Telecommuncation Project - Hirosh Tharaka
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ASIA PACIFIC INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
APIIT Diploma Part II
Group Assignment
Telecommunications (TELEC) Project
Prepared By
Hirosh Tharaka D. M . DCB 004149
Dilshan ZuhdiCB 004150
Sathya BamanCB 004114
Module CodeAICT005-3-2
CohortDF10A1ICT
Date of Submission
2nd
September 2011
Instructor
Mr. Balachandran G
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Computing
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Group Component Individual
Component
Assumptions(5)
Reportcontent(10)
Diagrams
and/orFigures
(20)
Analytical
and
Critical
Thinking(20)
Documentation(5)
Referencing(10)
GroupTotal(70)
Presentation(20)
ProgressReport(5)
WorkloadMatrix(5)
IndividualTotal(30)
GrandTotal(100)
Name 1:
Hirosh Tharaka
D. M. D
Name 2:
Dilshan Zuhdi
Name3:
Sathya Baman
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Acknowledgement
It is with great pleasure we acknowledge all those who helped us in making this project
a success. Especially we would like to dedicate our sincere gratitude to Mr. G.Balachandran and Mr. Udesh Amarasinghe for their continuous support and guidance
and valuable advices throughout the project. And also I would like to thank my friends
who support me and encourage me throughout this project.
I would also like to thank my parents who were always with me support me to fulfill my
career objectives. Last but not the least my gratitude goes to APIIT Lanka for providing
the laboratory and library facilities.
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Abstract
HSPA is a combination of HSUPA and HSDPA which got famous around in the past
couple of years time. Currently, It handles a major role in the society by helping the allthe people to make their work easier, efficient and productively. Since the mobile
technology is something which is essential in day to day life. Though there are few other
mobile technologies available around the world, there are few reasons for HSPA to be
popular among the others. The main reason for this popularity was because its mobile
accessibility, higher bandwidth and lower cost.
In this research report, the growth of HSPA compared to other networks using statistical
charts, benefits for the human from it, advantages and disadvantages, network
implementations, and more information are there.
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Table of ContentsAcknowledgement............................................................................................................. iiAbstract ............................................................................................................................ iiiTable of Figures ................................................................................................................. vList of Abbreviations......................................................................................................... vi1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 11.1. Scope of the research .............................................................................................. 21.2. HSPA ...................................................................................................................... 2
Why Do Operators Upgrading Their UMTS Networks To HSPA? .............................. 3What Network Speeds Are Offered By HSPA Technology?......................................... 3What Are The Benefits Of HSPA To Operators And Their Clients\ Customers? ....... 3
1.3. HSUPA .................................................................................................................. 11HSUPA General Features: ........................................................................................... 12
1.4. HSDPA .................................................................................................................. 132. EVOLUTION ........................................................................................................... 16
HSCSD ......................................................................................................................... 17EDGE ........................................................................................................................... 18
3. Importance of HSPA ................................................................................................. 18How HSPA Affects A Humans Lifestyle? ................................................................. 19How It Benefits For Individuals, Enterprises And Society Today? ............................. 20How HSPA important for E-learning? ......................................................................... 22How HSPA is important to E-health? .......................................................................... 22Speed ............................................................................................................................ 23Cost Effectiveness ........................................................................................................ 23Web Surfing ................................................................................................................. 24
4. Implementation Of The Technology......................................................................... 24How does HSPA WORK? ........................................................................................... 24
4.1. Consideration before The Implementation............................................................ 304.2. Government Regulations ....................................................................................... 304.3. Availability Of User Equipment ........................................................................... 314.4. Human Resources and Skills ................................................................................. 31
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4.5. Implementation of HSPA ...................................................................................... 334.6. Components In 3G/UMTS Networks.................................................................... 334.7. Technology Used In HSPA ................................................................................... 344.8.
Security ................................................................................................................. 37
5. Network Implementations......................................................................................... 386. Advantages / Strengths ............................................................................................. 40
Low Latency................................................................................................................. 41Cost Effective ............................................................................................................... 41High Data Rates - Higher order modulation ................................................................ 41High Data RatesMulti Code Transmission .............................................................. 42Efficient use of spectrum ............................................................................................. 42Usage of Optimized Spectrum ..................................................................................... 42
7. Disadvantages / Problems ......................................................................................... 428. Suitability Of The Technology HSPA ...................................................................... 439. Common Issues in Commercial Issues in Commercial Services .............................. 4410. Evolved HSPA (HSPA+) ...................................................................................... 4611. Limitation .............................................................................................................. 4812. Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 4913. Critical Evaluation ................................................................................................ 5014. Bibiliography ........................................................................................................ 5115. Appendix ............................................................................................................... 5415.1. Appendix A: Workload ..................................................................................... 54Workload Matrix .............................................................................................................. 5415.2. Appendix B: Gantt chart .................................................................................... 5515.3. Appendix C: Meeting Minutes .......................................................................... 56
Table of FiguresFigure 1 - HSPA Deployments World Map ....................................................................... 5Figure 2 - HSPA Subscription growth against WCDMA .................................................. 6Figure 3 - HSPA Network launch (Annually).................................................................... 7
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1. IntroductionThe given research about wireless and mobile networks available in present was a chose
one. We studied briefly in some wireless and mobile networks and choose HSPA. We
decided this topic because it is the one of the main area that growing very quickly in
mobile network.
This research has all the latest required details about the technology in simple form.
The network, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink
Packet Access (HSUPA) are developed worldwide in order to increase the data rate and
the capacity for downlink and uplink packet data. HSDPA introduced as a release of 5
features in 3rd Generation Partnership Project, and the HSUPA is an important feature of
3rd Generation Partnership Project release 6. The combination of HSDPA and HSUPA is
called as HIGH SPEED PACKED ACCESS (HSPA).
We has emphasized on certain aspects, they are
Importance of HSPA Implementation of the technology Advantages / Strength of the technology Disadvantages and Problems associated in the technology Suitability of the technology Common issues in commercial HSPA service Future of HSPA
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We have research about these areas and given a descriptive report about each of the
topic given above. And we have also added some more useful information about
HSPA in our report.
1.1.Scope of the researchOur scope is basically to cover the information about the HSPA, using few resources out
of all what is available in internet including white papers, journals and other acceptable
documentations. This HSPA research is mainly targeted on the HSUPA and HSDPA
only. HSPA was compared with the WiMAX, in certain places throughout this
documentation, where we thought its bit necessary to show out certain figures like
growth of it HSPA compared with it.
1.2.HSPAHSPA is the abbreviated term of High Speed Packet Access which is a protocol which is
used for mobile data transmission. It is an amalgamation of two mobile
telecommunication protocols knows and HSUPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
and HSDPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access). It is a cost efficient upgrade for the
UMTS technology with a higher bandwidth and a lower latency levels.
HSPA is used to refer the UMTS Technology based 3G networks which supports the
both HSUPA and HSDPA since it is a combination of both. (mobileburn.com, 2009)
Since it is an upgrade for the UMTS network, it contains all the facilities of default
UMTS features and also the additional and advanced technologies. The reason for the
upgrade was the increasing demand for the UMTS which caused in the evolution of
HSPA.
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HSPA uses both the downlink and uplink to send data from the HSPA enabled device to
the source and also from the source to the HSPA enabled device. It is known as the 3rd
Generation Technology used in mobile telephones which has designed to speed up the
data transmission rate and the capacity (bandwidth) of the network.
According to 3gamericas, HSDPA uses the 3GPP Release 5 and HSUPA Release 6
technologies as in further details. (3gamericas.org, 2009).
Why Do Operators Upgrading Their UMTS Networks To HSPA?
The major two reasons for this next foot step in their networks was because of the low
incremental cost and the HSPA makes an efficient use of spectrum for the data, that it
will return the result in an overall low cost per MB (Mega Byte) of delivering data.
(3gamericas.org, 2009)
What Network Speeds Are Offered By HSPA Technology?
Typical HSPA downlink rate is form 1 to 14 Mbps and the typical HSPA uplink rate is
from 500kbps to 2 Mbps. According to the theory, peek speed of a downlink is higher at
14bps and the uplink is 5.8Mbps. (3gamericas.org, 2009)
What Are The Benefits Of HSPA To Operators And Their Clients \
Customers?
It benefits the operators by making using spectrum more efficiently, up to threetimes more capacity compared with the UMTS. Efficiency means the operator
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can cost effectively and easily accommodate more number of users and more
services without the need of purchasing additional spectrum to full fill the
growth.
HSPA is backward compatible with UMTS, EDGE and GPRS. This benefits thecustomers who travel around and once they moved into areas which arent
covered with HSPA. And due to the backward compatibility, the applications
which are designed for UMTS, EDGE and GPRS will work in HSPA networks
and also in HSPA devices. This will benefit the application developers and the
operators too.
HSPA works in most GSM frequencies which enabling global roaming andaffording a great amount of flexibility.
According to 3gamericas (2009), Infrastructure and devices are currentlysupported for UMTS-HSPA by a variety of vendors in the following frequencies:
850, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100 and 1700/2100 MHz and will also be
supported for frequency bands including 700, 2500 and 2600 MHz as well as the
1500 MHz band in Japan and the 2300 MHz in the U.S.
By the end of year 2007, there were nearly 166 commercial HSPA networks around
in 75 countries, with 38 more networks committed to be deployment. (3GPP, 2011)
446 HSPA operator commitments in 170 countries, 410 commercial HSPA
operators in 162 countries (GSA, 2011)
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Figure 1 - HSPA Deployments World Map
(gsacom, 2011)
Source:http://www.gsacom.com//downloads/charts/HSDPA_deployments_world_map.php4
The above figure shows the coverage of HSPA networks around the world. According to
the above figure, there are 446 HSPA networks around the world, in 170 countries.
http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_deployments_world_map.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_deployments_world_map.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_deployments_world_map.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_deployments_world_map.php47/31/2019 Telecommuncation Project - Hirosh Tharaka
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Figure 2 - HSPA Subscription growth against WCDMA
(gsacom, 2010)
Source:http://www.gsacom.com//downloads/charts/hspa_subscriptions_forecast.php4.
The above figure clearly shows the gigantic growth of the HSPA for the past four years
period. According to its statistics the annual growth is around 42.4%. Compared to the
WCDMA, HSPA have placed a major role in the globe.
http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/hspa_subscriptions_forecast.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/hspa_subscriptions_forecast.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/hspa_subscriptions_forecast.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/hspa_subscriptions_forecast.php47/31/2019 Telecommuncation Project - Hirosh Tharaka
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Figure 3 - HSPA Network launch (Annually)
(gsacom, 2011)
Source:http://www.gsacom.com//downloads/charts/HSDPA_network_launches.php4
Annual network launches around the worldwide is shown by the above figure, where
most the networks launched in 2006.
http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_network_launches.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_network_launches.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_network_launches.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_network_launches.php47/31/2019 Telecommuncation Project - Hirosh Tharaka
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Figure 4 - HSPA Cumulative Network Growth
(gsacom, 2011)
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The figure below shows the growth of HSPA compared to WiMAX .
Figure 5 : Growth of HSPA vs. WiMAX
(GSMA, 2007)
The above figure shows the growth of HSPA against the WiMAX technology. And
clearly shows the massive growth of HSPA against the WiMAX. And according to the
above figure statics in 2011, its 8 times greater than the WiMAX.
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Figure 6 : Comparison of HSPA with WiMAX
(GSMA, 2007)
Chart above clearly states that more number of tick are given for HSPA, and among all
two of the greatest advantage is compared WiMAX is the mobility and the High
Bandwidth in non-urban areas.
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1.3.HSUPAHSUPA (High Speed uplink packet access) is an upgrade for the UMTS which allows
for a peak uplink of 5.76Mbps. (Mobileburn, 2009). It is a 3G mobile telephony protocolin HSPA family for mobile devices with extreme high speed upload rate as mentioned
above. It is a release 6 feature in 3GPP specifications. It is the next step after the
HSDPA. It more often calls as the Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel (E-DCH), by
the technical people. The main aim of this technology is to increase the uplink data
transferring rate in UMTS environment, which achieves its high performance through
more efficient uplink scheduling in the base station and a faster re-transmission control.
(Ghadialy, 2006). HSUPA is considers as the 3.75G. (Mobileisgood, 2007).
Since the HSPA technology is based on software, it provides and inexpensive broadband
internet service. Due to that reason, there is no reason of new infrastructures to
replacements when upgrading. But the networking equipment may need to replace or
upgrade with new software upgrading. (Anon, 2010)
The name HSUPA was created by Nokia, and the 3GPP does not support with name
HSUPA. Instead of HSUPA they use the name Enhanced Uplink (EUL). (Telit, 2010)
First commercial launch of HSUPA was in early 2007. 24 networks launched by the end
of the year. According to the Statistics of Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA),
more than 45 networks have launched, on testing process or planning to deploy HSUPA.
(3GPP, 2011).
40% of HSPA operators have launched HSUPA (GSA, 2011).
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HSUPA General Features:
Maximum transmission rate of 5.76Mbps
BPSK modulation ( Binary Phase-Shift Keying )
No adaptive modulation
Multi-code transmission
Spreading Factor either 2 or 4
10ms and 2ms TTI (but initially only 10ms TTI to be used)
Hybrid ARQ (HARQ - Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request)
Fast Packet Scheduling in the uplink
Soft Handover supported
(Ghadialy, 2006).
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Figure 7 - HSUPA Device growth chart
Source: (gsacom, 2011)
1.4.HSDPAHSDPA is the enhanced 3rd Generation mobile telecommunication protocol in HSPA
family, which is also knows as 3.5G, which allows the networks which are based on
UMTS to have a higher data transfer rate and a capacity. (Telit, 2010). This is known
as the 3GPPs release 5 which was approved in 1999. It is a cost efficient upgrade to the
UMTS networks. This service got more popular because of its mobility and the wide
area coverage. Compared to UMTS technology used in networks, HSDPA has numberof advantages too.
HSDPA provides a faster throughput along with lower latency levels. It offers the voice
and data transmission simultaneously. Since cost per bit is lower, it is more cost
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effective compared to GPRS and UMTS. It can provide packet switched services to
several users efficiently. (Anon, 2005)
HSDPA is the advanced technology out of HSDPA and HSUPA. But when both the
HSDPA and HSUPA work together, it will enhance the transferring speed for receiving
and sending.
This have improved the system capacity and have increase the user data rates in
direction of downlink which transmissions from the radio access control (RAC) to the
mobile terminal. This performance improvement is based on following few points:
Adaptive modulation and coding Fast scheduling function which is controlling from the base station(BTS), rather
than controlling from a radio network controller (RTC)
Faster re-transmission with soft combining and incremental redundancy.(Nokia, 2003)
More than 70% of the HSPA operators have given a peak download speed of at least
7.2Mbps for their customers. (GSA, 2011)
At least 92 HSUPA networks (over 55%) support 5.8 Mbps peak uplink data speed and
another 9 networks support 11.5 Mbps peak (GSA, 2011).
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Figure 8 - Pie Chart of HSDPA peak data speeds
(gsacom, 2011)
Source: http://www.gsacom.com//downloads/charts/evolution_of_hsdpa_data_speeds.php4
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2. EVOLUTIONDemand to the internet in present has massively increased. HSPA is a combination of
both the HSDPA and HSUPA. This technology is an evolution and an enhancement ofWCDMA, where different procedures have been used for modulation and coding. This
was designed to speed-up the capacity of the network and the data transmission rate and
it is a 3rd
generation technology used in most mobile devices in present. Evolution of a
particular technology is denotes to the process of expanding the present infrastructure. It
will produce in introducing new methods of mobile data communication services.
HSDPA is and cost efficient productive service which is upgraded on UMTS. Compared
to the WLAN which is mostly used in the present, this has higher performance along
with the additional features and advantages. One of the main key out of those is mobility
and universal coverage.
Four main transmission systems involved in the evolution on GSM to 3rd
Generation.
High Speed Circuit Switched Data - HSCSD General Packet Radio Service - GPRS Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution - EDGE Universal Mobile Telephone SystemUMTS
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Figure 9 : Evolution of Mobile System to 3G
Figure 10 : 3G Evolution
HSCSD
HSCSD which is known as High Speed Circuit Switched Data is an improvement of
Circuit Switched Data (CSD). CSD is the original data transferring mechanism of the
GSM mobile phone system. (mobileisgood, 2007)
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EDGE
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) is a digital mobile telecommunication
technology which has allowed for an enhanced data transmission rate as a backward
compatible extension of GSM.
EDGE is a 3rd
generation technology which enables a high speed data services like
internet access and multimedia streaming. (4gamericas, n.d.)
3. Importance of HSPAThe major benefits of HSPA are higher data rates, wide area coverage (geographically)
with full mobility and low latency between the HSPA device and the handset. Since it
has bought down the cost for a minimal level, it is more cost effective too.
HSPA improves end-user growth by:
Increasing peak data rates to 14 Mbit/s in the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s in theuplink
Reducing latency (less 50ms) Providing the down-link system capacity up to five times higher and the up-
link system capacity up to two times higher, reducing the production cost per
bit.
(Ericsson, 2007)
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How HSPA Affects A Humans Lifestyle?
When people travel around the world to full fill their need most of them needs a mobile
internet connection to communicate around and stay update.
The following figure shows the forecast of mobile broadband growth by year 2012
compare with the fixed broadband growth.
Figure 11 : Forecast of mobile broadband growth
HSPA have helped the humans to increase the productivity of humans day to day work,
and have increased its efficiency too.
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How It Benefits For Individuals, Enterprises And Society Today?
Figure 12 : benefits for individuals, enterprises and society
(Griffa, 2007)
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Figure 13 : How it Benefits the Society with examples
(Griffa, 2007)
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How HSPA important for E-learning?
Figure 14 : Importance towards E-Learning.
According to above figure, it clearly states the 67% of the lectures has stated that they
deliver course material electronically. To receive these course materials, and to do the
further studies and researches related to their stream of education, students needs an
internet connection. Because of HSPA has a larger bandwidth and specially the mobile
accessibility, it can cater students need, and give them a chance to study while travelling
and save their precious time which they waste to study too.
How HSPA is important to E-health?
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Figure 15 : Remote Consultation and Surgery
Main importance of HSPA is for the Remote Surgeries and Consultations, where when
they need to do urgent surgeries and treatments while travelling in urban areas and non-
urban areas, or while bringing patients to the hospitals from ambulances. Video and
Audio streaming is one of the main usage for such situations, where to keep in touch
with the hospital and the ambulance. Hence HSPA has a higher speed and the mobile
accessibility it can serve these situations. Apart from this situation, it is also helpful for
everyone for web consultations and to seek information regarding treatments and
diseases, etc.
Speed
HSPA has a peak download speed of 14Mbps and upload speed of 5.8Mbps. (Ericsson,
2007) Compared to technologies like GPRS and EDGE this offers the users a higher
bandwidth. HSPA technology has proved that it can cater mobile broadband in the
practical real-life situations.
Cost Effectiveness
HSPA has become a solution for most the business organizations which have helped
them to achieve their targets while satisfying their customers with a faster service, for a
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lower cost. Compared with other technologies like EDGE and GPRS, this offers the
users a higher speed to transfer their data including video and audio streams. Because of
its wireless and mobile accessibility, and performance it have increased the efficiency
and productivity ofpeoples day to day life. Because of most the networks are steppingin to HSPA technology, anyone who needs to access the internet while travelling can full
fill their need from HSPA enabled mobile devices.
Web Surfing
Users can experience the wireless internet while they are traveling around, using a
mobile phone or any portable device which allows to access to internet such as laptops,
tablets and PDAs. Where, it will help the people to stay in update about the news all
around, weather forecasts, social network updates, and stock exchanges. This technology
can cater all kind of people who needs the mobility to access the internet or email. It also
allows the users to connect to the wireless application protocols (WAP).
4. Implementation Of The Technology3G networks can be easily upgraded to HSPA. It comes as a Software upgrade to the
existing UMTS network.
How does HSPA WORK?
HSDPA stands for High Speed Downlink Packet Access .It is mainly used in for mobile
communication. It supports both uplink and downlink. HSPDA makes use of several
other technologies. The main feather of HSPDA is the introduction of transmission
channel for useful data.it also uses a very similar technology as EDGE(Enhanced Data
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Rates for GSM Evolution) technology for GSM radio interface. It supports high speed
uplink and downlink compared to other technologies. The characters that enable the
increase in data through put and time consuming are summarized below.
Time and code multiplexing of users. Fixed Spreading Factor SF 16 Shorter time - 2ms Multi-Code transmission No DTX (Discontinuous transmission) for the data channel Node B scheduling and link adaptation Node B retransmissions (H-ARQ - Hybrid Automatic Repeat-Request) Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) supporting higher order modulation No power control No soft handover
Node B
In UMTS network there will be a base station, which acts as an access point. The
packets sent to a user are kept in the Node B buffer until an ACK is received from the
terminal. This provides a physical radio link between the end users and the network.
Node B based Hybrid ARQ to reduce retransmission times and add robustness to the
system by allowing soft combining of retransmissions.
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Figure 16 : Mobile Channel
In general retransmissions are now performed directly between Node B and the User
equipment (UE).
RNC (Radio Network Controller)
RNC is an important element in the UMTS radio access network.it controls the
NodeB connected to it. It carries out radio resource management, mobility management
function and it is the places where encryption takes place before the send and received
from the mobile.it connect the circuit switch core network between media gateway and
serving GPRS Support Node inside the packet switch core network. HSDPA was
primarily implemented in the Node B and the RNC. In this technology the transmission
delays are minimized by placing the key most processing at the base station and also
closer to the air interface and the user.
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Figure 17 : RNC Diagram
As you can see from the above diagram, RNC is the bridge between media gateway and
the Node B.
HS-SCCH (High Speed Shared Control Channel): It is a downlink control channel. This
informs the end users mobile device when HSDPA data is scheduled for them. It also
provides information regarding how to decode the received data.
HS-DPCCH (High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel):it is an uplink
control channel. The functionality of this channel is to send reports to the base station by
the user equipment. Such reports will be regarding the request retransmission and about
the downlink channel quality.
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HS-PDSCH (High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel): It is a downlink
channel. In this channel both time and code multiplexed. This physical channel carries
the HS-DSCH user data. For each transmission carried there will be a number of HS-
PDSCHs assigned for each device. Maximum number of 5-15 HS-PDSCHs can beallocated depending upon the category of the mobile device. These mobile devices
belonging to different categories will have their own characteristics.
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSDPA uses AMC (Adaptive Modulation Coding) technology. This is where the base
station receives the data packets and schedules the transmission based on the users
priority and the channel operating environment along with the suitable coding and
modulation scheme. HSDPA allows provides re-transmission for errors correction.
When the base station (Node B) transmits a packet then it waits for a response. If doesnt
respond within a time, it assumes that the data packet was lost and re-transmits it.
HSDPA is mainly based on shared channel transmission. Its key features can be listed as
following.
Shared channel and multi-mode-code transmissionShared channel transmission is where channel codes and transmission power in a
cell are considered as a common resource that is shared between users in the time
and code domains. Compared to WCDMA this technology is efficient in using
the available codes and resources.
Higher-order ModulationWCDMA (3GPP Release 99) uses QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
modulation for the downlink transmissions, than this HSDPA can also use
16QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) to facilitate higher data rates.
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Scheduling and transmitting the data packets over air interface is done by base
stations (Node B). Scheduling is fast because it is performed closer to the air
interface and a short frame length (2ms) is used. Round Robin algorithm is used
to serve users on a unbiased and sequential manner.
Fast H-ARQ (Fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request)This handles fast and smart retransmission cycle. If all the information sent are
correctly decoded an acknowledgement is sent to the base station (Node B)
within a specific time frame of 2ms. If data is decoded incorrectly and if
information is missing, a negative acknowledgement is sent. At this point
missing data is retransmitted after which the original data is combined with the
retransmitted data.
4.1.Consideration before The ImplementationCertain principles must be taken into consideration before implementing. The place
where we have chosen is an aspect which must focus on. Since this can be implemented
on a 2G or 3G network which has a UMTS network infrastructure. To implement it on a
UMTS infrastructure, it may need new software and hardware equipment, technical
skills, capital amount. The area which is going to implement this technology must be
covered with the require signal coverage. If the area selected is covered well, the
maximum level of throughput can be obtained, otherwise signals drops can be occurred
which will cause for a lower speed. Therefore selecting the place to plant the
transmission towers must be selected precisely after checking all the aspects.
4.2.Government RegulationsHSPA is regarded as an internet broadband service, It is necessary that
telecommunication provider has a valid license from the Telecommunications
Regulatory Commission of the country.
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RULES made by the Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka under
Section 68 read with Section 5 (r) of the Sri Lanka Telecommunications Act, No. 25 of
1991, as amended by Sri lank a Telecommunications (Amendment) Act, No. 27of 1996,
and approved by the Minister of Posts and Telecommunications. (TelecommunicationRegulatory Commission of Sri Lanka, 2010)
4.3.Availability Of User EquipmentHSPA supports data rates up to 14mbps.But there will be no use if there is no
compatible user end devices available with the users. 3.5 G devices use a special sim
card called USIM, Universal Subscriber Identification Module, which can store more
than one identification number.
4.4.Human Resources and SkillsAccording to Lucent Technologies (2005), following personal are required for the
implementation of mobile network technologies including HSPA
Senior RF Systems Engineer Team leader, must have basicknowledge of all the skills. And very good knowledge in leader ship.
Senior Systems Applications Engineer leader needs to takeresponsibilities of managing and leading the team. He must have the
knowledge of softwares, Technical equipment and leading a team.
Technical Applications Engineer he must have the knowledge oftelecommunication industry. His role is to take care of the
communication technical issues.
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Senior Software Engineer must have a good knowledge inprogramming and softwares that are used in HSPA. Should be able to
make changes to software whenever necessary.
Senior Testing Engineer - Must have good knowledge about softwares.Must take the responsibly to find any issues in the proposed software.
Telecoms Product Implementation Engineer Must have a goodknowledge in telecommunication. His responsibility is to configure thesystem and the devices.
Field Engineersmust have a good knowledge in telecommunication.His role is to plan and perform layout work competently, accurately and
efficiently.
Telecom Design Engineer must have knowledge in mechanics andtelecommunications. Should be able to solve technical problems, repair
work and should know to handle new tools.
System Engineermust have knowledge in it and telecommunications.Responsibilities are to check the progress of the system and inform if
there is any issues.
3G / Wireless Protocol Stack Software Developer should haveknowledge in software mobile software development. Should be able to
develop mobile software when necessary.
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Everyone must have good communication skills. In Addition to their own qualifications,
all the above engineers must be specialized in wireless field engineering.
4.5.Implementation of HSPAHSPA can be easily built on top of existing 3G networks. It is a software which is there
to upgrade for UMTS networks.
4.6.Components In 3G/UMTS Networks
Figure 18 : Node B to External Networks
Node B
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Node B is connected with many mobile devices and one RNC. The RNC links with the
other entire core network. For more information please refer Node B from the
implementation of HSPA.
RNC-Radio Network Controller
RNC is responsible for controlling the node B that is connected to it.
Main functions are listed below.
Encryption Load controlling Packet scheduling
4.7.Technology Used In HSPAHARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request)
In this technique mainly focus on correcting errors. A sender will add an redundant bits
to its messages. This helps the receiver to detect and correct errors without spending
unnecessary time asking the sender to send it back again and again. Previous
transmissions are combined with the latest transmission. Individual retransmissions of
the packets are avoided.
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Figure 19 : HARQ Scenario
Above image show the basic scenario of HARQ. Node B transmits a block of data to the
mobile device, where it will be checked and then decoded. If the decoding process is
successful the device will send an acknowledgement (ACK) to node B. If the decoding
fails the device will send a Negative acknowledgement (NACK) and Node B will
respond by resending the same Block of data again to the mobile device.
Incremental Redundancy (IR)
It is mainly used in HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) and in EGPRS to get the
maximum performance out of available bandwidth. Different patterns and different sub
sets of bits will be used in a case of resubmission of data. Thats the reason which they
can combine bits together while decoding. As shown in below diagram.
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Figure 20 : IR
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
In mobile telephone network, the quality of a signal captured by user device depends on
number of factors such as Distance from base station, Path loss, noise pollution etc. The
core idea of AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding ) is to dynamically change the
Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) in subsequent frames with the objective of
adapting the overall efficiency to the channel condition. When channel conditions are
fair, the bits carrying more information are transmitted and when the channel conditions
are bad, the bits carrying less information is transmitted. This is achieved by varying the
modulation and coding schemes.
Modulation schemes
UMTS uses QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) modulations that can transmit two
data bits per symbol. 16 QAM modulation is supported on HSPA networks which is two
times the data transmission rates.64QAM modulation support three times the data
transmission rates in the same time interval.
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Fast Scheduling
This technique is used to queue the data in the sequential order before the data is
transmitted. Scheduling is done in Node B, instead of RNC, because Node B is closer to
the wireless interface. Scheduling is done according to the channel quality
Shared Downlink Channel
The Downlink Shared Channel is a downlink transport channel that may be shared by
several UE (User Equipment). Under the HSDPA variant, a separate channel known asthe high-speed downlink shared channel has been added specifically for the data
transmission form the network to the mobile phone in order to achieve high network
efficiency.
4.8.SecurityHSDPA does not provide any additional security functions. Users are authenticated by
their SIM (or R-UIM) cards. Data encoding for different users, typical of all CDMA
standards, works better than any cryptographic algorithm, but not if an intruder is in a
base station or somehow gets its channels code .the mobile blind spot is a connection
where enterprises have no visibility or control over the location or configuring of the
employees laptop, this leads to government fines. (ixbtlabs, 2006)
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5. Network ImplementationsHSPA is implemented on a 2G or 3G network.
2G / 2.5G Networks are consist with Base Transceiver Stations, Base Station Controllers
and Mobile Switching Center.
Mobile Switching server is connected with several servers. Those servers are:
Home Location Register - HLR Visitor Location RegisterVLR Authentication Center - AuC Equipment Identity Register - EIR
Base Transceiver Controller (BTC) is the link between the mobile phone and the
mobile (cellular) network.
Base Station Controller (BSC) is the interface for few base stations. Routing calls
to the nearest stations in area where the mobile is located is done by this.
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Figure 21 : 2G Network infrastructure
In 3G infrastructures base stations are converted into Node Bs and Radio Network
Controller is connected to it.
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Figure 22 : 3rd Generation Infrastructure
6. Advantages / StrengthsHSPA improves the end-user experience by increasing the peak download data rate of
14Mbps and peak upload data rate of 5.8Mbps , reduced it latency, providing up to five
times more system capacity in the download and up to twice as much system capacity in
the upload while reducing the production cost per bit. These capabilities will benefit the
operators by providing higher performance, improving end user experience for mobile
web access, data upload and download, voice over internet (VoIP) like Skype and
Streaming services like Internet TV, Webcasting, Internet Radio and etc. (Ericsson,
2007).
Also the HSPA consist with new modulation techniques (16QAM), it have reduces it
radio frame lengths, and have new functionalities within the radio network including re-
transmitting between the NodeB and the Radio Network Controller (RNC). (3GPP,
2011).
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Backward Compatibility
HSPA is backward compatible with UMTS, EDGE and GPRS. Therefore all the HSPA
users get the privilege of accessing to internet in the zones which arent covered by
HSPA, by using EDGE, GPRS. Therefore all these HSPA compatible devices are
ensured to keep the user connects with the best reachable network. It has its own ability
of shifting among networks when the user travels around.
Low Latency
It gives the privilege of downloading a webpage which is consist with number of
different objects within short time duration. According to 3gamerica, HSPA provides
latency which is less than 50ms. Compared to previous versions of HSPA, the Release 5
has a shorter transmission time interval which is nearly 2ms and because of HSPA has
reduces its latency for 30ms.
Cost Effective
HSPA is more cost effective compared to GPRS and EDGE, because of the higher rate
of data and the efficient use of the spectrum. But initially to implement and purchase
HSPA devices there must be a large capital. There for it is cost effective, in a long term.
High Data Rates - Higher order modulation
16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM) provides up to 14 Mbps peak rate in the
downlink as well as 12 Mbps in the uplink. 64QAM modulation will enable peak
downlink data rates of 21 Mbps. (GSMA, 2007)
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High Data RatesMulti Code Transmission
Several codes are used simultaneously, to allow the system to allocate resources per
users flexibly, thus reaching the high peak rates described above. (GSMA, 2007)
Efficient use of spectrum
HSPA uses its spectrum more efficiently, which enables the operator to keep up with the
growth of his network, without purchasing extra frequency spectrum. The capacity is 3
times higher than a UMTS network. Therefore the operators will be able to reduce the
overhead cost.
Usage of Optimized Spectrum
According to 3gamericas.org (2009), HSPA network operates for most GSM
frequencies, which enables the global roaming and flexibility. The frequencies which
supports with HSPA devices : 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz,
2100 MHz, and 1700/2100MHz and will supports for 700 MHz, 2500 MHz, 2600 MHz,
1500 MHz used in Japan and 2300MHz in United States and for all future frequency
bands
7. Disadvantages / ProblemsThe HSPA and the R99/4 service cannot share the same carrier frequency resources
effectively because of the system require a switch in the system band so it increases the
delay time.
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HSPA suffers from cell breathing. Cell Breathing means that there will be interference
between the users in the same cell and the neighboring cells, consequently this will be a
disadvantage because then the connection will not be clear and it will take a longer time
to download or upload data.
Wi-Max will be a serious competitor because HSPA has a theoretical speed limit of
14.4Mbps. It has a 70Mbps with a range of close to 30 miles all from just a single base
station. But the theoretical speed limit of HSPA is 14.4Mbps, so WiMAX can be a huge
competitor for HSPA this the main disadvantage HSPA faces at the moment.
HSPA charging for the data downloaded. It charges for the amount of data that has been
downloaded during a month or a week, this downloaded data includes the loading of
web pages so this is a disadvantage to the users because they have to pay money to the
uploading of web pages too.
HSPA has a limitation to download data. There is a limitation to the amount of data that
can be downloaded and if the user exceeds this specific amount of data the connection
will be very slow.
8. Suitability Of The Technology HSPAThe main reason factor for the demand for this HSPA is because its higher bandwidth,
mobilized accessibility, low cost for the usage. Because of that only from most the
industries HSA have received such an demand. Also in Importance of HSPA, we
have described few certain places in industry and society where HSPA is more suitable
and currently using on. When considering about the industry and locality, where the
HSPA is implemented and proposed, it can be used for following purposed in the
industry
Music and Video: due to the higher bandwidth of HSPA networks users canupload and download videos and audios.
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VOIP: allows the users to use the VoIP applications like Skype while travellingaround, since HSPA has the mobile accessibility.
PTT(PUSH TO TALK): allows communicating with a group of people with asingle click.
High Speed Web Browsing Video Telephony
9. Common Issues in Commercial Issues in Commercial ServicesThe HSPA solution can be implemented on 3
rdGeneration or 2
ndGeneration GSM
network. To use HSPA the network should be upgraded to 3.5 generation. To upgradetelecom companies need technical support and hardware implementation on the current
network infrastructure. The implementing HSPA area should be covered with 3.5G
signal coverage.
HSDPA is one of the most famous HSPA based broadband internet solutions used in
many countries including Sri Lanka. In current there are many interesting HSPA
packages in Sri Lanka. EG: 3.6mbps, 7.2 mbps. But the complaint rates of the customers
are getting higher and higher in Sri Lanka. Because they dont get the exact download or
upload speeds that the company tells.
Below is the basic mobile network diagram.
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Figure 23 : Mobile Network
Whenever the mobile Service providers state that they can provide 7.2mbps download
speed, it means the maximum data rate which the cell tower can support. But the users
think that they will get a download speed of 7.2mbps. For an example: The Cell tower C
in the diagram, assume that the speed of the tower is 14.2mbps. and the speed 14.2mbps
is shared among Device 4 and Device 6 then the speed that the each device will get is
14.2/2=7.1mbps. But in a real life one tower is shared by many users. But it is possible
to provide high download speeds.
In order to AT & T, HSPA cell towers can range from 1.8mbps to 14.2mbps.and the
speed will be varying depend on the tower which the device is connected. The other
main factor of this is the connection between base station and the tower. According to
the International Telecommunication Union usually this is an E1 Connection. It has a
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maximum speed of 2038kbps (2.048mbps full-duplex up and 2.048 down). Though the
tower supports 7.2mbps it has to share a 2.048kbps connection with the base station
which is shared among voice data and tower control signals. The users in cities like
Colombo are not affected because there are many towers with high capacity to balancingthe data traffic during the office hours. And in night times the HSPA are much faster
because the towers are not occupied with voice data.
The Cell tower B in the diagram uses tower A to establish a connection with the base
station. By this process tower B gets even lower data transfer rate than Tower A. the
Device 5 can access either tower B or E. when the user access tower B user will get a
lower speed and when accessing E the user will get much faster speed. This happens
because the tower E has a direct connection with the base station and tower B doesnt
has a direct connection with the base station. This scenario is common in suburb areas.
To attain higher throughput, E1 (2048kbps*3=6144kbps) where 3.6mbps should be
allocated for HSPA and other data services like 3G and 2.4mbps should be allocated for
Voice and signal. In a situation as such, an average of 1-1.5mbps could be achieved.
10.Evolved HSPA (HSPA+)Evolved HSPA is also known as HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access Plus). It was
standardized in 3GPP Release 7 and 8. It allows the operators to extend the life of their
HSPA network and apply a techniques developed for Long Term Evolution (LTE).
Evolved HSPA will bring better performance and support for interactive services and
real-time conversational such as Video and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Push-
to-Talk over Cellular (PoC) and picture and video sharing through the latest features like
Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output antennas (MIMO), Higher Order Modulations and
Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC).
What is Multiple Input Multiple Outputs? (MIMO)
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MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-output) is a new feature that has attracted attention in
wireless technology .MIMO technology will support higher data downlink up
to20Mpbs.Also the though output will be increased. (Pauraj et al., 2003)
Some of the key features of Evolved HSPA
Its a simple upgrade to todays HSPA networks, protecting an operatorsinvestment in the network. HSPA+ enhancements are backward-compatible with
UMTS Release 99/Release 5/Release 6.
HSPA+ provides a strategic performance roadmap advantage for incumbentGSM-HSPA operators providing OFDMA-equivalent performance in 5X5 MHz
spectrum allocations with only incremental investment. HSPA+ could match, and
possibly exceed, the potential performance capabilities of IEEE 802.16e-2005
(mobile WiMAX) in the same amount of spectrum, and could match LTE
performance when using 5 MHz of spectrum.
HSPA+ will reduce latency below 50 milliseconds (ms) as well as increase theHSPA capacity significantly.
The first phase of HSPA+ with 64 QAM has already been deployedcommercially and is providing peak theoretical downlink throughput rates of 21
Mbps
HSPA+ with 64 QAM and advanced antenna techniques such as 2X2 MIMO candeliver 42 Mbps theoretical capability and 11.5 Mbps on the uplink and could be
ready for deployment in 2010.
Smooth interworking will be provided between HSPA+ and LTE that facilitatesoperation of both technologies. As such, operators may choose to leverage theSystem Architecture Evolution/Evolved Packet Core (SAE/EPC) planned for
LTE.
HSPA+ supports voice and data services on the same carrier and across all of theavailable radio spectrum and offers these services simultaneously to users.
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12.ConclusionThis research is fully based on the famous wireless data communication technology for
the past few years, which has a massive growth compared to the other by now, according
to the statistical reports (charts) shown in the documentation.
For the past couple of years, HSPA has proven that its mobile accessibility and the
higher bandwidth with the additional features inherited to it have evolved in the
technological growth. According to the research, several telecommunication company
reports and website shows that it has the highest peak downloading rate among the
mobile wireless technologies in the present. The evolution of the HSPA era was
mentioned in the documentation, where it steps in to the world, and how HSPA caters
and how HSPA handles a major role in telecommunication process currently. The
importance of this advanced technology to the society, towards the e-education and e-
heath when the people are travelling around, to save their precious time is vital. Not
only for the e-learning and e-heath, but all so for various fields including business, this
HSPA is vital, where when the business people wanted to keep video conferencing,
virtual meetings among their partners, while travelling around, and to transfer data, from
a place where ever they are because of its mobility, reliability, performance and
specially for it cost effectiveness. It is also and technology which is approved by the
government of Sri Lanka (TRC), where they have published certain rules and regulations
for it. Comparing the advantages with the other technologies, this technology has an
unique blend of features like mobility, higher bandwidth, low latency. The future of
HSPA is HSPA+ and LTE Technologies (4G). Our Objective of the research is achived
for the most extent as we expected, therefore this research document can be used for any
under graduates or any IT liberated person for their learning purpose. When looking
back all the statistical charts and data, given by GSMA and other authorized
organizations, HSPA has already done a major revolution in the telecommunication
history.
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13.Critical EvaluationCurrently everyone talks about the HSPA, mobile internet accessibility. Therefore we
thought of picking the topic HSPA as our research project. While we are researching the
resources and data for the HSPA, we managed to go through bunch of interesting points
which we never knew about. One of the most interesting out of it is, we got to know that
HSUPA name was given by the NOKIA Company, where we actually thought that it
was given by 3GPP.
While we seeking for the information for this HSPA, we had to face for many
circumstance. It occurred when we tried to seek for the security in HSPA, and Network
implementations. Due to the limited resources in internet regarding these points had to
face for hard times.
Somehow our target was to submit the assignment at least one day before the
assignment. And as we targeted we managed to finish it one day earlier, because of we
had a great team spirit among the group. We had sleepless night to finish the
assignments.
.
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http://www.3gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&pageid=1101#_4 [Accessed 23
August 2011].
3GPP, 2011.HSPA. [Online] Available at:http://www.3gpp.org/HSPA[Accessed 24
August 2011].
4gamericas, n.d.EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM. [Online] Available at:
http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page§ionid=244 [Accessed 24
August 2011].
Ericsson, 2007.Basic Concept of HSPA - White Page. [Online] Ericsson Available at:
http://www.classicict.com/tutors/3087_basic_conc_hspa_a.pdf[Accessed 27 August
2011].
Ghadialy, Z., 2006.High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA): A Tutorial. [Online]
Available at:http://www.3g4g.co.uk/Tutorial/ZG/zg_hsupa.html [Accessed 24 August
2011].
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%20ERICSSON.pdf[Accessed 25 August 2011].
GSA, 2011. GSA confirms 70% jump in 42 Mbps DC-HSPA+ network deployments over
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[Accessed 24 August 2011].
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http://www.gsacom.com//downloads/charts/hspa_subscriptions_forecast.php4.
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gsacom, 2011. hsdpa_cumulative_network_launches. [Online] Available at::
http://www.gsacom.com//downloads/charts/hsdpa_cumulative_network_launches.php4
[Accessed 21 August 2011].
gsacom, 2011.HSDPA_deployments_world_map. [Online] Available at::http://www.gsacom.com//downloads/charts/HSDPA_deployments_world_map.php4
[Accessed 24 August 2011].
gsacom, 2011.HSDPA_network_launches. [Online] Available at:
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15.Appendix
15.1. Appendix A: Workload
Workload MatrixHirosh Dilshan Sathya
1.0Choosing a Topic 33.3% 33.3% 33.3%2.0Gantt Chart 100%3.0Work Load Matrix 100%4.0Introduction About the Project 100%
4.1HSPA 100%
4.2HSUPA 100%4.3HSDPA 100%
5.0Evolution 100%6.0Importance of HSPA 100%7.0Implementation of Technology 100%
7.1Considerations before implementation 100%7.2Government regulations 100%7.3Availability of user equipments 100%7.4Human Resources and Skills 100%7.5Components in 3G\UMTS network 100%7.6Technology used in HSPA 100%7.7Security 100%
8.0Network Implementation 100%9.0Advantages \ Strengths 100%10.0 Disadvantages \ Problems 100%11.0 Suitability of Technology 100%12.0 Common Issues in Commercial HSPA 100%13.0 HSPA+ 100%
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15.2. Appendix B: Gantt chart
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15.3. Appendix C: Meeting Minutes
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