY HARD)

• SELF-SERVING BIAS– THE CAUSE OF POOR PERFORMANCE (BY MYSELF) IS DUE TO

SITUATIONAL FACTORS (POOR SUPPORT), NOT BECAUSE OF A LACK OF EFFORT

• THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR– THE CAUSE OF POOR PERFORMANCE (BY OTHERS) IS DUE TO

PERSONAL FACTORS (LAZY…DIDN’T TRY VERY HARD)

• SELF-SERVING BIAS– THE CAUSE OF POOR PERFORMANCE (BY MYSELF) IS DUE TO

SITUATIONAL FACTORS (POOR SUPPORT), NOT BECAUSE OF A LACK OF EFFORT

Common Perceptual Errors

• Perceptual defense: the tendency for people to protect themselves against ideas, objects, or situations that are threatening

• Stereotyping: the tendency to assign attributes to someone solely on the basis of the category of people, of which that person is a member

• Halo effect: the process by which the perceiver evaluates another person solely on the basis of one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable

• Projection: the tendency for people to see their own traits in others

• Expectancy effects: extent to which expectations bias how events, objects, and people are actually perceived– Self-fulfilling prophecy: expecting certain things to happen will

shape the behavior of the perceiver in such a way that the expected is more likely to happen

• Perceptual defense: the tendency for people to protect themselves against ideas, objects, or situations that are threatening

• Stereotyping: the tendency to assign attributes to someone solely on the basis of the category of people, of which that person is a member

• Halo effect: the process by which the perceiver evaluates another person solely on the basis of one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable

• Projection: the tendency for people to see their own traits in others

• Expectancy effects: extent to which expectations bias how events, objects, and people are actually perceived– Self-fulfilling prophecy: expecting certain things to happen will

shape the behavior of the perceiver in such a way that the expected is more likely to happen

Atribusi internal atau eksternal?

Mari kita diskusikan lagi beberapacontoh kasus berikut ini:

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