temple on cm gate eng.

Temples on Chiang Mai Gate : View Way Aesthetics Point

ContentPrinciples on Aesthetics Appreciation for Temples Visitors

Background of City Establishment and Urban Elements

Beliefs and Values of Lanna Temples Placement

Beliefs and Morality Embedded in Religious Structures

Beauty and Aesthetics of Lanna Temples

Visiting Ancient Structures and Temples

Muen Lan Temple

Pun On Temple

Sam Pao Temple

Ban Ping Temple

Umong Mahathenjan Temple

Duang Di Temple

Jedi Luang Temple

Pun Tao Temple

Chai Prakiat Temple

Tung Yu Temple

Sri Kerd Temple

Pra Singh Temple

Pa Bong Temple

Prasart Temple

Bibliography

Temples on Chiang Mai Gate: View Way Aesthetics Point

Page3446816192226283236404852545658646670


3

Chiang Mai City’s boundary, in this context, refers to the inner space

located inside the city moat, the genuine urban area where ordinary people, roy-

alty, and officials resided in the past. This inner space therefore became a rich

source of culture and arts of Chiang Mai. As Buddhism came to have a strong in-

fluence, Chiang Mai people began constructing religious structures for perform-

ing Buddhist rites. Most of constructions occurred in the inner space perfectly

reflecting local wisdom, excellence in architecture, arts, and craftsmanship of

the guilds either at the local level or city level. They are called “local masters” or

“sa la” and “royal masters”, respectively. These experts applied their knowledge

and skills along with local wisdom accumulated throughout generations to the

construction of marvelous buildings seen today.

“Aesthetic Materials” are one part of cultural manifestation. They can

simply be called “spirits”, which should be studied carefully as they are vital for

understanding the aesthetics embedded. Visiting temples or ancient buildings

on Chiang Mai Gate should also focus on the appreciation of beauty, beliefs, at-

titudes, and philosophy conveyed through the arts as well as other structures.

Principles on Aesthetics Appreciation for Temples Visitors

1. To obtain ultimate aesthetics from visiting temples, visitors should be

determined in seeking the beauty of the arts.

2. It is vital that visitors prepare themselves with aesthetics knowledge

in terms of sights, hearing, smelling, tasting, and physical sensing to appreciate

the atmosphere of the temples they visit.

3. Visitors should have fundamental knowledge on perceiving beauty

and also should be able to appreciate the beauty of aesthetic materials.

4. Visitors should study the aesthetic materials they are about to visit as

well as fundamental concepts of arts.

5. Visitors should be open-minded and are prompt to understand differ-

ent culture.


4

Prerequisites for visiting ancient architectures of Chiang Mai

1. Background of City Establishment and Urban Elements

Chiang Mai is a city of Lanna Kingdom, a kingdom abundant of thousands of

rice fields. Lanna was founded by King Mungrai. In the kingdom, there was a diversity

of ethnic groups such as Tai Yuan, Tai Lue, Tai Yong, Tai Kuen (Kern), and Tai Yai.

Chiang Mai is in the perfect strategic location with good allocation of spaces. The city

has its central pillar, gate corners, and city gates on the eight directions believing that

the city itself has a life as a human being. There are three parts; the top or head part,

the middle or torso part (the central pillar), and lower part (ominous part represented

by Suan Prung Gate, the gate to drain sludge out of the city)

City allocation compared to human body

2. Beliefs and Values of Lanna Temples Placement

There are always certain religious beliefs when drawing a temple plan. Lanna

people believe that Lord Buddha is considered the center of the universe. This book

will address certain major components of Lanna temples as follows:


5

- Temple wall : Lanna people like to build the temple wall in square shape.

In the past, the wall was not as high as in the present. The wall shows the boundary

of a temple, the monastery, and to prevent the temple from other animals such as

elephants, horses, cows, and buffalos as they might cause damages to the temple.

Apart from the outer wall, there is also the inner wall.

- Temple entrance: The entrance of Lanna temples in the past was mostly

built of bricks with the arch called “Pratu Khong”. It is the main entrance and is built in

an alignment with the Viharn and Jedi.

- Viharn: Lanna people prefer Viharn or Pavillion to church as it is believed

as the residence of Buddha. It also serves as a venue for performing numerous cere-

monies. In some temples, there can be several viharns for enshrining Buddha images

or other sacred objects by which the viharns are named. Yet, these viharns are not the

main one.

- Jedi: Lanna people often call Jedi “Prathart” since Jedi is built for storing

Prathart (believed to be Buddha’s relics). Jedi is often built in the rear part of Viharn

as it is believed to be a mountain or cave where Lord Buddha resided. Viharn is like a

reception area where guests can gather before listening the sermon.

Placement of buildings in Prathat Lampang Luang Temple

Viharn Nam Taem

Viharn Luang

Viharn Praput


6

อันแสดงถึงความเมตตา และการคุ้มครองภัยร้ายต่างๆ รูปทรงเช่นนี้ ทำให้เกิดความรู้สึก ชุ่มเย็น และอบอุ่น เมื่อเข้า

มาสู่วัด และได้สัมผัสกับพระวิหาร

พระเจดีย์ หรือพระธาตุ ลักษณะของพระเจดีย์ในล้านนาถึงแม้จะมีลักษณะที่แตกต่างกันบ้างตามท้องถิ่นหรือ

สกุลช่าง แต่หากศึกษาจากแบบแผนหลักของพระเจดีย์แล้วจะมีลักษณะและองค์ประกอบคล้ายๆ กัน ซึ่งแฝงไว้ด้วย

คติทางศาสนาที่ช่างล้านนาได้แบ่งพระธาตุออกเป็นส่วนๆ ตั้งแต่

- ส่วนฐาน เป็นรูปสี่เหลี่ยมหมายถึงบริษัทสี่ในพุทธศาสนา หรืออาจเปรียบเทียบกับวิธีปฏิบัติด้วยสติปฐาน

สี่อันเป็นฐานของการปฏิบัติทั้งหลาย

- ส่วนฐานดอกบัว หมายถึงการบูชาด้วยการปฏิบัติบูชา

- ส่วนเรือนธาตุแปดเหลี่ยม หมายถึงการปฏิบัติตามมรรคมีองค์แปด

- ส่วนมาลัยเถา หมายถึงการบูชาด้วยการปฏิบัติอันงามใน พระพุทธ พระธรรม และพระสงฆ์

- องค์ระฆังคว่ำ หมายถึงพระพุทธองค์ และใช้เป็นที่บรรจุพระสารีริกธาตุ

- ปล้องไฉน สิบสองปล้อง หมายถึง ปฏิจสมุปบาทอันเป็นวัตตะสังสารสิบสองประการ

- ปลียอด หมายถึงความมีวิริยะให้ล่วงพ้นจากวัตตะสังสารด้วยปัญญา

- เม็ดน้ำค้าง หมายถึง พระนิพพาน อันเป็นผลจากการล่วงพ้นจากวัตตะสังสาร

- ฉัตรยอด หมายถึง ฐานะของพระพุทธเจ้าที่เกิดในวรรณะกษัตริย์

ลักษณะของพระวิหารทรงแม่ไก่ หรือทรงแม่

3. Beliefs and Values of Lanna Temples Placement

The aim of constructing ancient architect and religious structures of Lanna

people is to use the local arts as medium to attract young people to explore the

temples and allow monks to teach them various kinds of knowledge, morality,

and Dharma.

The following part will be examples of religious beliefs conveyed

through aesthetic materials.

- Religious beliefs in architecture: Lanna architecture, especially

temples, relies on astrology. Yet, there are other beliefs or values embedded in

different parts of temples.

Viharn: Viharns in Lanna style are not tall. People commonly call it “Hen

Shape” or “Feminine Shape” (giving a sense of sweetness and gentleness). The

shape makes the visitors feel warm and serene when entering the temple and

confronting with the viharn.

Hen Shape Viharn or Feminine Shape Viharn

Jedi or Prathart: Studying the plan of Jedi carefully, there are certain

beliefs lying in each component.

- Platform: the square shape of the platform represents the four major

components of Buddhism or the four practices, which are the foundation of all

practices.

- Lotus Base means worshipping by practices.


7

- Octagonal Supporting Base means the eight paths.

- Garland represents good conducts through the following of the

teachings of Buddha, Dharma, and monks.

- Bell represents Lord Buddha and is the space for enshrining Bud-

dha’s relics.

- Discs represents the 12 cycles of life.

- Spire means commitment to the relief from cycles of life through wis-

dom.

- Dew Drop means nirvana, which is the result from freeing oneself

from cycles of life.

- Top Umbrella represents the status of Lord Buddha, who was born in

the royal caste. àÁç´¹éÓ¤ŒÒ§ (ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§¹Ô¾¾Ò¹)

»ÅÕÂÍ´ (Spire)

»ÅŒÍ§ä©¹ (Discs) ÊÔºÊÍ§»ÅŒÍ§ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§»¯Ô¨¨ÊÁØ·»ºÒ·

Í§¤�ÃÐ¦Ñ§ (Bell) ·Ã§ºÒµÃ¤ÇèÓ à»š¹·Õè»ÃÐ´ÔÉ°Ò¹¾ÃÐÊÒÃÕÃÔ¡¸ÒµØ

ÁÒÅÑÂà¶Ò (Garland) à»ÃÕÂº¾Ç§ÁÒÅÑÂ«ŒÍ¹¡Ñ¹ÊÒÁªÑé¹

àÃ×Í¹¸ÒµØ ø àËÅÕèÂÁ ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§ ÁÃÃ¤ÁÕÍ§¤�á»´

°Ò¹´Í¡ºÑÇ (Lotus Base) à»ÃÕÂº´Ñ§¾Ò¹´Í¡äÁŒ

°Ò¹ÊÕèàËÅÕèÂÁ (Platform) ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§ÊµÔ»°Ò¹ÊÕè«ŒÍ¹¡Ñ¹ÊÒÁªÑé¹

ÂÍ´©ÑµÃËÁÒÂ¶Ö§à¤Ã×èÍ§áÊ´§°Ò¹Ð¡ÉÑµÃÔÂ�¢Í§¾ÃÐ¾Ø·¸à¨ŒÒ

Division of Levels and Meanings of Lanna Jedi


8

4. Beauty and Aesthetics of Lanna Temples

Lanna people have been known as generous, peace-loving, and har-

monious to the nature. They have strong faith in Buddhism and other beliefs.

The values and personality of Lanna people have been portrayed by the guilds

through their creation of arts and construction. Visitors can appreciate the Lanna

aesthetics reflected through different parts of monasteries.

- Proportion

On aesthetic viewpoint, it is undeniable that the proportion of Lanna

architecture is meticulous. It begins with the allocation of the temples’ inner

space. Visitors are stunned by magnificence of structures once they enter the

temple area. Buildings in temples are built in perfect proportion; the splendid

proportion of the width and the length is 2:3 or 1:3. In the front view, the building

will give a triangular shape, which is in harmony with other buildings such as the

triangular-shaped Jedi.

Proportion of buildings in Chiang Mun Temple


9

The combination of proportion of the buildings in Chiang Mun Temple


10

- Value

The beauty of value can be wit-

ness throughout the day.

In the morning, the reflection of

buildings in a certain temperature yields

a variety of colors with the warmth of gold

color strengthening a strong faith in Bud-

dhism.

In the late morning and midday,

the density of light is higher. Viharn which

is built closer to the ground with windows

around it allows the process of reflection

from the outside. The sunlight will shine

onto the sand lawn and produce constant

level of light in the viharn. The atmosphere

in the viharn is therefore softened with a

glowing light. Visitors can find the feelings

of peace, serenity, and faith in Buddhism,

which is purely aesthetical.

Various colors can be found dur-

ing the late afternoon or evening. The

placement and components in the temples

produce the silhouette of various accesso-

ries such as golden flowers, golden leaves,

naga, and others flying up to the sky. It cre-

ates a sense of prosperity and glory. Also,

the evening light gives a different kind of

feeling of warmth and beauty.

ตัวอย่างของสุนทรียภาพที่เกิดจากแสงเงา


11

- Pattern

Patterns of buildings and other

accessories in Lanna temples have

been designed by the guilds, who

tactically embrace aesthetics, values,

beliefs, and other religious teachings.

Patterns can be categorized as:

Patterns in drawing

These patterns are for decora-

tion. The drawing and mural paintings

are in two dimensions.

Decorative patterns

Decorative patterns are in-

spired by the natural elements such as

flowers, flora and fauna, small creatures

or insects. Apart from natural patterns,

mythical creatures are created such

as naga, singha, or creatures in Him-

mapan Forest. These unique patterns

emphasize round shape. The lines are

spiral inward. Small animals such as

squirrels, birds, or insects can be drawn

inside these patterns. The pillars are

decorated with numerous dots and the

lower parts are painted with a unique

pattern called “Sa Pao Pattern”. The

reddish lacquer has been used for col-

oring, covered with golden papers. The

interior patterns are aimed to soften the

structure of the building.

ลักษณะลวดลายลงรักปิดทองและภาพเขียนแบบสองมิติ




12

Other decorative patterns aim to present

religious teachings and towards wor-

shipping. An example of those patterns

is Puranakata Pot, which is believed to

be a means to worship Buddha. It is also

seen as a sign of prosperity of people

who practice Dharma.

Patterns on mural paintings

Lanna people favor mura l

paintings to illustrate the history of Lord

Buddha. The paintings are made in

two dimensions. The main goal of mu-

ral paintings is to cherish and spread

Buddhism. Mural paintings can be com-

pared to teaching materials today. Artists

always exhibit culture and arts as well as

their living conditions in their paintings.

Viewing Lanna mural paintings normally

takes time to appreciate the aesthetics

and enjoy the sensations they carry.

Viewers of Lanna mural paintings will

learn about Lanna lifestyle immensely.ลักษณะลวดลายลงรักปิดทองและภาพเขียนแบบสองมิติ


13

Patterns in sculpture

There are two trends of Lanna

sculpture, which are carving on material

texture and moulding or adding on the ma-

terial texture.

Carving on Material Texture

Sculpture

This type of sculpture is mostly

seen in wood carving. The objective of

this sculpture is to create pieces of art for

decorating the structures and for using as

different utensils. The patterns used are

flowers and local plants and sometimes

include small animals such as squirrels

and birds decorated with lacquer or red-


14

dish color and golden papers on top.The decora-

tion sometimes includes colored mirrors to add

shining beauty. The unique carving pattern of

Lanna is Naga, which derived from the Mekong

sub-region countries such as Laos, Vietnam, and

Thailand. The guilds usually carve Naga on the

frames of wooden panes and Naga postures vary

adding a variety of arts.

Wood carving arts


15

Lanna sculpture

Texture-Adding Sculpture

This type of sculpture is

mostly seen in structural works. Apart

from brick cementing, Lanna also uses

stucco technique or molding mortar.

Clay mortar will be mixed with wood

essence or liquid from animal skins.

The mixture will be shaped or added

on the model. Artists can create dif-

ferent shapes by using this unique

mixture such as winding pattern,

flower pattern, animals or insects pat-

terns and attach them onto buildings

or wooden structures such as pillars or

viharn embroiled with colored mirrors

or crystals to beautify the works.


16

Planning for the tour is another crucial factor that assures the smooth

visits to Lanna temples, 37 of which are located on the city gate (currently, 2008).

Visiting all temples in one day to absorb aesthetics might become difficult.

Two plans are hereby proposed when visiting the temples on Chiang

Mai Gate, which are:

1. Visit all 37 temples in one day by vehicles started from Chiang Mun

Temple and followed the traffic route until reaching Monthien Temple. Visitors

can choose cars or motorcycles and the time spent on each temple might be

limited. The schedule might be flexible by the significance of temples.

Visiting Ancient Structures and Temples


17

1. Chiang Mun Temple

2. Lam Chang Temple

3. Umong Temple

4. Pan Ping Temple

5. Sampao Temple

6. Muen Lan Temple

7. Pun On Temple

8. Duang Dee Temple

9. Jedi Luang Temple

10. Pun Tao Temple

11. Chaiprakiat Temple

12. Tung Yu Temple

13. Sri Kerd Temple

14. Prasingh Temple

15. Pa Bong Temple

16. Prasart Temple

17. Dub Pai Temple

18. Paprao Nai Temple

19. Methung Temple

20. Muen Ngern Gong Temple

21. Puak Hong Temple

22. Puak Taem Temple

23. Pun Waen Temple

24. Meng Rai Temple

25. Chang Taem Temple

26. Jed Lin Temple

27. Fon Soi Temple

28. Muen Tum Temple

29. Sai Moon Temple

30. Sai Moon Muang Temple

31. Pa Kao Temple

32. Dok Kam Temple

33. Dok Uang Temple

34. Saenmuangma Temple

35. Mo Kam Tuang Temple

36. Kuan Ka Ma Temple

37. Mon Thien Temple

Plan for Visiting Temples on Chiang Mai Gate Based on Traffic Route


18

2. One day visit in one day by walk or bicycle. The start can be Ratcha-

damnoen Road and Prasingh Road. From Tapae Gate, head toward Prasingh

Temple. Along the way, there are around 14 temples to visit. (as shown in the

map)

1. Muen Lan Temple 8. Pun Tao Temple

2. Pun On Temple 9. Chaiprakiat Temple

3. Sam Pao Temple 10. Tung Yu Temple

4. Pan Ping Temple 11. Sri Kerd Temple

5. Umong Mahathenjan Temple 12. Prasingh Temple

6. Duang Dee Temple 13. Pa Bong Temple

7. Jedi Luang Temple 14. Prasart Temple

Example of Visit Plan in One Day

Muen Lan Temple

The contents include:

1. History and location

2. Highlights and points to study in each temple with

illustrations. The tour starts from Tapae Gate.

A Plan for Visiting 14 Temples on Chiang Mai Gate


20

Location

Muen Lan Temple is

located in Sriphum Sub-district,

region 2, Muang District, Chiang

Mai Province. It is an ancient

temple established 500 years

ago.

Muen Lan Temple was

built in the year of Snake, A.D.

1459, and finished in the Year of

Goat, A.D. 1461.

History of the Temple

The founder of Muen Lan Temple

is Muen Lok Sam Lan Khunpon Kaew, a

great noble in the reign of King Tilokkaraj.

He was also known as Muen Dong or Muen

Dong Nakorn. With the intention to cherish

Buddhism, he built this temple in memorial

and for merit of defeated warriors of Ayud-

hya Kindom, who died in the battlefield.

The merit of building this temple was also

offered to those Lanna warriors who sacri-

ficed their lives to protect their homeland.

Interior Plan of Muen Lan Temple


21

Cultural Aesthetics in Buildings

The Jedi and gable of the viharn are

built in Burmese style. In 1917, a well-off mer-

chant named Luang Yonakarnpichit or com-

monly called by the villagers as Khun Luang

Yo, the origin of Upayokin family, generously

funded the restoration to the damaged parts.

Khun Luang Yo was originally from Burma.

Pun On Temple


23

Location

Pun On Temple is situated on number 75, Ratchadam-

noen Road, Prasingh Sub-district, Muang District, Chiang Mai

Province.


Pun On Temple was built around the year 1501 in the

reign of King Sirithammachakkapaddirat (Phaya Kaew or Phaya

Mungkaew), the 13th ruler of Lanna. The meaning of Pun On is

assumedly derived from the founder’s name, who was the of-

ficial in the rank of Pun or medium rank noble. The temple was

devoted for Buddhists and named after this noble.

Interior Plan of Pun On Temple


24

The Amalgamation of the Two Temples: Pun On Tem-

ple and Jedi Kwan Temple

Pun On Temple was originally the combination

of the two temples, which were Pun On Temple and a

neighboring temple called “Jedi Kwan” located in the

west of Pun On Temple. The two temples were later on

combined and was called Jedi Kwan Pun On Temple,

but the villagers prefer the name Pun On. It was until

the year 1931, Monk Apaisaratha of Tung Yu Temple,

the chief monk of Chiang Mai then, decided to extend

the temple towards the west, which was the area of

Jedi Kwan Temple, a deserted temple at that time. The

remains of Jedi Kwan is not present nowadays since

in the year 1955, Monk Sripariyattiyanuraksa removed

the Jedi and replaced with the sala. What can be seen

nowadays is only the Jedi’s mould.

Main Structures in the Temple

1. The octagonal Jedi with Buddha images on

4 sides. The Jedi was gone through several restora-

tions. The Jedi is in good condition, but it is anonymous

and therefore is called after the name of the temple,

Pun On Jedi. It is assumed that the Jedi was originally

built at the same time of the temple.

2. The two-story church is contemporary build-

ing. It is a mixture of Lanna art and Central Thai art. The

window accessories are delicate. The mural paintings

on two sides of the church’s walls are made by oil color

depicting significant places in Buddhism both in India

and Nepal. Different kinds of worshipping tables are

placed for interested people to see them.


25

Places to Visit in Pun On Temple

1. Traditional Thai Medical As-

sociate of Chiang Mai. It used to be the first

school for teaching Bali and Dharma, but it

is now an office of Chiang Mai Traditional

Thai Medical Associate.

2. Central Sala is the place for

performing religious rites and is also

served as a training center for students

who come for moral camps.

3. Small Sala is the place for peo-

ple to read newspapers or study Dharma

materials. Visitors and general people can

contact with the temple through this small

sala. Inside the sala, there are profiles of

the temple’s personnel and the history of

the temple.


26

Location

Sam Pao Temple is located in Sriphum Sub-

district, Muang District, Chiang Mai Province.

History

This temple was built during Mungrai Dynasty.

The very word Sam Pao is derived from Sa Pao. Ac-

cording to Jao Buanual Sirorot, there were once mer-

chants from Muang Rahaeng (Tak Province now) came

to trade in Chiang Mai. These merchants had strong

faith in Buddhism and wished to build a golden ship to

be contained in a Jedi. That is the origin of the name

Sam Pao Temple. The viharn was beautifully designed

and decorated with Lanna stucco on the gable. The

base is presented with Himmapan or the mythical crea-

tures.

Sam Pao Temple


27

It was assumed that Sam Pao Temple

was built in the reign of King Tilokaraj, between

1431 and 1488. The temple was one among 500

places, which aged over 500 years old.

Ancient Buildings

1. It is unknown when the viharn was

exactly built. The viharn is in local design, the

upper structure is wood and the lower part is

brick. The roof has three tiers, conventional

Lanna style. In between of the roof, pieces of

carved woods called Pak Lae (Parrot’s mouth)

are placed. The front staircase appears Singha

statue and the front part shows animal statues

covered with gold papers in Chinese style. The

outer pair of pillars is in square shape, but the

pillars inside is in round shape decorated with

flower patterns and mosaic Naga. The support-

ing beam is also wood carved in Naga.

2. The church. The front staircase is

placed on the side of the viharn. The upper part

is wood and the lower part is brick and mortar.

The front roof has two tiers and the gable shows

cement carved in animals. The rim of the roof is

Naga covered with gold papers. The door panes

demonstrate standing angels.

3. The Jedi is in local Lanna style. The

base is in square shape decorated with crystals

balls. Above the base is Garland, Bell, Discs,

Spire, and the Top Umbrella.

แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดสำาเภา


28

Location

Pan P in Temp le i s s i t ua ted on

Ratchapakinai Road, Sriphum Sub-district,

Muang District, Chiang Mai.

The name of the temple means “block-

ing” or changing the Mae Ping River flow to

another direction. The word “Pan” is ancient

Lanna word meaning “blockage of something

so it can deviate to another way.”


The temple is located in the same area

of important temples on Chiang Mai Gate. And

when considering the style of Jedi in the temple

and the main Buddha image, which is a gigan-

tic bronze Chiang Saen One Buddha image and

Pan Ping Temple


29

seems to be the only one made by Royal guild of

early Lanna Kingdom. We can assume that this

temple must have significance. The shape of the

Jedi and the main Buddha image is dated back

to the early age of Lanna Kingdom, from the reign

of King Mung Rai to King Saen Muang Ma (1296-

1411 A.D.) After this period, Lanna people tend to

favor Singha Three Buddha images.

Legend has it that Pan Ping Temple was

re-established by King of Chiang Mai named

King Chang Puak Dok Bua Kam (Noi Thamma-

lanka) or King Mahasethatti Suwanpathumraj, the

second brother of King Kawila. The pronunciation

“Pan-Ping” was written in local legend as “Pan-

Phing”.


30ภาพภายในวัดป้านปิง

Interesting Places and Ancient

Objects in the Temple

1. The main Jedi has

high base with 28 corners of 12

sides. This Jedi was built by the

royal craftsmen in Lanna King-

dom. There are other 2 Jedis in

this style found nowadays. One

is is a Jedi in Lee Temple, Payao

Province, and the other is the

smaller Jedi called Prathat Beng-

sangad in Prathat Bengsangad

Temple, Pua District, Nan Prov-

ince.

2. A house of Guard-

ing Angel is a small structure made of cement

located on the right of the staircase. It can no

longer be seen nowadays as it is viewed as

unnecessary. Pan Ping thus reserves this tradi-

tion. Lay Buddhism used to pray and lit candles

at this Guarding Angel’s House before entering

the viharn. Some worship it with flowers.

3. Main arch of the Viharn Luang is a

building which combines Lanna and Chinese

arts. The arch displays 2 Crawling Nagas, the

Peak of Himmapan Mountain, the sun and the

moon, which symbolize the hemisphere of the

universe. The door frames show lotus patterns.

It is assumed that this arch was made by the

Masters of Craftsmanship, who also built the

Main Arch of Prasingh Temple.

4. The main Buddha image and the

image on the right. The main Buddha image is

1.70 meters in width and the right hand image

is 1.30 meters. Both of the images were cast by

mixed metal covered with gold papers in Chi-

ang Saen Singha One Model. The style is some-

times called Prapetch Singha One because it

rhymes with the name of the Buddha image’s


31ภาพภายในวัดป้านปิง

Interior Plan of Pan Ping Temple

sitting position. The Buddha images were

believed to be built by Royal Lanna guilds

in the early age. The main Buddha image

is considered the largest one in the north,

expressing the sense of being healthy and

compassionate.

5. The preaching seat is made of

carved wood covered with lacquer and gold

papers, the craftsmanship of Lanna guilds in

the reign of King Chang Puak Thammalanka,

who also ordered to build the Viharn Luang.

The seat is in front of the Buddha images’

throne, on the right of the main Buddha im-

age according to the belief of Lanna people.

6. The inscription is made of gray-

ish sandstone, with the width of 42 centi-

meters and 15 centimeters thick and 75

centimeters high. It is unknown where it was

located, but it is now placed on the left of the

church to serve as the sign of bound-

ary. The stone was carved with Lanna

characters in two lines.

7. Chinese br icks, which

are found in the monk areas. These

20 bricks are still in good condition,

each has 60 centimeters length and 28

centimeters width and thickness. They

were discovered when the new abbot

house was constructed. It is possible

that Lanna people had learnt how to

build these bricks from Chinese people

in Yunnan.

Umong Mahathenjan Temple


33

Location

Umong Temp le i s

located on number 129, Ratch-

pakinai Road, Sriphum Sub-

district, Muang District, Chiang

Mai Province.

History

U m o n g T h e n j a n

Temple was once called “Po

Noi Temple”, established around the year 1296-

1297 by the three great kings namely King Mung

Rai of Chiang Rai, King Ngam Muang of Payao, and

King Ramkamhaeng. The church was built around

1296-1297 in Thai-Lanna style. It was made of brick

and white cement. All the pillars and roof structures

are teak wood. The old roof was clay, but it is now

replaced with ceramic. The viharn was built in 1367-

1371 in Lanna architecture.

4 Main Buddha Images in the Temple

1. Chiang Saen One Buddha image or Som-

jainuek Image. Cast with metal and mixed with cement

covered with lacquer and gold papers, this Buddha

image presides as the principal appeared in sitting posi-

tion. It is believed to be built in 1296-1297.

2. Praputthapatimakorn (Luang Po To or Lu-

ang Po Yai) is the principal Buddha image in the Viharn

Luang. Made of cement covered with lacquer and gold


34

papers. The Buddha image’s head is in

flame shape. Built around 1367-1371, it is

2.90 meters wide and 3.70 meters high.

3. Maravichai Chiang Saen

Singh Three Buddha image, cast with

metal, enshrined in front of the principal

Buddha Image (Luang Po To) in the Vi-

harn Luang.

4. Luang Po Rai Hom is the

Maravichai metal Buddha image, built

around 1514 and enshrined in the Viharn

Luang.

Structures inside the Temple

1. The church. It is 4.05 meters

wide and 10.70 meters long. Built around

1296-1297, this church is in Thai-Lanna

style, made of brick and white cement.

All the pillars and roof structures are teak

wood. The roof frames are colored mir-

rors. The fable is decorated with carved

woods in animals and flower with mosaic.

The door frames are in arch shape with

cement Buddha Image. The doors poles

are covered in gold and red.

2. The Viharn is 13.80 meters

wide and 24.90 meters long. It was built

around 1367-1369 in Lanna-Thai style.


35

The Interior Plan of Umong Thenjan

3. Bell Dome is in square shape sized

3x3 meters and was built in contemporary Thai

style.

4. Meditation building

5. Guarding Spirit’s House

6. The two Jedis

6.1 The Jedi behind the Viharn

is the art dated back to the end of 21st -22nd

Buddhist Century. Discs which are covered with

golden materials are in bad condition.

6.2 The Jedi in the south of the

Viharn is the most important place of Umong

Temple since it displays a different appearance

from other Jedis found in Chiang Mai. The ap-

pearance of Bell and the size of platform are

the clues that it might be built around early 20th

Buddhist Century.

Duang Dee Temple


37

แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดดวงดี

Location

Duang Dee Temple is located

on number 228, Prapokklao Road,

Sriphum Sub-district, Muang District,

Chiang Mai.

History

Duang Dee Temple is called

by several names such as Punthanun-

madee Temple, Udomdee Temple, or

Panomdee Temple. In 1970, an inscrip-

tion was found on the base of a metal

Buddha image enshrined in a Viharn.

The inscription was written in Tai Yuan

language and the interpretation allowed

us to know that Duang Dee Temple

was once called Ton Mok Nua or Ton

Mak(Betel Tree) Temple.

The temple was built in 1367

after King Mungrai established Chiang

Mai City. Later in 1819, King Thamma-

lanka, the second ruler of Chiang Mai,

had the restoration and celebration for

the structures inside the temple. The

Viharn has inside it a carved wooden

seat for preaching decorated with gold

papers in marvelous design. Other

structures include Dharma Hall, church,

and Jedi.


38

The Temple’s Structures

1. Viharn. The value of this Lanna

style Viharn is the unique pattern on carved

wood, a beautiful part of the architecture.

Above the door frame of the Viharn’s main

entrance, visitors will see golden wooden

art carved in the pattern of two Naga raising

their tails upward and forming the triangular

shape.

2. The church. It is built in traditional

Lanna style with austere architecture. The

roof has two cascading tiers. The square on

the gable displays carved wood decorated

with mirrors. Viewing from the front view, we

can see Naga covered with gold along the

roof. Below the gable, the guilds had painted

a flower pattern. The side of the main en-

trance, it appears carved wood covered with

gold.


39

3. Scripture Hall . This Lanna

scripture hall has a square shape made

of brick and cement. The roof or the top

shows 3 cascading tiers with the umbrella

at the top. On the roof itself, golden leaves

are decorated. The window arches display

marvelous pattern of cement.

4. Jedi. This Jedi has square-

shaped base and on the four corners,

elephants are displayed.


40

Jedi Luang Temple


41

Location

Jedi Luang Temple is situated on num-

ber 103, Prapokklao Road, Prasingh Sub-district,

Muang District, Chiang Mai. It is the temple

located in the center of Chiang Mai City and is

regarded as one of the most important temples

in Chiang Mai since the old days. The temple is

actually the location of Chiang Mai’s City Pillar.

History

Jedi Luang Temple or “Chotikaram” or

“Rajakuta” or “Kutaram” means the temple of

glory and prosperity as it is the place where Lord

Buddha’s hair and His relics enshrine. Another

meaning of the word “Chotikaram” is the moment

of lighting lanterns to worship the Prathat Jedi

Luang. The scene is shining bright and the Jedi

will look like the candlestick with glorious flame,

which can be seen from a distance.

Jedi Luang and the Lua Beliefs in Universe

The belief regarding the universe during

the early age reflects the tradition belief of Lua

people combining with Brahman belief. When

Buddhism greatly prospered in the meantime,

Prathat Jedi Luang (Grand Jedi) symbolized the

center of the universe and was located in the

center of the city to represent Pra Sumeru Moun-

tain as it is believed to be the universe’s core.


42

Highlights in Jedi Luang Temple

1. Prathat Jedi Luang is regarded

as the highest Prathat in the north or Lanna.

Its height is around 80 meters, with square

shape platform, 60 meters width each side.

It was built around the early 20th Buddhist

Century (1385-1402 A.D.). In the reign of

King Tolokaraj, there was a restoration (1405-

1487). In the era of Queen Jiraprapa, the

15th ruler of Mungrai Dynasty, there was a

tempest and earthquake causing damage to

Jedi Luang. The Jedi collapsed and half of it

remained visible. It had been deserted for 4

centuries. Jedi Luang that we see today was

restored by Department of Fine Arts and the

project was completed in 1992.


43

แผนผังภายในบริเวณ

วัดเจดีย์หลวง

Elephant Statues around Prathat Jedi Luang

According to the history, there were 8 elephants

which were named since their names were believed to

constitute magical power and mighty strength to the

city. There was a belief that the names of elephants

can threaten, suppress, and eradicate the enemy. Each

name has certain meanings detailed as follows:

1. When the enemy intrudes the Kingdom, the

magic power from the elephant’s name will make the

sky cloudy and all is dark threatening the enemy to run

away in fear. The name chosen is “Mekbungwan”.

2. When the intruders enter the Kingdom,

despite of the great number of soldiers, they will be

stunned and will retreat to their land. The chosen name

for elephant is “Kompolsaen”.

3. Though the soldiers carry with them thou-

sands of sharp swords, the Kingdom is still protected

and unharmed. The elephant is given the name “Dab-

saenlem”.


44

4. Though the soldiers carry with

them thousands of sharp spears, the King-

dom is still protected and unharmed. The

elephant is given the name “Hoksaenlum”.


them thousands of guns, the Kingdom

is still protected and unharmed. The el-

ephant is given the name “Puensaenlang”.


them thousands of archeries, the King-

dom is still protected and unharmed. The

elephant is given the name “Namaisaenki-

ang”.


them thousands of fighting elephants,

the Kingdom is still protected and un-

harmed. The elephant is given the name

“Saenkuankan”. (or Saenkuankaan)

8. When the enemy enters the

Kingdom, they will be tormented with ex-

treme heat all around them. The elephant’s

name is “Faisaentao”.


45

2. Pra Viharn, Church. The central Vi-

harn is now served as the church. It is around

15.58 meters away from Prathat Jedi Luang.

The Viharn is built in modern Lanna style, but

the old church, which was in traditional Lanna,

is at the rear of the temple or the west of Pra

Jedi Luang and has never been used since

1979 due to its limited space.

3. The southern supporting Jedi is

the one of the oldest structures in Jedi Luang

Temple. It is unknown when this Jedi was built.

The platform of Jedi is in three tiers and the Bell

is covered with gold material and gold papers.

The Disc and the Top Umbrella are made of

brass covered with gold papers. The Jedi was

renovated in the year 1993.

4. Inthakin Pole is believed to be

the core of Chiang Mai City. It was once in

Saduemuang Temple (Inthakin Temple or

Saduemuang Temple near the former City

Hall). King Kawila, the first ruler of Chiang Mai,

commanded that the Inthakin Pole had to be

removed from Saduemuang Temple to Jedi

Luang Temple in 1800.


46

5. The Gigantic Rubber Tree

was grown in the reign of King Kawila,

the Chiang Mai’s first ruler from the

Tipjak Family.

6. Giants. It was the com-

mand of King Kawila to build two Gi-

ant Statues and place them in front

of Chotikaram Temple (Jedi Luang

Temple) as they are to guard the In-

thakin Pole of Chiang Mai.

7. Dharma Hal l . In 1474,

King Tilokaraj had the new Viharn and

Dharma Hall (Tripitaka Hall) built in the

north of Prathat Jedi.

8. Reclining Buddha is as old

as the Jedi, but it remains unknown

when it was built and who built it.

47


9. Pramahasanggajjayana enshrines

in a small viharn, which is in the north of the

Jedi. The Buddha Image is believed to be built

around the same age of the Declining Buddha.

10. Square Shape Great Teachers’ Vi-

harn is made of wood with various carving pat-

terns such as flowers. The pattern begins with

pineapple.

11. Monk Mun Puriphatto Viharn is

made of wood and cement covered with gold

material and decorated with mosaics.


48

Pun Tao Temple


49

Location

Pun Tao Temple is located on number

105, Prapokklao Road, Prasingh Sub-district,


Chiang Mai people call the name Pun

Tao with a slightly different pronunciation. Pun

Tao Temple was built in the early 21st Buddhist

Century or around the year 1479. It was 501

years old in the year 1998. This temple is be-

lieved to have the same age as Jedi Luang Tem-

ple. The word Pun Tao means thousand times

multiplication of quantity. King Inthawitchaya-

nont, the 7th Ruler of Chiang Mai (1870-1897

A.D.), decided to dismantle Ho Kham (Golden

Hall) of King Mahotaraprated and used the

wood to build a Viharn dedicated to Pun Tao

Temple in the year 1875. The Viharn is the only

one teakwood structure built by the materials of

once Royal Palace which is in good condition of

Lanna. Above the main door of the Viharn, it ap-

pears the most beautiful piece of carved wood in

Lanna. In the middle, a pattern of Mom (carrier of

Lord Pajjunna, the bringer of rain) is displayed.

The frame of the Viharn’s arch shows two mon-

keys carrying mythical creatures called “Luang”

on both sides. Luangs’ tails support the castle

and the bottom of the arch is supported by an

octagonal wood carved with ancient pattern.

Two mythical swans stand on top of both poles.

The art displays both flawless craftsmanship

and local wisdom.

แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดพันเตา


50

Ancient Structures

1. Viharn Pun Tao was previously Ho

Kham (Golden Hall) of King Mahotaraprathed

(the 5th Ruler of Chiang Mai). There is a piece

of wood carved in peacock, which is regarded

as the animal symbol of Lanna Royalty.

2. Ancient Preaching Seat and pic-

tures of royal members and rulers of Chiang

Mai in the past.

3. Sala. Inside the Sala, there are a

statue of Somdej Buddhajarn To Promrangsee

and a well, which people bring the water for

worshipping. At the center of the Sala, when

looking upward to the ceiling, carved wood of

12 zodiacs is displayed.


51

Location

Chaiprakiat Temple is located on number 90, Rajdam-

noen Road, Sriphum Sub-district, Muang District, Chiang Mai.

History of the temple

According to ancient document, Chaiprakiat Temple

has its former name called Pa Kiart Temple. All structures are

newly built as the old buildings deteriorated. After renovation,

all buildings are re-established. Yet, Chaiprakiat Temple is be-

lieved to be built in the ancient time, around the period of Mun-

grai Dynasty. From evidence discovered, the name of Pakiart

Chai Prakiat Temple

52


53

แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดชัยพระเกียรติ

Temple appeared in Niratharipun-

chai Poem.

King Jira, the 15th ruler

of Mungrai Dynasty, made this

temple as the monument honoring

King Chairaja, the King of Suwan-

phum Family who ruled Ayudhya

between 1538 and 1545. The

weight of gold used for casting the

Buddha image is 5 Tue (1 Tue = 10

Kot) equal to 50 Kot. The Buddha

image was then called “Pra Jao Ha

Tue.”

Ancient Buildings in the Temple

1. The viharn. The viharn

was built in replace of the deterio-

rated one. The front part is deco-

rated with flower patterns with gold

leaves. The front view displays

Naga along the roof frames. At the

entrance arch, the door pane is

added with lacquer and gold in a

form of standing angel.

2. Jedi. The base of jedi is

in square shape. It has 5 levels of

Garlands with round Bell equipped

with the Disc and Top Umbrella.

Overall, this jedi is built in Lanka

style.

Location

Tungyu Temple is situated on

Rajdamnoen Road, Sriphum Sub-district,



The word “Tungyu” appeared in

literature and ancient law meaning the um-

brella representing honor of royalty. The

temple was built in 1476. Its former name

was “Toong Yu”.

Tungyu Temple

54


55

In 1909, King Intarawarorot Suriya-

wong, the 8th Ruler of Chiang Mai, had a

desire to build the top umbrella of the Jedi.

The viharn has no Bee Hive. The gable has

stucco pattern of wild fauna decorated with

mosaics. The jedi is in round shape situated

on the square base. The renovation was

based on Burmese style. The small church

is covered with marble.

แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดทุงยู

Structures and Religious Sites

1. Viharn

2. Church

3. Jedi

4. Monk residence

5. Sala for ritual ceremony/

multi-purpose


56

Srikerd Temple


57

แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดศรีเกิด

Bhodi tree.Ancient Structures Th is temple is the place where a Maravichai (Victory over Mara) Buddha image enshrines called “Pra Jao Kaeng Kom” as the legs are slimmer and sharper than other images. This Buddha image, built by King Tilokaraj in 1487, has certain traits similar to Utong art.

Location Srikerd Temple is located on Rajdamnoen Road, Prasingh Sub-district, Muang District, Chiang Mai.History of the Temple Srikerd Temple is an ancient temple which serves as the main temple. Srikerd Temple appeared in the legend in a different name called “Picharam Tem-ple” or “Pid Ja Ram” in northern dialect. Its name was changed in the reign of King Kawila. (1796 A.D) In 1796, having realized its sig-nificance, King Kawila decided to reno-vate this temple. Inside the temple, there is a Srimahapo tree, the tree where Lord Buddha enlightened in India. King Kawila gave a new name for this temple “Srikerd Temple”. The word “sri” is derived from a Lanna word “sa lee” meaning

Prasingh Temple


59

Location

Prasingh Temple is one of the major

level monasteries located inside Chiang Mai’s

moat, Samlan Road, Prasingh Sub-district,



King Payu, a king of Mengrai Dynasty,

had a desire to build this temple in 1345. The

Jedi was first built with the height of 23 wahs

(approximately 46 meters) to enshrine the

relics of King Kamfu, his father. Two years

later, a temple, sala, Dharma Hall, and monk

residences were built. When the temple was

completely constructed, it was named “Lee

Temple” or “Lee Chiang Temple” or “Lee

Chiang Pra Temple”. In the reign of King

Saen Muang Ma, he made the preparation for

relocating Sihing Buddha Image from Chiang

Rai to enshrine in Chiang Mai, the elephant

parade stopped proceeding when reaching

Lee Chiang Temple. King Saenmuangma then

located Sihing Buddha in this temple. Local

people prefer calling the name “Buddha Sih-

ing” as “Prasingh”, which became the name of

the temple, “Prasingh Temple”.

In the year 1817, King Thammalanka

or King Changpuak, the 2nd Ruler of Chiang

Mai and a younger brother of King Kawila,

commanded to renovate the church and the

Jedi.


60

Later in 1924, King Kaewnawarat, the last

Ruler of Chiang Mai, and Monk Sriwichai together

with Chiang Mai people co-operated one another to

renovate Prasingh Temple. In that renovation, many

valuable items such as 10 pieces of golden anec-

dotes and a churn (assumed to be the churn of King

Kamfu) were discovered. But those items were lost in

the Southeast Asia War.

In 1950, King Bhumipol announced Pras-

ingh Temple as a Major Rank Monastery.


61

แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดพระสิงห์

Significant Items in the Temple

1. Sihing Buddha Image, a Buddha

image of Chiang Saen Art, was built in a Mara-

wichai posture of Lanna Art.

In Songkran Festival of each year, Sihing Bud-

dha Image is carried around Chiang Mai city

so people can sprinkle water on the image for

good luck.

2. Dharma Hall is made of wood

and cement. The outer wall of the hall shows

angel sculpture, which is believed to be the

craftsmanship of King Muang Kaew period.

Around the year 1924, King Kaewnawarat had

the hall repaired. The platform was decorated

with unique pattern and inside the hall dis-

plays mythical or imaginary creatures such

as winged-mermaids, winged-singha, and

Kilen. The Meng Chinese-like pattern was also

shown in the hall.

3. The church is the rectangular

building with halls at the front and at the back.

At the side view, we can see large windows


62

laths, but the inner windows have stucco

decoration. At the main entrance, there

are two curves adjoining to each other

called “Kong Kiew” and above it two cir-

cles which look like eyes are displayed.

The poles in the church are decorated

with cement covered with lacquer and

gold. It is a really magnificent showcase

of Lanna architecture.

4. Lai Kam Viharn is a small

genuine Lanna viharn, which inside “Sih-

ing Buddha” is enshrined. The mural at the back of the Buddha image shows paintings

of castles surrounded by dragons and mythical

swans. There are main pole (round pole) and sup-

porting pillars (square pillars). Around the viharn,

it appears incredible mural paintings. In the north,

a story called Sangthong is depicted and Suwan-

nahong in the south. The painting of Sangthong is

only found here.

5. Stupa enshrining the relics of King

Kamfu is the most ancient structure of Lanna. It

was built around the year 1340. The Stupa was

uncovered in the year 1925 and inside the three-

layer churn was found. The outer layer is made of

bronze, the middle layer silver, and the inner layer

gold.


63

6. The rectangular church has the halls

both at the front and at the back. The large win-

dows were designed to be wooded bars. The roof

has three cascading tiers. The arches are carved

wood covered with gold in forms of two nagas

whose heads expand into the triangular base.

Inside the church appears the stupa in the middle

dividing the areas into two parts. The church was

then called “Ubosot Songsankha” (church of two

areas).

7. Mahajedi (Grand Jedi) is the round

shape structure with square base of surrounding

elephants. It was built in the year 1345.

8. Thai Lanna Grand Viharn. The wall and

pillars are cast by steel reinforced cement. The up-

per part is all teakwood. The viharn’s roof is ancient

cement tiles in cascading 3 tiers. Ornaments are

made of teakwood. There are 3 front doors with 5

panes of windows on each side. At the staircase,

it shows the decoration of giant serpent expanding

its head.

9. Reclining Buddha is the Buddha image

residing in Reclining Buddha Viharn. It was made

of brick and cement covered with gold.

10.Tongthip Buddha. This Buddha image

was built by King Tilokaraj in the year 1477.

Pabong Temple

Location

Pabong Temple is located on Sing-

haraj Road, Sriphum Sub-district, Muang

District, Chiang Mai. The temple is behind

the inner wall. Though it is a small temple,

Pabong Temple was built for a very long

time.


Pabong Temple was once called

Pabong Prasart Temple. Its viharn is close

to the southeast wall of the temple, which is

64


65

แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดผาบ่อง

very unique. It was built in the year 1492

by Ngiaw or people from Shan State who

resided in Pabong Temple in Maehong-

son Province. These people migrated to

Chiang Mai and made this temple and

called it the same name of their origin.

The great renovation took place

in 1952. The new road dividing Pabong

Temple and Prasingh Temple was made

in the period of Luang Sriprakart.

Structures in the Temple

1. Lanna Viharn. The por-

tico is extended towards the north of

the Jedi. The decorative structures

made to this viharn are extremely

exquisite in the Lanna.

2. Two story Lanna monk

residence. The lower part is brick-

work and the upper part is wood.

3. The tower Jedi surround-

ed by Buddha Image arches in four

directions.

Prasart Temple

Location

Prasart Temple is situated on Intawarorot

Road, Sriphum Sub-district, Muang District, Chi-

ang Mai.


Prasart Temple was one of the most an-

cient and important temples of Chiang Mai.

Prasart literally means residence of high

rank nobility. During the period of Burma coloni-

66


67

แผนผังภายในบริเวณวัดปราสาท

zation, Prasart Temple was maintained by

Praya Luangsaenkam, who built Muenthong

Buddha Image dedicated to the temple.

Prasart Temple is now a center of

Buddhism and archeology of Lanna in Chi-

ang Mai.

Permanent Structures and Worship Places

1. The traditional Lanna viharn. At the front of the viharn, beautiful mosaics and singha carved wood are decorated

on cement. Inside the viharn, we can see a structure or castle juxtaposed to

the western wall. The viharn is the place where the principal Buddha Image en-

shrines. Viewing from the outside, we will be perplexed to see the stupa joined

with the viharn, which is a very rare art.

2. The square shape jedi with tetrahedron on the side enshrines Bud-

dha Images on the three sides. The eastern side of the jedi is connected to the

viharn.

3. The church has cascading roofs. In the west, it joins with the square

shape jedi, very similar to the pattern used with the viharn.

4. Upakut Sala is the place where Upakut Image enshrines. This oc-

tagonal sala is believed to be built later.

บรรณานุกรม

ผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์วิลักษณ์ ศรีป่าซาง. ล้านนาคดี. เชียงใหม่ : มหาวิทยาลัย

เทคโนโลยีราชมงคลล้านนา. 2550

พระพุทธิญาณมุนี. ลวดลายล้านนา ภาค1. กรุงเทพฯ : รำาไทยเพรส. 2550.

มณี พยอมยงค์. เคร่ืองสักการะในล้านนาไทย. เชียงใหม่ : ส.ทรัพย์การพิมพ์. 2549.

ศูนย์วัฒนธรรมจังหวัดเชียงใหม่และศูนย์ศิลปวัฒนธรรมสถาบันราชภัฎเชียงใหม่ร่วมกับ

องค์กรบริหารส่วนจังหวัดเชียงใหม่. (2535). วัดสำาคัญของนครเชียงใหม่เล่ม 1.

กรุงเทพมหานคร: สำานักพิมพ์ครองช่าง.



กรุงเทพมหานคร: สำานักพิมพ์ส.ทรัพย์การพิมพ์.



กรุงเทพมหานคร: สำานักพิมพ์ส.ทรัพย์การพิมพ์.

อภิวัฒน์ อดุลยพิเชฏฐ์. นำาเที่ยว 3 เมืองล้านนา. กรุงเทพฯ : เมืองโบราณ. 2548.

อรุณรัตน์ วิเชียรเขียว. โบราณวัตถุ – โบราณสถาน ในวัดล้านนา. เชียงใหม่ : แสงศิลป์.

2549.

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