Telecommuncation Project - Hirosh Tharaka

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ASIA PACIFIC INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

APIIT Diploma Part II

Group Assignment

Telecommunications (TELEC) Project

Prepared By

Hirosh Tharaka D. M . DCB 004149

Dilshan ZuhdiCB 004150

Sathya BamanCB 004114

Module CodeAICT005-3-2

CohortDF10A1ICT

Date of Submission

2nd

September 2011

Instructor

Mr. Balachandran G

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of

Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Computing
http://apiit.edu.my/


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Group Component Individual

Component

Assumptions(5)

Reportcontent(10)

Diagrams

and/orFigures

(20)

Analytical

and

Critical

Thinking(20)

Documentation(5)

Referencing(10)

GroupTotal(70)

Presentation(20)

ProgressReport(5)

WorkloadMatrix(5)

IndividualTotal(30)

GrandTotal(100)

Name 1:

Hirosh Tharaka

D. M. D

Name 2:

Dilshan Zuhdi

Name3:

Sathya Baman


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Acknowledgement

It is with great pleasure we acknowledge all those who helped us in making this project

a success. Especially we would like to dedicate our sincere gratitude to Mr. G.Balachandran and Mr. Udesh Amarasinghe for their continuous support and guidance

and valuable advices throughout the project. And also I would like to thank my friends

who support me and encourage me throughout this project.

I would also like to thank my parents who were always with me support me to fulfill my

career objectives. Last but not the least my gratitude goes to APIIT Lanka for providing

the laboratory and library facilities.


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Abstract

HSPA is a combination of HSUPA and HSDPA which got famous around in the past

couple of years time. Currently, It handles a major role in the society by helping the allthe people to make their work easier, efficient and productively. Since the mobile

technology is something which is essential in day to day life. Though there are few other

mobile technologies available around the world, there are few reasons for HSPA to be

popular among the others. The main reason for this popularity was because its mobile

accessibility, higher bandwidth and lower cost.

In this research report, the growth of HSPA compared to other networks using statistical

charts, benefits for the human from it, advantages and disadvantages, network

implementations, and more information are there.


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Table of ContentsAcknowledgement............................................................................................................. iiAbstract ............................................................................................................................ iiiTable of Figures ................................................................................................................. vList of Abbreviations......................................................................................................... vi1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 11.1. Scope of the research .............................................................................................. 21.2. HSPA ...................................................................................................................... 2

Why Do Operators Upgrading Their UMTS Networks To HSPA? .............................. 3What Network Speeds Are Offered By HSPA Technology?......................................... 3What Are The Benefits Of HSPA To Operators And Their Clients\ Customers? ....... 3

1.3. HSUPA .................................................................................................................. 11HSUPA General Features: ........................................................................................... 12

1.4. HSDPA .................................................................................................................. 132. EVOLUTION ........................................................................................................... 16

HSCSD ......................................................................................................................... 17EDGE ........................................................................................................................... 18

3. Importance of HSPA ................................................................................................. 18How HSPA Affects A Humans Lifestyle? ................................................................. 19How It Benefits For Individuals, Enterprises And Society Today? ............................. 20How HSPA important for E-learning? ......................................................................... 22How HSPA is important to E-health? .......................................................................... 22Speed ............................................................................................................................ 23Cost Effectiveness ........................................................................................................ 23Web Surfing ................................................................................................................. 24

4. Implementation Of The Technology......................................................................... 24How does HSPA WORK? ........................................................................................... 24

4.1. Consideration before The Implementation............................................................ 304.2. Government Regulations ....................................................................................... 304.3. Availability Of User Equipment ........................................................................... 314.4. Human Resources and Skills ................................................................................. 31


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4.5. Implementation of HSPA ...................................................................................... 334.6. Components In 3G/UMTS Networks.................................................................... 334.7. Technology Used In HSPA ................................................................................... 344.8.

Security ................................................................................................................. 37

5. Network Implementations......................................................................................... 386. Advantages / Strengths ............................................................................................. 40

Low Latency................................................................................................................. 41Cost Effective ............................................................................................................... 41High Data Rates - Higher order modulation ................................................................ 41High Data RatesMulti Code Transmission .............................................................. 42Efficient use of spectrum ............................................................................................. 42Usage of Optimized Spectrum ..................................................................................... 42

7. Disadvantages / Problems ......................................................................................... 428. Suitability Of The Technology HSPA ...................................................................... 439. Common Issues in Commercial Issues in Commercial Services .............................. 4410. Evolved HSPA (HSPA+) ...................................................................................... 4611. Limitation .............................................................................................................. 4812. Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 4913. Critical Evaluation ................................................................................................ 5014. Bibiliography ........................................................................................................ 5115. Appendix ............................................................................................................... 5415.1. Appendix A: Workload ..................................................................................... 54Workload Matrix .............................................................................................................. 5415.2. Appendix B: Gantt chart .................................................................................... 5515.3. Appendix C: Meeting Minutes .......................................................................... 56

Table of FiguresFigure 1 - HSPA Deployments World Map ....................................................................... 5Figure 2 - HSPA Subscription growth against WCDMA .................................................. 6Figure 3 - HSPA Network launch (Annually).................................................................... 7


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1. IntroductionThe given research about wireless and mobile networks available in present was a chose

one. We studied briefly in some wireless and mobile networks and choose HSPA. We

decided this topic because it is the one of the main area that growing very quickly in

mobile network.

This research has all the latest required details about the technology in simple form.

The network, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink

Packet Access (HSUPA) are developed worldwide in order to increase the data rate and

the capacity for downlink and uplink packet data. HSDPA introduced as a release of 5

features in 3rd Generation Partnership Project, and the HSUPA is an important feature of

3rd Generation Partnership Project release 6. The combination of HSDPA and HSUPA is

called as HIGH SPEED PACKED ACCESS (HSPA).

We has emphasized on certain aspects, they are

Importance of HSPA Implementation of the technology Advantages / Strength of the technology Disadvantages and Problems associated in the technology Suitability of the technology Common issues in commercial HSPA service Future of HSPA


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We have research about these areas and given a descriptive report about each of the

topic given above. And we have also added some more useful information about

HSPA in our report.

1.1.Scope of the researchOur scope is basically to cover the information about the HSPA, using few resources out

of all what is available in internet including white papers, journals and other acceptable

documentations. This HSPA research is mainly targeted on the HSUPA and HSDPA

only. HSPA was compared with the WiMAX, in certain places throughout this

documentation, where we thought its bit necessary to show out certain figures like

growth of it HSPA compared with it.

1.2.HSPAHSPA is the abbreviated term of High Speed Packet Access which is a protocol which is

used for mobile data transmission. It is an amalgamation of two mobile

telecommunication protocols knows and HSUPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)

and HSDPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access). It is a cost efficient upgrade for the

UMTS technology with a higher bandwidth and a lower latency levels.

HSPA is used to refer the UMTS Technology based 3G networks which supports the

both HSUPA and HSDPA since it is a combination of both. (mobileburn.com, 2009)

Since it is an upgrade for the UMTS network, it contains all the facilities of default

UMTS features and also the additional and advanced technologies. The reason for the

upgrade was the increasing demand for the UMTS which caused in the evolution of

HSPA.


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HSPA uses both the downlink and uplink to send data from the HSPA enabled device to

the source and also from the source to the HSPA enabled device. It is known as the 3rd

Generation Technology used in mobile telephones which has designed to speed up the

data transmission rate and the capacity (bandwidth) of the network.

According to 3gamericas, HSDPA uses the 3GPP Release 5 and HSUPA Release 6

technologies as in further details. (3gamericas.org, 2009).

Why Do Operators Upgrading Their UMTS Networks To HSPA?

The major two reasons for this next foot step in their networks was because of the low

incremental cost and the HSPA makes an efficient use of spectrum for the data, that it

will return the result in an overall low cost per MB (Mega Byte) of delivering data.

(3gamericas.org, 2009)

What Network Speeds Are Offered By HSPA Technology?

Typical HSPA downlink rate is form 1 to 14 Mbps and the typical HSPA uplink rate is

from 500kbps to 2 Mbps. According to the theory, peek speed of a downlink is higher at

14bps and the uplink is 5.8Mbps. (3gamericas.org, 2009)

What Are The Benefits Of HSPA To Operators And Their Clients \

Customers?

It benefits the operators by making using spectrum more efficiently, up to threetimes more capacity compared with the UMTS. Efficiency means the operator


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can cost effectively and easily accommodate more number of users and more

services without the need of purchasing additional spectrum to full fill the

growth.

HSPA is backward compatible with UMTS, EDGE and GPRS. This benefits thecustomers who travel around and once they moved into areas which arent

covered with HSPA. And due to the backward compatibility, the applications

which are designed for UMTS, EDGE and GPRS will work in HSPA networks

and also in HSPA devices. This will benefit the application developers and the

operators too.

HSPA works in most GSM frequencies which enabling global roaming andaffording a great amount of flexibility.

According to 3gamericas (2009), Infrastructure and devices are currentlysupported for UMTS-HSPA by a variety of vendors in the following frequencies:

850, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100 and 1700/2100 MHz and will also be

supported for frequency bands including 700, 2500 and 2600 MHz as well as the

1500 MHz band in Japan and the 2300 MHz in the U.S.

By the end of year 2007, there were nearly 166 commercial HSPA networks around

in 75 countries, with 38 more networks committed to be deployment. (3GPP, 2011)

446 HSPA operator commitments in 170 countries, 410 commercial HSPA

operators in 162 countries (GSA, 2011)


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Figure 1 - HSPA Deployments World Map

(gsacom, 2011)

Source:http://www.gsacom.com//downloads/charts/HSDPA_deployments_world_map.php4

The above figure shows the coverage of HSPA networks around the world. According to

the above figure, there are 446 HSPA networks around the world, in 170 countries.
http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_deployments_world_map.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_deployments_world_map.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_deployments_world_map.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_deployments_world_map.php4


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Figure 2 - HSPA Subscription growth against WCDMA

(gsacom, 2010)

Source:http://www.gsacom.com//downloads/charts/hspa_subscriptions_forecast.php4.

The above figure clearly shows the gigantic growth of the HSPA for the past four years

period. According to its statistics the annual growth is around 42.4%. Compared to the

WCDMA, HSPA have placed a major role in the globe.
http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/hspa_subscriptions_forecast.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/hspa_subscriptions_forecast.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/hspa_subscriptions_forecast.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/hspa_subscriptions_forecast.php4


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Figure 3 - HSPA Network launch (Annually)

(gsacom, 2011)

Source:http://www.gsacom.com//downloads/charts/HSDPA_network_launches.php4

Annual network launches around the worldwide is shown by the above figure, where

most the networks launched in 2006.
http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_network_launches.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_network_launches.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_network_launches.php4http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/charts/HSDPA_network_launches.php4


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Figure 4 - HSPA Cumulative Network Growth

(gsacom, 2011)


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The figure below shows the growth of HSPA compared to WiMAX .

Figure 5 : Growth of HSPA vs. WiMAX

(GSMA, 2007)

The above figure shows the growth of HSPA against the WiMAX technology. And

clearly shows the massive growth of HSPA against the WiMAX. And according to the

above figure statics in 2011, its 8 times greater than the WiMAX.


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Figure 6 : Comparison of HSPA with WiMAX

(GSMA, 2007)

Chart above clearly states that more number of tick are given for HSPA, and among all

two of the greatest advantage is compared WiMAX is the mobility and the High

Bandwidth in non-urban areas.


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1.3.HSUPAHSUPA (High Speed uplink packet access) is an upgrade for the UMTS which allows

for a peak uplink of 5.76Mbps. (Mobileburn, 2009). It is a 3G mobile telephony protocolin HSPA family for mobile devices with extreme high speed upload rate as mentioned

above. It is a release 6 feature in 3GPP specifications. It is the next step after the

HSDPA. It more often calls as the Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel (E-DCH), by

the technical people. The main aim of this technology is to increase the uplink data

transferring rate in UMTS environment, which achieves its high performance through

more efficient uplink scheduling in the base station and a faster re-transmission control.

(Ghadialy, 2006). HSUPA is considers as the 3.75G. (Mobileisgood, 2007).

Since the HSPA technology is based on software, it provides and inexpensive broadband

internet service. Due to that reason, there is no reason of new infrastructures to

replacements when upgrading. But the networking equipment may need to replace or

upgrade with new software upgrading. (Anon, 2010)

The name HSUPA was created by Nokia, and the 3GPP does not support with name

HSUPA. Instead of HSUPA they use the name Enhanced Uplink (EUL). (Telit, 2010)

First commercial launch of HSUPA was in early 2007. 24 networks launched by the end

of the year. According to the Statistics of Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA),

more than 45 networks have launched, on testing process or planning to deploy HSUPA.

(3GPP, 2011).

40% of HSPA operators have launched HSUPA (GSA, 2011).


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HSUPA General Features:

Maximum transmission rate of 5.76Mbps

BPSK modulation ( Binary Phase-Shift Keying )

No adaptive modulation

Multi-code transmission

Spreading Factor either 2 or 4

10ms and 2ms TTI (but initially only 10ms TTI to be used)

Hybrid ARQ (HARQ - Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request)

Fast Packet Scheduling in the uplink

Soft Handover supported

(Ghadialy, 2006).


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Figure 7 - HSUPA Device growth chart

Source: (gsacom, 2011)

1.4.HSDPAHSDPA is the enhanced 3rd Generation mobile telecommunication protocol in HSPA

family, which is also knows as 3.5G, which allows the networks which are based on

UMTS to have a higher data transfer rate and a capacity. (Telit, 2010). This is known

as the 3GPPs release 5 which was approved in 1999. It is a cost efficient upgrade to the

UMTS networks. This service got more popular because of its mobility and the wide

area coverage. Compared to UMTS technology used in networks, HSDPA has numberof advantages too.

HSDPA provides a faster throughput along with lower latency levels. It offers the voice

and data transmission simultaneously. Since cost per bit is lower, it is more cost


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effective compared to GPRS and UMTS. It can provide packet switched services to

several users efficiently. (Anon, 2005)

HSDPA is the advanced technology out of HSDPA and HSUPA. But when both the

HSDPA and HSUPA work together, it will enhance the transferring speed for receiving

and sending.

This have improved the system capacity and have increase the user data rates in

direction of downlink which transmissions from the radio access control (RAC) to the

mobile terminal. This performance improvement is based on following few points:

Adaptive modulation and coding Fast scheduling function which is controlling from the base station(BTS), rather

than controlling from a radio network controller (RTC)

Faster re-transmission with soft combining and incremental redundancy.(Nokia, 2003)

More than 70% of the HSPA operators have given a peak download speed of at least

7.2Mbps for their customers. (GSA, 2011)

At least 92 HSUPA networks (over 55%) support 5.8 Mbps peak uplink data speed and

another 9 networks support 11.5 Mbps peak (GSA, 2011).


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Figure 8 - Pie Chart of HSDPA peak data speeds

(gsacom, 2011)

Source: http://www.gsacom.com//downloads/charts/evolution_of_hsdpa_data_speeds.php4


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2. EVOLUTIONDemand to the internet in present has massively increased. HSPA is a combination of

both the HSDPA and HSUPA. This technology is an evolution and an enhancement ofWCDMA, where different procedures have been used for modulation and coding. This

was designed to speed-up the capacity of the network and the data transmission rate and

it is a 3rd

generation technology used in most mobile devices in present. Evolution of a

particular technology is denotes to the process of expanding the present infrastructure. It

will produce in introducing new methods of mobile data communication services.

HSDPA is and cost efficient productive service which is upgraded on UMTS. Compared

to the WLAN which is mostly used in the present, this has higher performance along

with the additional features and advantages. One of the main key out of those is mobility

and universal coverage.

Four main transmission systems involved in the evolution on GSM to 3rd

Generation.

High Speed Circuit Switched Data - HSCSD General Packet Radio Service - GPRS Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution - EDGE Universal Mobile Telephone SystemUMTS


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Figure 9 : Evolution of Mobile System to 3G

Figure 10 : 3G Evolution

HSCSD

HSCSD which is known as High Speed Circuit Switched Data is an improvement of

Circuit Switched Data (CSD). CSD is the original data transferring mechanism of the

GSM mobile phone system. (mobileisgood, 2007)


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EDGE

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) is a digital mobile telecommunication

technology which has allowed for an enhanced data transmission rate as a backward

compatible extension of GSM.

EDGE is a 3rd

generation technology which enables a high speed data services like

internet access and multimedia streaming. (4gamericas, n.d.)

3. Importance of HSPAThe major benefits of HSPA are higher data rates, wide area coverage (geographically)

with full mobility and low latency between the HSPA device and the handset. Since it

has bought down the cost for a minimal level, it is more cost effective too.

HSPA improves end-user growth by:

Increasing peak data rates to 14 Mbit/s in the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s in theuplink

Reducing latency (less 50ms) Providing the down-link system capacity up to five times higher and the up-

link system capacity up to two times higher, reducing the production cost per

bit.

(Ericsson, 2007)


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How HSPA Affects A Humans Lifestyle?

When people travel around the world to full fill their need most of them needs a mobile

internet connection to communicate around and stay update.

The following figure shows the forecast of mobile broadband growth by year 2012

compare with the fixed broadband growth.

Figure 11 : Forecast of mobile broadband growth

HSPA have helped the humans to increase the productivity of humans day to day work,

and have increased its efficiency too.


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How It Benefits For Individuals, Enterprises And Society Today?

Figure 12 : benefits for individuals, enterprises and society

(Griffa, 2007)


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Figure 13 : How it Benefits the Society with examples

(Griffa, 2007)


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How HSPA important for E-learning?

Figure 14 : Importance towards E-Learning.

According to above figure, it clearly states the 67% of the lectures has stated that they

deliver course material electronically. To receive these course materials, and to do the

further studies and researches related to their stream of education, students needs an

internet connection. Because of HSPA has a larger bandwidth and specially the mobile

accessibility, it can cater students need, and give them a chance to study while travelling

and save their precious time which they waste to study too.

How HSPA is important to E-health?


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Figure 15 : Remote Consultation and Surgery

Main importance of HSPA is for the Remote Surgeries and Consultations, where when

they need to do urgent surgeries and treatments while travelling in urban areas and non-

urban areas, or while bringing patients to the hospitals from ambulances. Video and

Audio streaming is one of the main usage for such situations, where to keep in touch

with the hospital and the ambulance. Hence HSPA has a higher speed and the mobile

accessibility it can serve these situations. Apart from this situation, it is also helpful for

everyone for web consultations and to seek information regarding treatments and

diseases, etc.

Speed

HSPA has a peak download speed of 14Mbps and upload speed of 5.8Mbps. (Ericsson,

2007) Compared to technologies like GPRS and EDGE this offers the users a higher

bandwidth. HSPA technology has proved that it can cater mobile broadband in the

practical real-life situations.

Cost Effectiveness

HSPA has become a solution for most the business organizations which have helped

them to achieve their targets while satisfying their customers with a faster service, for a


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lower cost. Compared with other technologies like EDGE and GPRS, this offers the

users a higher speed to transfer their data including video and audio streams. Because of

its wireless and mobile accessibility, and performance it have increased the efficiency

and productivity ofpeoples day to day life. Because of most the networks are steppingin to HSPA technology, anyone who needs to access the internet while travelling can full

fill their need from HSPA enabled mobile devices.

Web Surfing

Users can experience the wireless internet while they are traveling around, using a

mobile phone or any portable device which allows to access to internet such as laptops,

tablets and PDAs. Where, it will help the people to stay in update about the news all

around, weather forecasts, social network updates, and stock exchanges. This technology

can cater all kind of people who needs the mobility to access the internet or email. It also

allows the users to connect to the wireless application protocols (WAP).

4. Implementation Of The Technology3G networks can be easily upgraded to HSPA. It comes as a Software upgrade to the

existing UMTS network.

How does HSPA WORK?

HSDPA stands for High Speed Downlink Packet Access .It is mainly used in for mobile

communication. It supports both uplink and downlink. HSPDA makes use of several

other technologies. The main feather of HSPDA is the introduction of transmission

channel for useful data.it also uses a very similar technology as EDGE(Enhanced Data


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Rates for GSM Evolution) technology for GSM radio interface. It supports high speed

uplink and downlink compared to other technologies. The characters that enable the

increase in data through put and time consuming are summarized below.

Time and code multiplexing of users. Fixed Spreading Factor SF 16 Shorter time - 2ms Multi-Code transmission No DTX (Discontinuous transmission) for the data channel Node B scheduling and link adaptation Node B retransmissions (H-ARQ - Hybrid Automatic Repeat-Request) Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) supporting higher order modulation No power control No soft handover

Node B

In UMTS network there will be a base station, which acts as an access point. The

packets sent to a user are kept in the Node B buffer until an ACK is received from the

terminal. This provides a physical radio link between the end users and the network.

Node B based Hybrid ARQ to reduce retransmission times and add robustness to the

system by allowing soft combining of retransmissions.


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Figure 16 : Mobile Channel

In general retransmissions are now performed directly between Node B and the User

equipment (UE).

RNC (Radio Network Controller)

RNC is an important element in the UMTS radio access network.it controls the

NodeB connected to it. It carries out radio resource management, mobility management

function and it is the places where encryption takes place before the send and received

from the mobile.it connect the circuit switch core network between media gateway and

serving GPRS Support Node inside the packet switch core network. HSDPA was

primarily implemented in the Node B and the RNC. In this technology the transmission

delays are minimized by placing the key most processing at the base station and also

closer to the air interface and the user.
http://bp0.blogger.com/_7secEwWB2BQ/R7Q-rIwqcoI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/xwGBaws8XVs/s1600-h/HSPA.bmp


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Figure 17 : RNC Diagram

As you can see from the above diagram, RNC is the bridge between media gateway and

the Node B.

HS-SCCH (High Speed Shared Control Channel): It is a downlink control channel. This

informs the end users mobile device when HSDPA data is scheduled for them. It also

provides information regarding how to decode the received data.

HS-DPCCH (High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel):it is an uplink

control channel. The functionality of this channel is to send reports to the base station by

the user equipment. Such reports will be regarding the request retransmission and about

the downlink channel quality.


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HS-PDSCH (High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel): It is a downlink

channel. In this channel both time and code multiplexed. This physical channel carries

the HS-DSCH user data. For each transmission carried there will be a number of HS-

PDSCHs assigned for each device. Maximum number of 5-15 HS-PDSCHs can beallocated depending upon the category of the mobile device. These mobile devices

belonging to different categories will have their own characteristics.

High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSDPA uses AMC (Adaptive Modulation Coding) technology. This is where the base

station receives the data packets and schedules the transmission based on the users

priority and the channel operating environment along with the suitable coding and

modulation scheme. HSDPA allows provides re-transmission for errors correction.

When the base station (Node B) transmits a packet then it waits for a response. If doesnt

respond within a time, it assumes that the data packet was lost and re-transmits it.

HSDPA is mainly based on shared channel transmission. Its key features can be listed as

following.

Shared channel and multi-mode-code transmissionShared channel transmission is where channel codes and transmission power in a

cell are considered as a common resource that is shared between users in the time

and code domains. Compared to WCDMA this technology is efficient in using

the available codes and resources.

Higher-order ModulationWCDMA (3GPP Release 99) uses QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)

modulation for the downlink transmissions, than this HSDPA can also use

16QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) to facilitate higher data rates.


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Scheduling and transmitting the data packets over air interface is done by base

stations (Node B). Scheduling is fast because it is performed closer to the air

interface and a short frame length (2ms) is used. Round Robin algorithm is used

to serve users on a unbiased and sequential manner.

Fast H-ARQ (Fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request)This handles fast and smart retransmission cycle. If all the information sent are

correctly decoded an acknowledgement is sent to the base station (Node B)

within a specific time frame of 2ms. If data is decoded incorrectly and if

information is missing, a negative acknowledgement is sent. At this point

missing data is retransmitted after which the original data is combined with the

retransmitted data.

4.1.Consideration before The ImplementationCertain principles must be taken into consideration before implementing. The place

where we have chosen is an aspect which must focus on. Since this can be implemented

on a 2G or 3G network which has a UMTS network infrastructure. To implement it on a

UMTS infrastructure, it may need new software and hardware equipment, technical

skills, capital amount. The area which is going to implement this technology must be

covered with the require signal coverage. If the area selected is covered well, the

maximum level of throughput can be obtained, otherwise signals drops can be occurred

which will cause for a lower speed. Therefore selecting the place to plant the

transmission towers must be selected precisely after checking all the aspects.

4.2.Government RegulationsHSPA is regarded as an internet broadband service, It is necessary that

telecommunication provider has a valid license from the Telecommunications

Regulatory Commission of the country.


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RULES made by the Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka under

Section 68 read with Section 5 (r) of the Sri Lanka Telecommunications Act, No. 25 of

1991, as amended by Sri lank a Telecommunications (Amendment) Act, No. 27of 1996,

and approved by the Minister of Posts and Telecommunications. (TelecommunicationRegulatory Commission of Sri Lanka, 2010)

4.3.Availability Of User EquipmentHSPA supports data rates up to 14mbps.But there will be no use if there is no

compatible user end devices available with the users. 3.5 G devices use a special sim

card called USIM, Universal Subscriber Identification Module, which can store more

than one identification number.

4.4.Human Resources and SkillsAccording to Lucent Technologies (2005), following personal are required for the

implementation of mobile network technologies including HSPA

Senior RF Systems Engineer Team leader, must have basicknowledge of all the skills. And very good knowledge in leader ship.

Senior Systems Applications Engineer leader needs to takeresponsibilities of managing and leading the team. He must have the

knowledge of softwares, Technical equipment and leading a team.

Technical Applications Engineer he must have the knowledge oftelecommunication industry. His role is to take care of the

communication technical issues.


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Senior Software Engineer must have a good knowledge inprogramming and softwares that are used in HSPA. Should be able to

make changes to software whenever necessary.

Senior Testing Engineer - Must have good knowledge about softwares.Must take the responsibly to find any issues in the proposed software.

Telecoms Product Implementation Engineer Must have a goodknowledge in telecommunication. His responsibility is to configure thesystem and the devices.

Field Engineersmust have a good knowledge in telecommunication.His role is to plan and perform layout work competently, accurately and

efficiently.

Telecom Design Engineer must have knowledge in mechanics andtelecommunications. Should be able to solve technical problems, repair

work and should know to handle new tools.

System Engineermust have knowledge in it and telecommunications.Responsibilities are to check the progress of the system and inform if

there is any issues.

3G / Wireless Protocol Stack Software Developer should haveknowledge in software mobile software development. Should be able to

develop mobile software when necessary.


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Everyone must have good communication skills. In Addition to their own qualifications,

all the above engineers must be specialized in wireless field engineering.

4.5.Implementation of HSPAHSPA can be easily built on top of existing 3G networks. It is a software which is there

to upgrade for UMTS networks.

4.6.Components In 3G/UMTS Networks

Figure 18 : Node B to External Networks

Node B


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Node B is connected with many mobile devices and one RNC. The RNC links with the

other entire core network. For more information please refer Node B from the

implementation of HSPA.

RNC-Radio Network Controller

RNC is responsible for controlling the node B that is connected to it.

Main functions are listed below.

Encryption Load controlling Packet scheduling

4.7.Technology Used In HSPAHARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request)

In this technique mainly focus on correcting errors. A sender will add an redundant bits

to its messages. This helps the receiver to detect and correct errors without spending

unnecessary time asking the sender to send it back again and again. Previous

transmissions are combined with the latest transmission. Individual retransmissions of

the packets are avoided.


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Figure 19 : HARQ Scenario

Above image show the basic scenario of HARQ. Node B transmits a block of data to the

mobile device, where it will be checked and then decoded. If the decoding process is

successful the device will send an acknowledgement (ACK) to node B. If the decoding

fails the device will send a Negative acknowledgement (NACK) and Node B will

respond by resending the same Block of data again to the mobile device.

Incremental Redundancy (IR)

It is mainly used in HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) and in EGPRS to get the

maximum performance out of available bandwidth. Different patterns and different sub

sets of bits will be used in a case of resubmission of data. Thats the reason which they

can combine bits together while decoding. As shown in below diagram.


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Figure 20 : IR

Adaptive Modulation and Coding

In mobile telephone network, the quality of a signal captured by user device depends on

number of factors such as Distance from base station, Path loss, noise pollution etc. The

core idea of AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding ) is to dynamically change the

Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) in subsequent frames with the objective of

adapting the overall efficiency to the channel condition. When channel conditions are

fair, the bits carrying more information are transmitted and when the channel conditions

are bad, the bits carrying less information is transmitted. This is achieved by varying the

modulation and coding schemes.

Modulation schemes

UMTS uses QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) modulations that can transmit two

data bits per symbol. 16 QAM modulation is supported on HSPA networks which is two

times the data transmission rates.64QAM modulation support three times the data

transmission rates in the same time interval.


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Fast Scheduling

This technique is used to queue the data in the sequential order before the data is

transmitted. Scheduling is done in Node B, instead of RNC, because Node B is closer to

the wireless interface. Scheduling is done according to the channel quality

Shared Downlink Channel

The Downlink Shared Channel is a downlink transport channel that may be shared by

several UE (User Equipment). Under the HSDPA variant, a separate channel known asthe high-speed downlink shared channel has been added specifically for the data

transmission form the network to the mobile phone in order to achieve high network

efficiency.

4.8.SecurityHSDPA does not provide any additional security functions. Users are authenticated by

their SIM (or R-UIM) cards. Data encoding for different users, typical of all CDMA

standards, works better than any cryptographic algorithm, but not if an intruder is in a

base station or somehow gets its channels code .the mobile blind spot is a connection

where enterprises have no visibility or control over the location or configuring of the

employees laptop, this leads to government fines. (ixbtlabs, 2006)


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5. Network ImplementationsHSPA is implemented on a 2G or 3G network.

2G / 2.5G Networks are consist with Base Transceiver Stations, Base Station Controllers

and Mobile Switching Center.

Mobile Switching server is connected with several servers. Those servers are:

Home Location Register - HLR Visitor Location RegisterVLR Authentication Center - AuC Equipment Identity Register - EIR

Base Transceiver Controller (BTC) is the link between the mobile phone and the

mobile (cellular) network.

Base Station Controller (BSC) is the interface for few base stations. Routing calls

to the nearest stations in area where the mobile is located is done by this.


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Figure 21 : 2G Network infrastructure

In 3G infrastructures base stations are converted into Node Bs and Radio Network

Controller is connected to it.


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Figure 22 : 3rd Generation Infrastructure

6. Advantages / StrengthsHSPA improves the end-user experience by increasing the peak download data rate of

14Mbps and peak upload data rate of 5.8Mbps , reduced it latency, providing up to five

times more system capacity in the download and up to twice as much system capacity in

the upload while reducing the production cost per bit. These capabilities will benefit the

operators by providing higher performance, improving end user experience for mobile

web access, data upload and download, voice over internet (VoIP) like Skype and

Streaming services like Internet TV, Webcasting, Internet Radio and etc. (Ericsson,

2007).

Also the HSPA consist with new modulation techniques (16QAM), it have reduces it

radio frame lengths, and have new functionalities within the radio network including re-

transmitting between the NodeB and the Radio Network Controller (RNC). (3GPP,

2011).


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Backward Compatibility

HSPA is backward compatible with UMTS, EDGE and GPRS. Therefore all the HSPA

users get the privilege of accessing to internet in the zones which arent covered by

HSPA, by using EDGE, GPRS. Therefore all these HSPA compatible devices are

ensured to keep the user connects with the best reachable network. It has its own ability

of shifting among networks when the user travels around.

Low Latency

It gives the privilege of downloading a webpage which is consist with number of

different objects within short time duration. According to 3gamerica, HSPA provides

latency which is less than 50ms. Compared to previous versions of HSPA, the Release 5

has a shorter transmission time interval which is nearly 2ms and because of HSPA has

reduces its latency for 30ms.

Cost Effective

HSPA is more cost effective compared to GPRS and EDGE, because of the higher rate

of data and the efficient use of the spectrum. But initially to implement and purchase

HSPA devices there must be a large capital. There for it is cost effective, in a long term.

High Data Rates - Higher order modulation

16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM) provides up to 14 Mbps peak rate in the

downlink as well as 12 Mbps in the uplink. 64QAM modulation will enable peak

downlink data rates of 21 Mbps. (GSMA, 2007)


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High Data RatesMulti Code Transmission

Several codes are used simultaneously, to allow the system to allocate resources per

users flexibly, thus reaching the high peak rates described above. (GSMA, 2007)

Efficient use of spectrum

HSPA uses its spectrum more efficiently, which enables the operator to keep up with the

growth of his network, without purchasing extra frequency spectrum. The capacity is 3

times higher than a UMTS network. Therefore the operators will be able to reduce the

overhead cost.

Usage of Optimized Spectrum

According to 3gamericas.org (2009), HSPA network operates for most GSM

frequencies, which enables the global roaming and flexibility. The frequencies which

supports with HSPA devices : 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz,

2100 MHz, and 1700/2100MHz and will supports for 700 MHz, 2500 MHz, 2600 MHz,

1500 MHz used in Japan and 2300MHz in United States and for all future frequency

bands

7. Disadvantages / ProblemsThe HSPA and the R99/4 service cannot share the same carrier frequency resources

effectively because of the system require a switch in the system band so it increases the

delay time.


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HSPA suffers from cell breathing. Cell Breathing means that there will be interference

between the users in the same cell and the neighboring cells, consequently this will be a

disadvantage because then the connection will not be clear and it will take a longer time

to download or upload data.

Wi-Max will be a serious competitor because HSPA has a theoretical speed limit of

14.4Mbps. It has a 70Mbps with a range of close to 30 miles all from just a single base

station. But the theoretical speed limit of HSPA is 14.4Mbps, so WiMAX can be a huge

competitor for HSPA this the main disadvantage HSPA faces at the moment.

HSPA charging for the data downloaded. It charges for the amount of data that has been

downloaded during a month or a week, this downloaded data includes the loading of

web pages so this is a disadvantage to the users because they have to pay money to the

uploading of web pages too.

HSPA has a limitation to download data. There is a limitation to the amount of data that

can be downloaded and if the user exceeds this specific amount of data the connection

will be very slow.

8. Suitability Of The Technology HSPAThe main reason factor for the demand for this HSPA is because its higher bandwidth,

mobilized accessibility, low cost for the usage. Because of that only from most the

industries HSA have received such an demand. Also in Importance of HSPA, we

have described few certain places in industry and society where HSPA is more suitable

and currently using on. When considering about the industry and locality, where the

HSPA is implemented and proposed, it can be used for following purposed in the

industry

Music and Video: due to the higher bandwidth of HSPA networks users canupload and download videos and audios.


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VOIP: allows the users to use the VoIP applications like Skype while travellingaround, since HSPA has the mobile accessibility.

PTT(PUSH TO TALK): allows communicating with a group of people with asingle click.

High Speed Web Browsing Video Telephony

9. Common Issues in Commercial Issues in Commercial ServicesThe HSPA solution can be implemented on 3

rdGeneration or 2

ndGeneration GSM

network. To use HSPA the network should be upgraded to 3.5 generation. To upgradetelecom companies need technical support and hardware implementation on the current

network infrastructure. The implementing HSPA area should be covered with 3.5G

signal coverage.

HSDPA is one of the most famous HSPA based broadband internet solutions used in

many countries including Sri Lanka. In current there are many interesting HSPA

packages in Sri Lanka. EG: 3.6mbps, 7.2 mbps. But the complaint rates of the customers

are getting higher and higher in Sri Lanka. Because they dont get the exact download or

upload speeds that the company tells.

Below is the basic mobile network diagram.


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Figure 23 : Mobile Network

Whenever the mobile Service providers state that they can provide 7.2mbps download

speed, it means the maximum data rate which the cell tower can support. But the users

think that they will get a download speed of 7.2mbps. For an example: The Cell tower C

in the diagram, assume that the speed of the tower is 14.2mbps. and the speed 14.2mbps

is shared among Device 4 and Device 6 then the speed that the each device will get is

14.2/2=7.1mbps. But in a real life one tower is shared by many users. But it is possible

to provide high download speeds.

In order to AT & T, HSPA cell towers can range from 1.8mbps to 14.2mbps.and the

speed will be varying depend on the tower which the device is connected. The other

main factor of this is the connection between base station and the tower. According to

the International Telecommunication Union usually this is an E1 Connection. It has a


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maximum speed of 2038kbps (2.048mbps full-duplex up and 2.048 down). Though the

tower supports 7.2mbps it has to share a 2.048kbps connection with the base station

which is shared among voice data and tower control signals. The users in cities like

Colombo are not affected because there are many towers with high capacity to balancingthe data traffic during the office hours. And in night times the HSPA are much faster

because the towers are not occupied with voice data.

The Cell tower B in the diagram uses tower A to establish a connection with the base

station. By this process tower B gets even lower data transfer rate than Tower A. the

Device 5 can access either tower B or E. when the user access tower B user will get a

lower speed and when accessing E the user will get much faster speed. This happens

because the tower E has a direct connection with the base station and tower B doesnt

has a direct connection with the base station. This scenario is common in suburb areas.

To attain higher throughput, E1 (2048kbps*3=6144kbps) where 3.6mbps should be

allocated for HSPA and other data services like 3G and 2.4mbps should be allocated for

Voice and signal. In a situation as such, an average of 1-1.5mbps could be achieved.

10.Evolved HSPA (HSPA+)Evolved HSPA is also known as HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access Plus). It was

standardized in 3GPP Release 7 and 8. It allows the operators to extend the life of their

HSPA network and apply a techniques developed for Long Term Evolution (LTE).

Evolved HSPA will bring better performance and support for interactive services and

real-time conversational such as Video and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Push-

to-Talk over Cellular (PoC) and picture and video sharing through the latest features like

Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output antennas (MIMO), Higher Order Modulations and

Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC).

What is Multiple Input Multiple Outputs? (MIMO)


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MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-output) is a new feature that has attracted attention in

wireless technology .MIMO technology will support higher data downlink up

to20Mpbs.Also the though output will be increased. (Pauraj et al., 2003)

Some of the key features of Evolved HSPA

Its a simple upgrade to todays HSPA networks, protecting an operatorsinvestment in the network. HSPA+ enhancements are backward-compatible with

UMTS Release 99/Release 5/Release 6.

HSPA+ provides a strategic performance roadmap advantage for incumbentGSM-HSPA operators providing OFDMA-equivalent performance in 5X5 MHz

spectrum allocations with only incremental investment. HSPA+ could match, and

possibly exceed, the potential performance capabilities of IEEE 802.16e-2005

(mobile WiMAX) in the same amount of spectrum, and could match LTE

performance when using 5 MHz of spectrum.

HSPA+ will reduce latency below 50 milliseconds (ms) as well as increase theHSPA capacity significantly.

The first phase of HSPA+ with 64 QAM has already been deployedcommercially and is providing peak theoretical downlink throughput rates of 21

Mbps

HSPA+ with 64 QAM and advanced antenna techniques such as 2X2 MIMO candeliver 42 Mbps theoretical capability and 11.5 Mbps on the uplink and could be

ready for deployment in 2010.

Smooth interworking will be provided between HSPA+ and LTE that facilitatesoperation of both technologies. As such, operators may choose to leverage theSystem Architecture Evolution/Evolved Packet Core (SAE/EPC) planned for

LTE.

HSPA+ supports voice and data services on the same carrier and across all of theavailable radio spectrum and offers these services simultaneously to users.


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12.ConclusionThis research is fully based on the famous wireless data communication technology for

the past few years, which has a massive growth compared to the other by now, according

to the statistical reports (charts) shown in the documentation.

For the past couple of years, HSPA has proven that its mobile accessibility and the

higher bandwidth with the additional features inherited to it have evolved in the

technological growth. According to the research, several telecommunication company

reports and website shows that it has the highest peak downloading rate among the

mobile wireless technologies in the present. The evolution of the HSPA era was

mentioned in the documentation, where it steps in to the world, and how HSPA caters

and how HSPA handles a major role in telecommunication process currently. The

importance of this advanced technology to the society, towards the e-education and e-

heath when the people are travelling around, to save their precious time is vital. Not

only for the e-learning and e-heath, but all so for various fields including business, this

HSPA is vital, where when the business people wanted to keep video conferencing,

virtual meetings among their partners, while travelling around, and to transfer data, from

a place where ever they are because of its mobility, reliability, performance and

specially for it cost effectiveness. It is also and technology which is approved by the

government of Sri Lanka (TRC), where they have published certain rules and regulations

for it. Comparing the advantages with the other technologies, this technology has an

unique blend of features like mobility, higher bandwidth, low latency. The future of

HSPA is HSPA+ and LTE Technologies (4G). Our Objective of the research is achived

for the most extent as we expected, therefore this research document can be used for any

under graduates or any IT liberated person for their learning purpose. When looking

back all the statistical charts and data, given by GSMA and other authorized

organizations, HSPA has already done a major revolution in the telecommunication

history.


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13.Critical EvaluationCurrently everyone talks about the HSPA, mobile internet accessibility. Therefore we

thought of picking the topic HSPA as our research project. While we are researching the

resources and data for the HSPA, we managed to go through bunch of interesting points

which we never knew about. One of the most interesting out of it is, we got to know that

HSUPA name was given by the NOKIA Company, where we actually thought that it

was given by 3GPP.

While we seeking for the information for this HSPA, we had to face for many

circumstance. It occurred when we tried to seek for the security in HSPA, and Network

implementations. Due to the limited resources in internet regarding these points had to

face for hard times.

Somehow our target was to submit the assignment at least one day before the

assignment. And as we targeted we managed to finish it one day earlier, because of we

had a great team spirit among the group. We had sleepless night to finish the

assignments.

.


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Telit, 2010. Telit Wireless Solutions - HSDPA. [Online] Available at:

http://www.telit.com/en/discover/market-

intelligence/glossar.php?p_id=305&glossar=HSDPA [Accessed 24 August 2011].

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http://www.telit.com/en/discover/market-

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15.Appendix

15.1. Appendix A: Workload

Workload MatrixHirosh Dilshan Sathya

1.0Choosing a Topic 33.3% 33.3% 33.3%2.0Gantt Chart 100%3.0Work Load Matrix 100%4.0Introduction About the Project 100%

4.1HSPA 100%

4.2HSUPA 100%4.3HSDPA 100%

5.0Evolution 100%6.0Importance of HSPA 100%7.0Implementation of Technology 100%

7.1Considerations before implementation 100%7.2Government regulations 100%7.3Availability of user equipments 100%7.4Human Resources and Skills 100%7.5Components in 3G\UMTS network 100%7.6Technology used in HSPA 100%7.7Security 100%

8.0Network Implementation 100%9.0Advantages \ Strengths 100%10.0 Disadvantages \ Problems 100%11.0 Suitability of Technology 100%12.0 Common Issues in Commercial HSPA 100%13.0 HSPA+ 100%


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15.2. Appendix B: Gantt chart


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15.3. Appendix C: Meeting Minutes

Telecommuncation Project - Hirosh Tharaka

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