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Temples on Chiang Mai Gate : View Way Aesthetics Point
ContentPrinciples on Aesthetics Appreciation for Temples Visitors
Background of City Establishment and Urban Elements
Beliefs and Values of Lanna Temples Placement
Beliefs and Morality Embedded in Religious Structures
Beauty and Aesthetics of Lanna Temples
Visiting Ancient Structures and Temples
Muen Lan Temple
Pun On Temple
Sam Pao Temple
Ban Ping Temple
Umong Mahathenjan Temple
Duang Di Temple
Jedi Luang Temple
Pun Tao Temple
Chai Prakiat Temple
Tung Yu Temple
Sri Kerd Temple
Pra Singh Temple
Pa Bong Temple
Prasart Temple
Bibliography
Temples on Chiang Mai Gate: View Way Aesthetics Point
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Chiang Mai City’s boundary, in this context, refers to the inner space
located inside the city moat, the genuine urban area where ordinary people, roy-
alty, and officials resided in the past. This inner space therefore became a rich
source of culture and arts of Chiang Mai. As Buddhism came to have a strong in-
fluence, Chiang Mai people began constructing religious structures for perform-
ing Buddhist rites. Most of constructions occurred in the inner space perfectly
reflecting local wisdom, excellence in architecture, arts, and craftsmanship of
the guilds either at the local level or city level. They are called “local masters” or
“sa la” and “royal masters”, respectively. These experts applied their knowledge
and skills along with local wisdom accumulated throughout generations to the
construction of marvelous buildings seen today.
“Aesthetic Materials” are one part of cultural manifestation. They can
simply be called “spirits”, which should be studied carefully as they are vital for
understanding the aesthetics embedded. Visiting temples or ancient buildings
on Chiang Mai Gate should also focus on the appreciation of beauty, beliefs, at-
titudes, and philosophy conveyed through the arts as well as other structures.
Principles on Aesthetics Appreciation for Temples Visitors
1. To obtain ultimate aesthetics from visiting temples, visitors should be
determined in seeking the beauty of the arts.
2. It is vital that visitors prepare themselves with aesthetics knowledge
in terms of sights, hearing, smelling, tasting, and physical sensing to appreciate
the atmosphere of the temples they visit.
3. Visitors should have fundamental knowledge on perceiving beauty
and also should be able to appreciate the beauty of aesthetic materials.
4. Visitors should study the aesthetic materials they are about to visit as
well as fundamental concepts of arts.
5. Visitors should be open-minded and are prompt to understand differ-
ent culture.
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Prerequisites for visiting ancient architectures of Chiang Mai
1. Background of City Establishment and Urban Elements
Chiang Mai is a city of Lanna Kingdom, a kingdom abundant of thousands of
rice fields. Lanna was founded by King Mungrai. In the kingdom, there was a diversity
of ethnic groups such as Tai Yuan, Tai Lue, Tai Yong, Tai Kuen (Kern), and Tai Yai.
Chiang Mai is in the perfect strategic location with good allocation of spaces. The city
has its central pillar, gate corners, and city gates on the eight directions believing that
the city itself has a life as a human being. There are three parts; the top or head part,
the middle or torso part (the central pillar), and lower part (ominous part represented
by Suan Prung Gate, the gate to drain sludge out of the city)
City allocation compared to human body
2. Beliefs and Values of Lanna Temples Placement
There are always certain religious beliefs when drawing a temple plan. Lanna
people believe that Lord Buddha is considered the center of the universe. This book
will address certain major components of Lanna temples as follows:
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- Temple wall : Lanna people like to build the temple wall in square shape.
In the past, the wall was not as high as in the present. The wall shows the boundary
of a temple, the monastery, and to prevent the temple from other animals such as
elephants, horses, cows, and buffalos as they might cause damages to the temple.
Apart from the outer wall, there is also the inner wall.
- Temple entrance: The entrance of Lanna temples in the past was mostly
built of bricks with the arch called “Pratu Khong”. It is the main entrance and is built in
an alignment with the Viharn and Jedi.
- Viharn: Lanna people prefer Viharn or Pavillion to church as it is believed
as the residence of Buddha. It also serves as a venue for performing numerous cere-
monies. In some temples, there can be several viharns for enshrining Buddha images
or other sacred objects by which the viharns are named. Yet, these viharns are not the
main one.
- Jedi: Lanna people often call Jedi “Prathart” since Jedi is built for storing
Prathart (believed to be Buddha’s relics). Jedi is often built in the rear part of Viharn
as it is believed to be a mountain or cave where Lord Buddha resided. Viharn is like a
reception area where guests can gather before listening the sermon.
Placement of buildings in Prathat Lampang Luang Temple
Viharn Nam Taem
Viharn Luang
Viharn Praput
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อันแสดงถึงความเมตตา และการคุ้มครองภัยร้ายต่างๆ รูปทรงเช่นนี้ ทำให้เกิดความรู้สึก ชุ่มเย็น และอบอุ่น เมื่อเข้า
มาสู่วัด และได้สัมผัสกับพระวิหาร
พระเจดีย์ หรือพระธาตุ ลักษณะของพระเจดีย์ในล้านนาถึงแม้จะมีลักษณะที่แตกต่างกันบ้างตามท้องถิ่นหรือ
สกุลช่าง แต่หากศึกษาจากแบบแผนหลักของพระเจดีย์แล้วจะมีลักษณะและองค์ประกอบคล้ายๆ กัน ซึ่งแฝงไว้ด้วย
คติทางศาสนาที่ช่างล้านนาได้แบ่งพระธาตุออกเป็นส่วนๆ ตั้งแต่
- ส่วนฐาน เป็นรูปสี่เหลี่ยมหมายถึงบริษัทสี่ในพุทธศาสนา หรืออาจเปรียบเทียบกับวิธีปฏิบัติด้วยสติปฐาน
สี่อันเป็นฐานของการปฏิบัติทั้งหลาย
- ส่วนฐานดอกบัว หมายถึงการบูชาด้วยการปฏิบัติบูชา
- ส่วนเรือนธาตุแปดเหลี่ยม หมายถึงการปฏิบัติตามมรรคมีองค์แปด
- ส่วนมาลัยเถา หมายถึงการบูชาด้วยการปฏิบัติอันงามใน พระพุทธ พระธรรม และพระสงฆ์
- องค์ระฆังคว่ำ หมายถึงพระพุทธองค์ และใช้เป็นที่บรรจุพระสารีริกธาตุ
- ปล้องไฉน สิบสองปล้อง หมายถึง ปฏิจสมุปบาทอันเป็นวัตตะสังสารสิบสองประการ
- ปลียอด หมายถึงความมีวิริยะให้ล่วงพ้นจากวัตตะสังสารด้วยปัญญา
- เม็ดน้ำค้าง หมายถึง พระนิพพาน อันเป็นผลจากการล่วงพ้นจากวัตตะสังสาร
- ฉัตรยอด หมายถึง ฐานะของพระพุทธเจ้าที่เกิดในวรรณะกษัตริย์
ลักษณะของพระวิหารทรงแม่ไก่ หรือทรงแม่
3. Beliefs and Values of Lanna Temples Placement
The aim of constructing ancient architect and religious structures of Lanna
people is to use the local arts as medium to attract young people to explore the
temples and allow monks to teach them various kinds of knowledge, morality,
and Dharma.
The following part will be examples of religious beliefs conveyed
through aesthetic materials.
- Religious beliefs in architecture: Lanna architecture, especially
temples, relies on astrology. Yet, there are other beliefs or values embedded in
different parts of temples.
Viharn: Viharns in Lanna style are not tall. People commonly call it “Hen
Shape” or “Feminine Shape” (giving a sense of sweetness and gentleness). The
shape makes the visitors feel warm and serene when entering the temple and
confronting with the viharn.
Hen Shape Viharn or Feminine Shape Viharn
Jedi or Prathart: Studying the plan of Jedi carefully, there are certain
beliefs lying in each component.
- Platform: the square shape of the platform represents the four major
components of Buddhism or the four practices, which are the foundation of all
practices.
- Lotus Base means worshipping by practices.
Temples on Chiang Mai Gate : View Way Aesthetics Point
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- Octagonal Supporting Base means the eight paths.
- Garland represents good conducts through the following of the
teachings of Buddha, Dharma, and monks.
- Bell represents Lord Buddha and is the space for enshrining Bud-
dha’s relics.
- Discs represents the 12 cycles of life.
- Spire means commitment to the relief from cycles of life through wis-
dom.
- Dew Drop means nirvana, which is the result from freeing oneself
from cycles of life.
- Top Umbrella represents the status of Lord Buddha, who was born in
the royal caste. àÁç´¹éÓ¤ŒÒ§ (ËÁÒ¶֧¹Ô¾¾Ò¹)
»ÅÕÂÍ´ (Spire)
»ÅŒÍ§ä©¹ (Discs) ÊÔºÊͧ»ÅŒÍ§ËÁÒ¶֧»¯Ô¨¨ÊÁØ·»ºÒ·
ͧ¤�ÃЦѧ (Bell) ·Ã§ºÒµÃ¤ÇèÓ à»š¹·Õè»ÃдÔÉ°Ò¹¾ÃÐÊÒÃÕÃÔ¡¸ÒµØ
ÁÒÅÑÂà¶Ò (Garland) à»ÃÕº¾Ç§ÁÒÅÑ«ŒÍ¹¡Ñ¹ÊÒÁªÑé¹
àÃ×͹¸ÒµØ ø àËÅÕèÂÁ ËÁÒ¶֧ ÁÃäÁÕͧ¤�á»´
°Ò¹´Í¡ºÑÇ (Lotus Base) à»ÃÕº´Ñ§¾Ò¹´Í¡äÁŒ
°Ò¹ÊÕèàËÅÕèÂÁ (Platform) ËÁÒ¶֧ʵԻ°Ò¹ÊÕ諌͹¡Ñ¹ÊÒÁªÑé¹
ÂÍ´©ÑµÃËÁÒ¶֧à¤Ã×èͧáÊ´§°Ò¹Ð¡ÉѵÃÔÂ�¢Í§¾Ãоط¸à¨ŒÒ
Division of Levels and Meanings of Lanna Jedi
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4. Beauty and Aesthetics of Lanna Temples
Lanna people have been known as generous, peace-loving, and har-
monious to the nature. They have strong faith in Buddhism and other beliefs.
The values and personality of Lanna people have been portrayed by the guilds
through their creation of arts and construction. Visitors can appreciate the Lanna
aesthetics reflected through different parts of monasteries.
- Proportion
On aesthetic viewpoint, it is undeniable that the proportion of Lanna
architecture is meticulous. It begins with the allocation of the temples’ inner
space. Visitors are stunned by magnificence of structures once they enter the
temple area. Buildings in temples are built in perfect proportion; the splendid
proportion of the width and the length is 2:3 or 1:3. In the front view, the building
will give a triangular shape, which is in harmony with other buildings such as the
triangular-shaped Jedi.
Proportion of buildings in Chiang Mun Temple
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The combination of proportion of the buildings in Chiang Mun Temple
Temples on Chiang Mai Gate : View Way Aesthetics Point
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- Value
The beauty of value can be wit-
ness throughout the day.
In the morning, the reflection of
buildings in a certain temperature yields
a variety of colors with the warmth of gold
color strengthening a strong faith in Bud-
dhism.
In the late morning and midday,
the density of light is higher. Viharn which
is built closer to the ground with windows
around it allows the process of reflection
from the outside. The sunlight will shine
onto the sand lawn and produce constant
level of light in the viharn. The atmosphere
in the viharn is therefore softened with a
glowing light. Visitors can find the feelings
of peace, serenity, and faith in Buddhism,
which is purely aesthetical.
Various colors can be found dur-
ing the late afternoon or evening. The
placement and components in the temples
produce the silhouette of various accesso-
ries such as golden flowers, golden leaves,
naga, and others flying up to the sky. It cre-
ates a sense of prosperity and glory. Also,
the evening light gives a different kind of
feeling of warmth and beauty.
ตัวอย่างของสุนทรียภาพที่เกิดจากแสงเงา
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- Pattern
Patterns of buildings and other
accessories in Lanna temples have
been designed by the guilds, who
tactically embrace aesthetics, values,
beliefs, and other religious teachings.
Patterns can be categorized as:
Patterns in drawing
These patterns are for decora-
tion. The drawing and mural paintings
are in two dimensions.
Decorative patterns
Decorative patterns are in-
spired by the natural elements such as
flowers, flora and fauna, small creatures
or insects. Apart from natural patterns,
mythical creatures are created such
as naga, singha, or creatures in Him-
mapan Forest. These unique patterns
emphasize round shape. The lines are
spiral inward. Small animals such as
squirrels, birds, or insects can be drawn
inside these patterns. The pillars are
decorated with numerous dots and the
lower parts are painted with a unique
pattern called “Sa Pao Pattern”. The
reddish lacquer has been used for col-
oring, covered with golden papers. The
interior patterns are aimed to soften the
structure of the building.
ลักษณะลวดลายลงรักปิดทองและภาพเขียนแบบสองมิติ
ลักษณะลวดลายลงรักปิดทองและภาพเขียนแบบสองมิติ
ลักษณะลวดลายลงรักปิดทองและภาพเขียนแบบสองมิติ
Temples on Chiang Mai Gate : View Way Aesthetics Point
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Other decorative patterns aim to present
religious teachings and towards wor-
shipping. An example of those patterns
is Puranakata Pot, which is believed to
be a means to worship Buddha. It is also
seen as a sign of prosperity of people
who practice Dharma.
Patterns on mural paintings
Lanna people favor mura l
paintings to illustrate the history of Lord
Buddha. The paintings are made in
two dimensions. The main goal of mu-
ral paintings is to cherish and spread
Buddhism. Mural paintings can be com-
pared to teaching materials today. Artists
always exhibit culture and arts as well as
their living conditions in their paintings.
Viewing Lanna mural paintings normally
takes time to appreciate the aesthetics
and enjoy the sensations they carry.
Viewers of Lanna mural paintings will
learn about Lanna lifestyle immensely.ลักษณะลวดลายลงรักปิดทองและภาพเขียนแบบสองมิติ
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Patterns in sculpture
There are two trends of Lanna
sculpture, which are carving on material
texture and moulding or adding on the ma-
terial texture.
Carving on Material Texture
Sculpture
This type of sculpture is mostly
seen in wood carving. The objective of
this sculpture is to create pieces of art for
decorating the structures and for using as
different utensils. The patterns used are
flowers and local plants and sometimes
include small animals such as squirrels
and birds decorated with lacquer or red-
Temples on Chiang Mai Gate : View Way Aesthetics Point
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dish color and golden papers on top.The decora-
tion sometimes includes colored mirrors to add
shining beauty. The unique carving pattern of
Lanna is Naga, which derived from the Mekong
sub-region countries such as Laos, Vietnam, and
Thailand. The guilds usually carve Naga on the
frames of wooden panes and Naga postures vary
adding a variety of arts.
Wood carving arts
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Lanna sculpture
Texture-Adding Sculpture
This type of sculpture is
mostly seen in structural works. Apart
from brick cementing, Lanna also uses
stucco technique or molding mortar.
Clay mortar will be mixed with wood
essence or liquid from animal skins.
The mixture will be shaped or added
on the model. Artists can create dif-
ferent shapes by using this unique
mixture such as winding pattern,
flower pattern, animals or insects pat-
terns and attach them onto buildings
or wooden structures such as pillars or
viharn embroiled with colored mirrors
or crystals to beautify the works.
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Planning for the tour is another crucial factor that assures the smooth
visits to Lanna temples, 37 of which are located on the city gate (currently, 2008).
Visiting all temples in one day to absorb aesthetics might become difficult.
Two plans are hereby proposed when visiting the temples on Chiang
Mai Gate, which are:
1. Visit all 37 temples in one day by vehicles started from Chiang Mun
Temple and followed the traffic route until reaching Monthien Temple. Visitors
can choose cars or motorcycles and the time spent on each temple might be
limited. The schedule might be flexible by the significance of temples.
Visiting Ancient Structures and Temples
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1. Chiang Mun Temple
2. Lam Chang Temple
3. Umong Temple
4. Pan Ping Temple
5. Sampao Temple
6. Muen Lan Temple
7. Pun On Temple
8. Duang Dee Temple
9. Jedi Luang Temple
10. Pun Tao Temple
11. Chaiprakiat Temple
12. Tung Yu Temple
13. Sri Kerd Temple
14. Prasingh Temple
15. Pa Bong Temple
16. Prasart Temple
17. Dub Pai Temple
18. Paprao Nai Temple
19. Methung Temple
20. Muen Ngern Gong Temple
21. Puak Hong Temple
22. Puak Taem Temple
23. Pun Waen Temple
24. Meng Rai Temple
25. Chang Taem Temple
26. Jed Lin Temple
27. Fon Soi Temple
28. Muen Tum Temple
29. Sai Moon Temple
30. Sai Moon Muang Temple
31. Pa Kao Temple
32. Dok Kam Temple
33. Dok Uang Temple
34. Saenmuangma Temple
35. Mo Kam Tuang Temple
36. Kuan Ka Ma Temple
37. Mon Thien Temple
Plan for Visiting Temples on Chiang Mai Gate Based on Traffic Route
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2. One day visit in one day by walk or bicycle. The start can be Ratcha-
damnoen Road and Prasingh Road. From Tapae Gate, head toward Prasingh
Temple. Along the way, there are around 14 temples to visit. (as shown in the
map)
1. Muen Lan Temple 8. Pun Tao Temple
2. Pun On Temple 9. Chaiprakiat Temple
3. Sam Pao Temple 10. Tung Yu Temple
4. Pan Ping Temple 11. Sri Kerd Temple
5. Umong Mahathenjan Temple 12. Prasingh Temple
6. Duang Dee Temple 13. Pa Bong Temple
7. Jedi Luang Temple 14. Prasart Temple
Example of Visit Plan in One Day
Muen Lan Temple
The contents include:
1. History and location
2. Highlights and points to study in each temple with
illustrations. The tour starts from Tapae Gate.
A Plan for Visiting 14 Temples on Chiang Mai Gate
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Location
Muen Lan Temple is
located in Sriphum Sub-district,
region 2, Muang District, Chiang
Mai Province. It is an ancient
temple established 500 years
ago.
Muen Lan Temple was
built in the year of Snake, A.D.
1459, and finished in the Year of
Goat, A.D. 1461.
History of the Temple
The founder of Muen Lan Temple
is Muen Lok Sam Lan Khunpon Kaew, a
great noble in the reign of King Tilokkaraj.
He was also known as Muen Dong or Muen
Dong Nakorn. With the intention to cherish
Buddhism, he built this temple in memorial
and for merit of defeated warriors of Ayud-
hya Kindom, who died in the battlefield.
The merit of building this temple was also
offered to those Lanna warriors who sacri-
ficed their lives to protect their homeland.
Interior Plan of Muen Lan Temple
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Cultural Aesthetics in Buildings
The Jedi and gable of the viharn are
built in Burmese style. In 1917, a well-off mer-
chant named Luang Yonakarnpichit or com-
monly called by the villagers as Khun Luang
Yo, the origin of Upayokin family, generously
funded the restoration to the damaged parts.
Khun Luang Yo was originally from Burma.
Pun On Temple
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Location
Pun On Temple is situated on number 75, Ratchadam-
noen Road, Prasingh Sub-district, Muang District, Chiang Mai
Province.
History of the Temple
Pun On Temple was built around the year 1501 in the
reign of King Sirithammachakkapaddirat (Phaya Kaew or Phaya
Mungkaew), the 13th ruler of Lanna. The meaning of Pun On is
assumedly derived from the founder’s name, who was the of-
ficial in the rank of Pun or medium rank noble. The temple was
devoted for Buddhists and named after this noble.
Interior Plan of Pun On Temple
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The Amalgamation of the Two Temples: Pun On Tem-
ple and Jedi Kwan Temple
Pun On Temple was originally the combination
of the two temples, which were Pun On Temple and a
neighboring temple called “Jedi Kwan” located in the
west of Pun On Temple. The two temples were later on
combined and was called Jedi Kwan Pun On Temple,
but the villagers prefer the name Pun On. It was until
the year 1931, Monk Apaisaratha of Tung Yu Temple,
the chief monk of Chiang Mai then, decided to extend
the temple towards the west, which was the area of
Jedi Kwan Temple, a deserted temple at that time. The
remains of Jedi Kwan is not present nowadays since
in the year 1955, Monk Sripariyattiyanuraksa removed
the Jedi and replaced with the sala. What can be seen
nowadays is only the Jedi’s mould.
Main Structures in the Temple
1. The octagonal Jedi with Buddha images on
4 sides. The Jedi was gone through several restora-
tions. The Jedi is in good condition, but it is anonymous
and therefore is called after the name of the temple,
Pun On Jedi. It is assumed that the Jedi was originally
built at the same time of the temple.
2. The two-story church is contemporary build-
ing. It is a mixture of Lanna art and Central Thai art. The
window accessories are delicate. The mural paintings
on two sides of the church’s walls are made by oil color
depicting significant places in Buddhism both in India
and Nepal. Different kinds of worshipping tables are
placed for interested people to see them.
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Places to Visit in Pun On Temple
1. Traditional Thai Medical As-
sociate of Chiang Mai. It used to be the first
school for teaching Bali and Dharma, but it
is now an office of Chiang Mai Traditional
Thai Medical Associate.
2. Central Sala is the place for
performing religious rites and is also
served as a training center for students
who come for moral camps.
3. Small Sala is the place for peo-
ple to read newspapers or study Dharma
materials. Visitors and general people can
contact with the temple through this small
sala. Inside the sala, there are profiles of
the temple’s personnel and the history of
the temple.
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Location
Sam Pao Temple is located in Sriphum Sub-
district, Muang District, Chiang Mai Province.
History
This temple was built during Mungrai Dynasty.
The very word Sam Pao is derived from Sa Pao. Ac-
cording to Jao Buanual Sirorot, there were once mer-
chants from Muang Rahaeng (Tak Province now) came
to trade in Chiang Mai. These merchants had strong
faith in Buddhism and wished to build a golden ship to
be contained in a Jedi. That is the origin of the name
Sam Pao Temple. The viharn was beautifully designed
and decorated with Lanna stucco on the gable. The
base is presented with Himmapan or the mythical crea-
tures.
Sam Pao Temple
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It was assumed that Sam Pao Temple
was built in the reign of King Tilokaraj, between
1431 and 1488. The temple was one among 500
places, which aged over 500 years old.
Ancient Buildings
1. It is unknown when the viharn was
exactly built. The viharn is in local design, the
upper structure is wood and the lower part is
brick. The roof has three tiers, conventional
Lanna style. In between of the roof, pieces of
carved woods called Pak Lae (Parrot’s mouth)
are placed. The front staircase appears Singha
statue and the front part shows animal statues
covered with gold papers in Chinese style. The
outer pair of pillars is in square shape, but the
pillars inside is in round shape decorated with
flower patterns and mosaic Naga. The support-
ing beam is also wood carved in Naga.
2. The church. The front staircase is
placed on the side of the viharn. The upper part
is wood and the lower part is brick and mortar.
The front roof has two tiers and the gable shows
cement carved in animals. The rim of the roof is
Naga covered with gold papers. The door panes
demonstrate standing angels.
3. The Jedi is in local Lanna style. The
base is in square shape decorated with crystals
balls. Above the base is Garland, Bell, Discs,
Spire, and the Top Umbrella.
แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดสำาเภา
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Location
Pan P in Temp le i s s i t ua ted on
Ratchapakinai Road, Sriphum Sub-district,
Muang District, Chiang Mai.
The name of the temple means “block-
ing” or changing the Mae Ping River flow to
another direction. The word “Pan” is ancient
Lanna word meaning “blockage of something
so it can deviate to another way.”
History of the Temple
The temple is located in the same area
of important temples on Chiang Mai Gate. And
when considering the style of Jedi in the temple
and the main Buddha image, which is a gigan-
tic bronze Chiang Saen One Buddha image and
Pan Ping Temple
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29
seems to be the only one made by Royal guild of
early Lanna Kingdom. We can assume that this
temple must have significance. The shape of the
Jedi and the main Buddha image is dated back
to the early age of Lanna Kingdom, from the reign
of King Mung Rai to King Saen Muang Ma (1296-
1411 A.D.) After this period, Lanna people tend to
favor Singha Three Buddha images.
Legend has it that Pan Ping Temple was
re-established by King of Chiang Mai named
King Chang Puak Dok Bua Kam (Noi Thamma-
lanka) or King Mahasethatti Suwanpathumraj, the
second brother of King Kawila. The pronunciation
“Pan-Ping” was written in local legend as “Pan-
Phing”.
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30ภาพภายในวัดป้านปิง
Interesting Places and Ancient
Objects in the Temple
1. The main Jedi has
high base with 28 corners of 12
sides. This Jedi was built by the
royal craftsmen in Lanna King-
dom. There are other 2 Jedis in
this style found nowadays. One
is is a Jedi in Lee Temple, Payao
Province, and the other is the
smaller Jedi called Prathat Beng-
sangad in Prathat Bengsangad
Temple, Pua District, Nan Prov-
ince.
2. A house of Guard-
ing Angel is a small structure made of cement
located on the right of the staircase. It can no
longer be seen nowadays as it is viewed as
unnecessary. Pan Ping thus reserves this tradi-
tion. Lay Buddhism used to pray and lit candles
at this Guarding Angel’s House before entering
the viharn. Some worship it with flowers.
3. Main arch of the Viharn Luang is a
building which combines Lanna and Chinese
arts. The arch displays 2 Crawling Nagas, the
Peak of Himmapan Mountain, the sun and the
moon, which symbolize the hemisphere of the
universe. The door frames show lotus patterns.
It is assumed that this arch was made by the
Masters of Craftsmanship, who also built the
Main Arch of Prasingh Temple.
4. The main Buddha image and the
image on the right. The main Buddha image is
1.70 meters in width and the right hand image
is 1.30 meters. Both of the images were cast by
mixed metal covered with gold papers in Chi-
ang Saen Singha One Model. The style is some-
times called Prapetch Singha One because it
rhymes with the name of the Buddha image’s
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31ภาพภายในวัดป้านปิง
Interior Plan of Pan Ping Temple
sitting position. The Buddha images were
believed to be built by Royal Lanna guilds
in the early age. The main Buddha image
is considered the largest one in the north,
expressing the sense of being healthy and
compassionate.
5. The preaching seat is made of
carved wood covered with lacquer and gold
papers, the craftsmanship of Lanna guilds in
the reign of King Chang Puak Thammalanka,
who also ordered to build the Viharn Luang.
The seat is in front of the Buddha images’
throne, on the right of the main Buddha im-
age according to the belief of Lanna people.
6. The inscription is made of gray-
ish sandstone, with the width of 42 centi-
meters and 15 centimeters thick and 75
centimeters high. It is unknown where it was
located, but it is now placed on the left of the
church to serve as the sign of bound-
ary. The stone was carved with Lanna
characters in two lines.
7. Chinese br icks, which
are found in the monk areas. These
20 bricks are still in good condition,
each has 60 centimeters length and 28
centimeters width and thickness. They
were discovered when the new abbot
house was constructed. It is possible
that Lanna people had learnt how to
build these bricks from Chinese people
in Yunnan.
Umong Mahathenjan Temple
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33
Location
Umong Temp le i s
located on number 129, Ratch-
pakinai Road, Sriphum Sub-
district, Muang District, Chiang
Mai Province.
History
U m o n g T h e n j a n
Temple was once called “Po
Noi Temple”, established around the year 1296-
1297 by the three great kings namely King Mung
Rai of Chiang Rai, King Ngam Muang of Payao, and
King Ramkamhaeng. The church was built around
1296-1297 in Thai-Lanna style. It was made of brick
and white cement. All the pillars and roof structures
are teak wood. The old roof was clay, but it is now
replaced with ceramic. The viharn was built in 1367-
1371 in Lanna architecture.
4 Main Buddha Images in the Temple
1. Chiang Saen One Buddha image or Som-
jainuek Image. Cast with metal and mixed with cement
covered with lacquer and gold papers, this Buddha
image presides as the principal appeared in sitting posi-
tion. It is believed to be built in 1296-1297.
2. Praputthapatimakorn (Luang Po To or Lu-
ang Po Yai) is the principal Buddha image in the Viharn
Luang. Made of cement covered with lacquer and gold
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34
papers. The Buddha image’s head is in
flame shape. Built around 1367-1371, it is
2.90 meters wide and 3.70 meters high.
3. Maravichai Chiang Saen
Singh Three Buddha image, cast with
metal, enshrined in front of the principal
Buddha Image (Luang Po To) in the Vi-
harn Luang.
4. Luang Po Rai Hom is the
Maravichai metal Buddha image, built
around 1514 and enshrined in the Viharn
Luang.
Structures inside the Temple
1. The church. It is 4.05 meters
wide and 10.70 meters long. Built around
1296-1297, this church is in Thai-Lanna
style, made of brick and white cement.
All the pillars and roof structures are teak
wood. The roof frames are colored mir-
rors. The fable is decorated with carved
woods in animals and flower with mosaic.
The door frames are in arch shape with
cement Buddha Image. The doors poles
are covered in gold and red.
2. The Viharn is 13.80 meters
wide and 24.90 meters long. It was built
around 1367-1369 in Lanna-Thai style.
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The Interior Plan of Umong Thenjan
3. Bell Dome is in square shape sized
3x3 meters and was built in contemporary Thai
style.
4. Meditation building
5. Guarding Spirit’s House
6. The two Jedis
6.1 The Jedi behind the Viharn
is the art dated back to the end of 21st -22nd
Buddhist Century. Discs which are covered with
golden materials are in bad condition.
6.2 The Jedi in the south of the
Viharn is the most important place of Umong
Temple since it displays a different appearance
from other Jedis found in Chiang Mai. The ap-
pearance of Bell and the size of platform are
the clues that it might be built around early 20th
Buddhist Century.
Duang Dee Temple
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แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดดวงดี
Location
Duang Dee Temple is located
on number 228, Prapokklao Road,
Sriphum Sub-district, Muang District,
Chiang Mai.
History
Duang Dee Temple is called
by several names such as Punthanun-
madee Temple, Udomdee Temple, or
Panomdee Temple. In 1970, an inscrip-
tion was found on the base of a metal
Buddha image enshrined in a Viharn.
The inscription was written in Tai Yuan
language and the interpretation allowed
us to know that Duang Dee Temple
was once called Ton Mok Nua or Ton
Mak(Betel Tree) Temple.
The temple was built in 1367
after King Mungrai established Chiang
Mai City. Later in 1819, King Thamma-
lanka, the second ruler of Chiang Mai,
had the restoration and celebration for
the structures inside the temple. The
Viharn has inside it a carved wooden
seat for preaching decorated with gold
papers in marvelous design. Other
structures include Dharma Hall, church,
and Jedi.
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The Temple’s Structures
1. Viharn. The value of this Lanna
style Viharn is the unique pattern on carved
wood, a beautiful part of the architecture.
Above the door frame of the Viharn’s main
entrance, visitors will see golden wooden
art carved in the pattern of two Naga raising
their tails upward and forming the triangular
shape.
2. The church. It is built in traditional
Lanna style with austere architecture. The
roof has two cascading tiers. The square on
the gable displays carved wood decorated
with mirrors. Viewing from the front view, we
can see Naga covered with gold along the
roof. Below the gable, the guilds had painted
a flower pattern. The side of the main en-
trance, it appears carved wood covered with
gold.
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3. Scripture Hall . This Lanna
scripture hall has a square shape made
of brick and cement. The roof or the top
shows 3 cascading tiers with the umbrella
at the top. On the roof itself, golden leaves
are decorated. The window arches display
marvelous pattern of cement.
4. Jedi. This Jedi has square-
shaped base and on the four corners,
elephants are displayed.
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Jedi Luang Temple
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41
Location
Jedi Luang Temple is situated on num-
ber 103, Prapokklao Road, Prasingh Sub-district,
Muang District, Chiang Mai. It is the temple
located in the center of Chiang Mai City and is
regarded as one of the most important temples
in Chiang Mai since the old days. The temple is
actually the location of Chiang Mai’s City Pillar.
History
Jedi Luang Temple or “Chotikaram” or
“Rajakuta” or “Kutaram” means the temple of
glory and prosperity as it is the place where Lord
Buddha’s hair and His relics enshrine. Another
meaning of the word “Chotikaram” is the moment
of lighting lanterns to worship the Prathat Jedi
Luang. The scene is shining bright and the Jedi
will look like the candlestick with glorious flame,
which can be seen from a distance.
Jedi Luang and the Lua Beliefs in Universe
The belief regarding the universe during
the early age reflects the tradition belief of Lua
people combining with Brahman belief. When
Buddhism greatly prospered in the meantime,
Prathat Jedi Luang (Grand Jedi) symbolized the
center of the universe and was located in the
center of the city to represent Pra Sumeru Moun-
tain as it is believed to be the universe’s core.
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Highlights in Jedi Luang Temple
1. Prathat Jedi Luang is regarded
as the highest Prathat in the north or Lanna.
Its height is around 80 meters, with square
shape platform, 60 meters width each side.
It was built around the early 20th Buddhist
Century (1385-1402 A.D.). In the reign of
King Tolokaraj, there was a restoration (1405-
1487). In the era of Queen Jiraprapa, the
15th ruler of Mungrai Dynasty, there was a
tempest and earthquake causing damage to
Jedi Luang. The Jedi collapsed and half of it
remained visible. It had been deserted for 4
centuries. Jedi Luang that we see today was
restored by Department of Fine Arts and the
project was completed in 1992.
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แผนผังภายในบริเวณ
วัดเจดีย์หลวง
Elephant Statues around Prathat Jedi Luang
According to the history, there were 8 elephants
which were named since their names were believed to
constitute magical power and mighty strength to the
city. There was a belief that the names of elephants
can threaten, suppress, and eradicate the enemy. Each
name has certain meanings detailed as follows:
1. When the enemy intrudes the Kingdom, the
magic power from the elephant’s name will make the
sky cloudy and all is dark threatening the enemy to run
away in fear. The name chosen is “Mekbungwan”.
2. When the intruders enter the Kingdom,
despite of the great number of soldiers, they will be
stunned and will retreat to their land. The chosen name
for elephant is “Kompolsaen”.
3. Though the soldiers carry with them thou-
sands of sharp swords, the Kingdom is still protected
and unharmed. The elephant is given the name “Dab-
saenlem”.
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4. Though the soldiers carry with
them thousands of sharp spears, the King-
dom is still protected and unharmed. The
elephant is given the name “Hoksaenlum”.
5. Though the soldiers carry with
them thousands of guns, the Kingdom
is still protected and unharmed. The el-
ephant is given the name “Puensaenlang”.
6. Though the soldiers carry with
them thousands of archeries, the King-
dom is still protected and unharmed. The
elephant is given the name “Namaisaenki-
ang”.
7. Though the soldiers carry with
them thousands of fighting elephants,
the Kingdom is still protected and un-
harmed. The elephant is given the name
“Saenkuankan”. (or Saenkuankaan)
8. When the enemy enters the
Kingdom, they will be tormented with ex-
treme heat all around them. The elephant’s
name is “Faisaentao”.
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2. Pra Viharn, Church. The central Vi-
harn is now served as the church. It is around
15.58 meters away from Prathat Jedi Luang.
The Viharn is built in modern Lanna style, but
the old church, which was in traditional Lanna,
is at the rear of the temple or the west of Pra
Jedi Luang and has never been used since
1979 due to its limited space.
3. The southern supporting Jedi is
the one of the oldest structures in Jedi Luang
Temple. It is unknown when this Jedi was built.
The platform of Jedi is in three tiers and the Bell
is covered with gold material and gold papers.
The Disc and the Top Umbrella are made of
brass covered with gold papers. The Jedi was
renovated in the year 1993.
4. Inthakin Pole is believed to be
the core of Chiang Mai City. It was once in
Saduemuang Temple (Inthakin Temple or
Saduemuang Temple near the former City
Hall). King Kawila, the first ruler of Chiang Mai,
commanded that the Inthakin Pole had to be
removed from Saduemuang Temple to Jedi
Luang Temple in 1800.
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5. The Gigantic Rubber Tree
was grown in the reign of King Kawila,
the Chiang Mai’s first ruler from the
Tipjak Family.
6. Giants. It was the com-
mand of King Kawila to build two Gi-
ant Statues and place them in front
of Chotikaram Temple (Jedi Luang
Temple) as they are to guard the In-
thakin Pole of Chiang Mai.
7. Dharma Hal l . In 1474,
King Tilokaraj had the new Viharn and
Dharma Hall (Tripitaka Hall) built in the
north of Prathat Jedi.
8. Reclining Buddha is as old
as the Jedi, but it remains unknown
when it was built and who built it.
47
Temples on Chiang Mai Gate : View Way Aesthetics Point
9. Pramahasanggajjayana enshrines
in a small viharn, which is in the north of the
Jedi. The Buddha Image is believed to be built
around the same age of the Declining Buddha.
10. Square Shape Great Teachers’ Vi-
harn is made of wood with various carving pat-
terns such as flowers. The pattern begins with
pineapple.
11. Monk Mun Puriphatto Viharn is
made of wood and cement covered with gold
material and decorated with mosaics.
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Pun Tao Temple
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49
Location
Pun Tao Temple is located on number
105, Prapokklao Road, Prasingh Sub-district,
Muang District, Chiang Mai.
Chiang Mai people call the name Pun
Tao with a slightly different pronunciation. Pun
Tao Temple was built in the early 21st Buddhist
Century or around the year 1479. It was 501
years old in the year 1998. This temple is be-
lieved to have the same age as Jedi Luang Tem-
ple. The word Pun Tao means thousand times
multiplication of quantity. King Inthawitchaya-
nont, the 7th Ruler of Chiang Mai (1870-1897
A.D.), decided to dismantle Ho Kham (Golden
Hall) of King Mahotaraprated and used the
wood to build a Viharn dedicated to Pun Tao
Temple in the year 1875. The Viharn is the only
one teakwood structure built by the materials of
once Royal Palace which is in good condition of
Lanna. Above the main door of the Viharn, it ap-
pears the most beautiful piece of carved wood in
Lanna. In the middle, a pattern of Mom (carrier of
Lord Pajjunna, the bringer of rain) is displayed.
The frame of the Viharn’s arch shows two mon-
keys carrying mythical creatures called “Luang”
on both sides. Luangs’ tails support the castle
and the bottom of the arch is supported by an
octagonal wood carved with ancient pattern.
Two mythical swans stand on top of both poles.
The art displays both flawless craftsmanship
and local wisdom.
แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดพันเตา
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50
Ancient Structures
1. Viharn Pun Tao was previously Ho
Kham (Golden Hall) of King Mahotaraprathed
(the 5th Ruler of Chiang Mai). There is a piece
of wood carved in peacock, which is regarded
as the animal symbol of Lanna Royalty.
2. Ancient Preaching Seat and pic-
tures of royal members and rulers of Chiang
Mai in the past.
3. Sala. Inside the Sala, there are a
statue of Somdej Buddhajarn To Promrangsee
and a well, which people bring the water for
worshipping. At the center of the Sala, when
looking upward to the ceiling, carved wood of
12 zodiacs is displayed.
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Location
Chaiprakiat Temple is located on number 90, Rajdam-
noen Road, Sriphum Sub-district, Muang District, Chiang Mai.
History of the temple
According to ancient document, Chaiprakiat Temple
has its former name called Pa Kiart Temple. All structures are
newly built as the old buildings deteriorated. After renovation,
all buildings are re-established. Yet, Chaiprakiat Temple is be-
lieved to be built in the ancient time, around the period of Mun-
grai Dynasty. From evidence discovered, the name of Pakiart
Chai Prakiat Temple
52
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แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดชัยพระเกียรติ
Temple appeared in Niratharipun-
chai Poem.
King Jira, the 15th ruler
of Mungrai Dynasty, made this
temple as the monument honoring
King Chairaja, the King of Suwan-
phum Family who ruled Ayudhya
between 1538 and 1545. The
weight of gold used for casting the
Buddha image is 5 Tue (1 Tue = 10
Kot) equal to 50 Kot. The Buddha
image was then called “Pra Jao Ha
Tue.”
Ancient Buildings in the Temple
1. The viharn. The viharn
was built in replace of the deterio-
rated one. The front part is deco-
rated with flower patterns with gold
leaves. The front view displays
Naga along the roof frames. At the
entrance arch, the door pane is
added with lacquer and gold in a
form of standing angel.
2. Jedi. The base of jedi is
in square shape. It has 5 levels of
Garlands with round Bell equipped
with the Disc and Top Umbrella.
Overall, this jedi is built in Lanka
style.
Location
Tungyu Temple is situated on
Rajdamnoen Road, Sriphum Sub-district,
Muang District, Chiang Mai.
History of the Temple
The word “Tungyu” appeared in
literature and ancient law meaning the um-
brella representing honor of royalty. The
temple was built in 1476. Its former name
was “Toong Yu”.
Tungyu Temple
54
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55
In 1909, King Intarawarorot Suriya-
wong, the 8th Ruler of Chiang Mai, had a
desire to build the top umbrella of the Jedi.
The viharn has no Bee Hive. The gable has
stucco pattern of wild fauna decorated with
mosaics. The jedi is in round shape situated
on the square base. The renovation was
based on Burmese style. The small church
is covered with marble.
แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดทุงยู
Structures and Religious Sites
1. Viharn
2. Church
3. Jedi
4. Monk residence
5. Sala for ritual ceremony/
multi-purpose
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Srikerd Temple
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57
แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดศรีเกิด
Bhodi tree.Ancient Structures Th is temple is the place where a Maravichai (Victory over Mara) Buddha image enshrines called “Pra Jao Kaeng Kom” as the legs are slimmer and sharper than other images. This Buddha image, built by King Tilokaraj in 1487, has certain traits similar to Utong art.
Location Srikerd Temple is located on Rajdamnoen Road, Prasingh Sub-district, Muang District, Chiang Mai.History of the Temple Srikerd Temple is an ancient temple which serves as the main temple. Srikerd Temple appeared in the legend in a different name called “Picharam Tem-ple” or “Pid Ja Ram” in northern dialect. Its name was changed in the reign of King Kawila. (1796 A.D) In 1796, having realized its sig-nificance, King Kawila decided to reno-vate this temple. Inside the temple, there is a Srimahapo tree, the tree where Lord Buddha enlightened in India. King Kawila gave a new name for this temple “Srikerd Temple”. The word “sri” is derived from a Lanna word “sa lee” meaning
Prasingh Temple
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Location
Prasingh Temple is one of the major
level monasteries located inside Chiang Mai’s
moat, Samlan Road, Prasingh Sub-district,
Muang District, Chiang Mai.
History of the Temple
King Payu, a king of Mengrai Dynasty,
had a desire to build this temple in 1345. The
Jedi was first built with the height of 23 wahs
(approximately 46 meters) to enshrine the
relics of King Kamfu, his father. Two years
later, a temple, sala, Dharma Hall, and monk
residences were built. When the temple was
completely constructed, it was named “Lee
Temple” or “Lee Chiang Temple” or “Lee
Chiang Pra Temple”. In the reign of King
Saen Muang Ma, he made the preparation for
relocating Sihing Buddha Image from Chiang
Rai to enshrine in Chiang Mai, the elephant
parade stopped proceeding when reaching
Lee Chiang Temple. King Saenmuangma then
located Sihing Buddha in this temple. Local
people prefer calling the name “Buddha Sih-
ing” as “Prasingh”, which became the name of
the temple, “Prasingh Temple”.
In the year 1817, King Thammalanka
or King Changpuak, the 2nd Ruler of Chiang
Mai and a younger brother of King Kawila,
commanded to renovate the church and the
Jedi.
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Later in 1924, King Kaewnawarat, the last
Ruler of Chiang Mai, and Monk Sriwichai together
with Chiang Mai people co-operated one another to
renovate Prasingh Temple. In that renovation, many
valuable items such as 10 pieces of golden anec-
dotes and a churn (assumed to be the churn of King
Kamfu) were discovered. But those items were lost in
the Southeast Asia War.
In 1950, King Bhumipol announced Pras-
ingh Temple as a Major Rank Monastery.
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แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดพระสิงห์
Significant Items in the Temple
1. Sihing Buddha Image, a Buddha
image of Chiang Saen Art, was built in a Mara-
wichai posture of Lanna Art.
In Songkran Festival of each year, Sihing Bud-
dha Image is carried around Chiang Mai city
so people can sprinkle water on the image for
good luck.
2. Dharma Hall is made of wood
and cement. The outer wall of the hall shows
angel sculpture, which is believed to be the
craftsmanship of King Muang Kaew period.
Around the year 1924, King Kaewnawarat had
the hall repaired. The platform was decorated
with unique pattern and inside the hall dis-
plays mythical or imaginary creatures such
as winged-mermaids, winged-singha, and
Kilen. The Meng Chinese-like pattern was also
shown in the hall.
3. The church is the rectangular
building with halls at the front and at the back.
At the side view, we can see large windows
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62
laths, but the inner windows have stucco
decoration. At the main entrance, there
are two curves adjoining to each other
called “Kong Kiew” and above it two cir-
cles which look like eyes are displayed.
The poles in the church are decorated
with cement covered with lacquer and
gold. It is a really magnificent showcase
of Lanna architecture.
4. Lai Kam Viharn is a small
genuine Lanna viharn, which inside “Sih-
ing Buddha” is enshrined. The mural at the back of the Buddha image shows paintings
of castles surrounded by dragons and mythical
swans. There are main pole (round pole) and sup-
porting pillars (square pillars). Around the viharn,
it appears incredible mural paintings. In the north,
a story called Sangthong is depicted and Suwan-
nahong in the south. The painting of Sangthong is
only found here.
5. Stupa enshrining the relics of King
Kamfu is the most ancient structure of Lanna. It
was built around the year 1340. The Stupa was
uncovered in the year 1925 and inside the three-
layer churn was found. The outer layer is made of
bronze, the middle layer silver, and the inner layer
gold.
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63
6. The rectangular church has the halls
both at the front and at the back. The large win-
dows were designed to be wooded bars. The roof
has three cascading tiers. The arches are carved
wood covered with gold in forms of two nagas
whose heads expand into the triangular base.
Inside the church appears the stupa in the middle
dividing the areas into two parts. The church was
then called “Ubosot Songsankha” (church of two
areas).
7. Mahajedi (Grand Jedi) is the round
shape structure with square base of surrounding
elephants. It was built in the year 1345.
8. Thai Lanna Grand Viharn. The wall and
pillars are cast by steel reinforced cement. The up-
per part is all teakwood. The viharn’s roof is ancient
cement tiles in cascading 3 tiers. Ornaments are
made of teakwood. There are 3 front doors with 5
panes of windows on each side. At the staircase,
it shows the decoration of giant serpent expanding
its head.
9. Reclining Buddha is the Buddha image
residing in Reclining Buddha Viharn. It was made
of brick and cement covered with gold.
10.Tongthip Buddha. This Buddha image
was built by King Tilokaraj in the year 1477.
Pabong Temple
Location
Pabong Temple is located on Sing-
haraj Road, Sriphum Sub-district, Muang
District, Chiang Mai. The temple is behind
the inner wall. Though it is a small temple,
Pabong Temple was built for a very long
time.
History of the Temple
Pabong Temple was once called
Pabong Prasart Temple. Its viharn is close
to the southeast wall of the temple, which is
64
Temples on Chiang Mai Gate : View Way Aesthetics Point
65
แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดผาบ่อง
very unique. It was built in the year 1492
by Ngiaw or people from Shan State who
resided in Pabong Temple in Maehong-
son Province. These people migrated to
Chiang Mai and made this temple and
called it the same name of their origin.
The great renovation took place
in 1952. The new road dividing Pabong
Temple and Prasingh Temple was made
in the period of Luang Sriprakart.
Structures in the Temple
1. Lanna Viharn. The por-
tico is extended towards the north of
the Jedi. The decorative structures
made to this viharn are extremely
exquisite in the Lanna.
2. Two story Lanna monk
residence. The lower part is brick-
work and the upper part is wood.
3. The tower Jedi surround-
ed by Buddha Image arches in four
directions.
Prasart Temple
Location
Prasart Temple is situated on Intawarorot
Road, Sriphum Sub-district, Muang District, Chi-
ang Mai.
History of the Temple
Prasart Temple was one of the most an-
cient and important temples of Chiang Mai.
Prasart literally means residence of high
rank nobility. During the period of Burma coloni-
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Temples on Chiang Mai Gate : View Way Aesthetics Point
67
แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดปราสาท
zation, Prasart Temple was maintained by
Praya Luangsaenkam, who built Muenthong
Buddha Image dedicated to the temple.
Prasart Temple is now a center of
Buddhism and archeology of Lanna in Chi-
ang Mai.
Permanent Structures and Worship Places
1. The traditional Lanna viharn. At the front of the viharn, beautiful mosaics and singha carved wood are decorated
on cement. Inside the viharn, we can see a structure or castle juxtaposed to
the western wall. The viharn is the place where the principal Buddha Image en-
shrines. Viewing from the outside, we will be perplexed to see the stupa joined
with the viharn, which is a very rare art.
2. The square shape jedi with tetrahedron on the side enshrines Bud-
dha Images on the three sides. The eastern side of the jedi is connected to the
viharn.
3. The church has cascading roofs. In the west, it joins with the square
shape jedi, very similar to the pattern used with the viharn.
4. Upakut Sala is the place where Upakut Image enshrines. This oc-
tagonal sala is believed to be built later.
บรรณานุกรม
ผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์วิลักษณ์ ศรีป่าซาง. ล้านนาคดี. เชียงใหม่ : มหาวิทยาลัย
เทคโนโลยีราชมงคลล้านนา. 2550
พระพุทธิญาณมุนี. ลวดลายล้านนา ภาค1. กรุงเทพฯ : รำาไทยเพรส. 2550.
มณี พยอมยงค์. เคร่ืองสักการะในล้านนาไทย. เชียงใหม่ : ส.ทรัพย์การพิมพ์. 2549.
ศูนย์วัฒนธรรมจังหวัดเชียงใหม่และศูนย์ศิลปวัฒนธรรมสถาบันราชภัฎเชียงใหม่ร่วมกับ
องค์กรบริหารส่วนจังหวัดเชียงใหม่. (2535). วัดสำาคัญของนครเชียงใหม่เล่ม 1.
กรุงเทพมหานคร: สำานักพิมพ์ครองช่าง.
ศูนย์วัฒนธรรมจังหวัดเชียงใหม่และศูนย์ศิลปวัฒนธรรมสถาบันราชภัฎเชียงใหม่ร่วมกับ
องค์กรบริหารส่วนจังหวัดเชียงใหม่. (2535). วัดสำาคัญของนครเชียงใหม่เล่ม 2.
กรุงเทพมหานคร: สำานักพิมพ์ส.ทรัพย์การพิมพ์.
ศูนย์วัฒนธรรมจังหวัดเชียงใหม่และศูนย์ศิลปวัฒนธรรมสถาบันราชภัฎเชียงใหม่ร่วมกับ
องค์กรบริหารส่วนจังหวัดเชียงใหม่. (2535). วัดสำาคัญของนครเชียงใหม่เล่ม 3.
กรุงเทพมหานคร: สำานักพิมพ์ส.ทรัพย์การพิมพ์.
อภิวัฒน์ อดุลยพิเชฏฐ์. นำาเที่ยว 3 เมืองล้านนา. กรุงเทพฯ : เมืองโบราณ. 2548.
อรุณรัตน์ วิเชียรเขียว. โบราณวัตถุ – โบราณสถาน ในวัดล้านนา. เชียงใหม่ : แสงศิลป์.
2549.
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