Sustainable Architectureforthe 21st Century
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Sustainable Architecture for the 21st Century
Part II: critical resources and the built environment
JOHN E. FERNÁNDEZ, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, MIT
AMMAN, JORDAN : JUNE 2007
source: Houghton, J.T. et al. (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: pg. 29
Sustainable Architecture is design and construction of the
1.built environment that carefully allocates appropriate levels of
2.critical resources to address the primary needs of
3.distinct regions.
1
2
3
What is the built environment?
What are critical resources?
What strategies work best?
1 What is the built environment?
Global Cities
• Half the world’s people - a majority on the coasts• By 2030, the global population = 61% urban• 50-80% CO2, 75% wood consumption, 60% H2O• Increasingly poor urban world• Asia accounts for half of the world’s urban population• United Nations estimates that between 2000 and 2010,
85% of world population growth will be in urban areas (virtually all of this growth will be in Africa, Asia and Latin America).Therefore, cities are the centers of the majority of resource consumption (and contributors to global climate change)
source: McGranahan, G. and D. Satterthwaite. 2003. Urban Centers: An Assessment of Sustainability. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 28:243-74.
2 What are critical resources?
US Energy flows 2003(Quadrillion Btu)
~40 percent of primary energy use
~60-70 percent of electricity
19% of global electricity consumption devoted to artificial lighting
source: IEA
70% total societal material throughput
20-30% municipal waste stream*
* Developed countries - source: Wagner, L. 1997., Fernández, J. 2006.
CHINA
5-8% of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
source: Low, M. (2005) MFA of concrete in the US. MSBT thesis, MIT: pg. 16 adapted from:Van Oss, Hendrik G. and Padovani, Amy C.
6 billion
3 billion
source: Living Planet Report 2006, World Resources Institute.
What strategies work best?3
Life
cycl
e en
ergy
, % o
f tot
al
Columbia University Law SchoolAmsterdam and 116 Street: New York City
Sampling of strategies
High performance exterior envelopes (aerogel/textiles)
Urban Metabolism for sustainable communities (New
s of inquiry:
1. Computer aided integrated design (mat. selection)2. Passive heating and cooling (insulation/thermal mass)3.4. Building rating system (LEED/USGBC)5.
Orleans/Los Angeles)
Scalea. materials and component (micro)b. building and building system (meso)c. community and city (macro)
Screen capture of:
Fernandez-Ashby Material Selector for Architecture and the Built Environment
www.grantadesign.com
“Labyrinth” concrete thermal mass
The Passive House Institute: http://www.passiv.de/
Lucille Ynoscencio: MArch cand.: 2007
Aerogel Exterior Envelope System
A: Exterior finish and mechanical barrierB: Air barrierC. Radiant barrierD. Insulation pocketE. InsulationF. Insulation pocketG. Vapor retarderH. Flame resistant textileI. Interior finish and mechanical barrier
Natural fiber reinforced concrete
Fernández, J. Materials for aesthetic, energy efficient and self-diagnostic buildings. Science, V315,N5820, March 30, 2007: 1807-1810.
Test
Test
Average Savings of Green Buildings
ENERGYSAVINGS
30%
CARBONSAVINGS
35%
WATERUSE
SAVINGS30-50%
WASTECOST
SAVINGS50-90%
Source:Capital E
Estimated value of new LEED for New Constructionregistered projects
The value of U.S. construction starts significantly declined by almost half from 2000 to 2003
Test
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
$792 MILLION
$3.24 BILLION
$3.81 BILLION
$5.76 BILLION
$7.73 BILLION
2006
$10 BILLION
$200 BILLIONPROJECTED
Test
LEED for new construction buildings
Distributionby geography
1-1920-4950-99100-199200+
9 4
91111
69
1252582
4028 14
8
134
186480
22
23
57
19
66
18
73
1022211
19
12079
11936
52
74
95
173
17433105
61 2712
9 (DE) 38 (DC)
23 (DE)
24 (NH)
5 (OK)
4
68AK=10HI=16PR=1
as of 07/06
Tom Weathers: MArch, 2007
ISEE STELLA
systems model
Mapping resource opportunities (renewable and downcycle)
A. Zero-energy community center and rescue shelter
B. Emergency water cistern
C. Thermal storage reservoir of phase change material slurry
D. Micro wind turbines and building integrated photovoltaics
E. Emergency power source
F. Local surge break (gambion construction)Coastal Housing: Energy efficient, hurricane resistant & resilient communities
DD E
F
natural ventilation
Energy efficient housing prototype
Fernández, J. Materials for aesthetic, energy efficient and self-diagnostic buildings. Science, V315,N5820, March 30, 2007: 1807-1810.
Fernández, John. 2006. Material Architecture, emergent materials for innovative buildings and ecological construction. (Arch. Press, Oxford).
www.grantadesign.com
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