Transcript
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RIGG
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24 RIGGING
Tradespeople who are not professional riggers mustnonetheless rig loads at times on the job. Carpenters, for
instance, are often involved not only in handling but inhoisting and landing material. When in doubt about rigging,
consult an experienced rigger or a professional engineer.
Information in this chapter covers only the basics of rigging.
Inspection
Use this checklist to inspect rigging components regularly
and before each lift.
Manila Rope
Manila rope is not recommended for construction
use and is illegal for lifelines and lanyards.
Dusty residue when Wear from inside out.twisted open Overloading. If extensive,
replace rope.
Broken strands, fraying,
spongy texture Replace rope.
Wet Strength could be reduced.
Frozen Thaw and dry at roomtemperature.
Mildew, dry rot Replace rope.
Dry and brittle Do not oil. Wash with cold water
and hang in coils to dry.
Polypropylene and Nylon Rope
Chalky exterior Overexposed to sunlight (UV)
appearance rays. Possibly left unprotectedoutside. Do not use. Discard.
Dusty residue when Worn from inside out. If
twisted open extensive, replace.
Frayed exterior Abraded by sharp edges.Strength could be reduced.
Broken strands Destroy and discard.
Cold or frozen Thaw, dry at room temperature
before use.
Size reduction Usually indicates overloading
and excessive wear. Use caution.Reduce capacity accordingly.
Wire Rope (Figure 87)
Rusty, lack of Apply light, clean oil. Do not
lubrication use engine oil.
Excessive outside wear Used over rough surfaces, with
misaligned or wrong sheave
sizes. Reduce load capacityaccording to wear. If outside
diameter wire is more than 1/3worn away, the rope must be
replaced.
Broken wires Up to six allowed in one rope
lay, OR three in one strand in one
rope lay, with no more than one
at an attached fitting. Otherwise,
destroy and replace rope.
Crushed, jammed, Replace rope.
or flattened strands
Bulges in rope Replace, especially non-rotating
types.
Gaps between strands Replace rope.
Core protrusion Replace rope.
Heat damage, torch Replace rope.
burns, or electric
arc strikes
Frozen rope Do not use. Avoid sudden
loading of cold rope.
Kinks, bird-caging Replace rope. Destroy defective
rope.
Polypropylene and Nylon Web Slings
Chalky exterior Overexposed to sunlight (UV)
appearance rays. Should be checked bymanufacturer.
Frayed exterior Could have been shock-loadedor abraded. Inspect very carefully
for signs of damage.
Breaks, tears, Destroy. Do not use.
or patches
Frozen Thaw and dry at roomtemperature before use.
Oil-contaminated Destroy.
Wire Rope Slings
Broken wires Up to six allowed in one rope
lay or three in one strand in onerope lay with no more than one
at an attached fitting. Otherwise,
destroy and replace rope.
Kinks, bird-caging Replace and destroy.
Crushed and jammed Replace and destroy.
strands
Core protrusion Replace and destroy.
Bulges in rope Replace and destroy.
Gaps between strands Replace and destroy.
Wire rope clips Check proper installationand tightness before each lift.
Remember, wire rope stretcheswhen loaded, which may cause
clips to loosen.
Attached fittings Check for broken wires. Replace
and destroy if one or more are
broken.
Frozen Do not use. Avoid sudden
loading of cold ropes to preventfailure.
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Sharp bends Avoid sharp corners. Use padssuch as old carpet, rubber hose,
or soft wood to prevent damage.
Chain Slings
Use only alloy steel for overhead lifting.
Elongated or Return to manufacturer forstretched links repair.
Failure to hang straight Return to manufacturer forrepair.
Bent, twisted, or Return to manufacturer forcracked links repair.
Gouges, chips, Ground out and reduceor scores capacity according to amount
of material removed.
Chain repairs are best left to the manufacturer. Chainbeyond repair should be cut with torch into short pieces.
Hardware
Know what hardware to use, how touse it, and how its working load
limits (WLLs) compare with the ropeor chain used with it.
All fittings must be of adequatestrength for the application. Only
forged alloy steel load-rated hardware should be used for
overhead lifting. Load-rated hardware is stamped with itsWLL (Figure 88).
Inspect hardware regularly and before each lift. Telltalesigns include
wear
cracks severe corrosion
deformation/bends mismatched parts
obvious damage.
Any of these signs
indicates a weakenedcomponent that
should be replacedfor safety. Figure 89
shows what to check
for on a hook.
Sling Configurations
The term sling includes a wide variety of configurationsfor all fibre ropes, wire ropes, chains,
and webs. The most commonly usedtypes in construction are explained here.
Single Vertical Hitch
The total weight of the load is carried by
a single leg. This configuration must not
be used for lifting loose material, longmaterial, or anything difficult to balance.
This hitch provides absolutely no controlover the load because it permits rotation.
Bridle Hitch
Two, three, or four single hitches
can be used together to form a
bridle hitch. They provide excellentstability when the load is distributed
equally among the legs, whenthe hook is directly over the
centre of gravity of the load, andthe load is raised level. The leg
length may need adjustmentwith turnbuckles to distribute the
load.
Single Basket Hitch
This hitch is ideal for loads with
inherent stabilizing characteristics.The load is automatically
equalized, with each legsupporting half the load. Do not
use on loads that are difficultto balance because the load
can tilt and slip out of the sling.
Double Basket Hitch
Consists of two single basket hitches
passed under the load. The legs ofthe hitches must be kept far enough
apart to provide balance withoutopening excessive sling angles.
RIGGING
Replace wire rope if there are 6 or more broken wires in one lay 3 or more broken wires in one strand
in one lay 3 or more broken wires in one lay in
standing ropes.
Estimate rope's condition at section
showing maximum deterioration.
Core protrusion as a result oftorsional unbalance created byshock loading.
Protrusion of core resultingfrom shock loading.
Figure 87 Wire Rope Inspection
WornSection
EnlargedView ofSingleStrand
Where the surface wires are
worn by 1/3 or more of theirdiameter, the rope must bereplaced.
Multi-strand rope bird cages due totorsional unbalance. Typical of build-upseen at anchorage end of multi-fall craneapplication.
A bird cage caused by sudden release of
tension and resultant rebound of rope fromoverloaded condition. These strands andwires will not return to their original positions.
Check for wear
and deformation.
Check for signs
of opening up.
Check for wear
and cracks.
Check for
cracks and
twisting.
Figure 89
Hook Inspection Areas
Figure 88
Single
Vertical
Hitch
Bridle
Hitch
60 or more
Double
Basket
Hitch
Single
Basket
Hitch
Caution: Load maybe carried by only
2 legs while 3rdand 4th merely
balance it.
Detail
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Double Wrap Basket Hitch
A basket hitch that is wrapped completelyaround the load. This method is excellent for
handling loose materials, pipes, rods, orsmooth cylindrical loads because the rope or
chain exerts a full 360-degree contact withload and tends to draw it together.
Single Choker Hitch
This forms a noose in the rope and
tightens as the load is lifted. It does
not provide full contact and must notbe used to lift loose bundles or loads
difficult to balance.
Double Choker Hitch
Consists of two single chokersattached to the load and spread to
provide load stability. Does not grip theload completely but can balance the
load. Can be used for handling loose
bundles.
Double Wrap Choker HitchThe rope or chain is
wrapped completely
around the load beforebeing hooked into the
vertical part of the sling.Makes full contact with load and
tends to draw it together. If thedouble wrap choker is incorrectly
made and the two eyes are placed
on the crane hook, the supportinglegs of the sling may not be equal in
length and the load may be carriedby one leg only. Do not run the sling
through the hook, permitting anunbalanced load to tip.
Braided Slings
Fabricated from six or eight small
diameter ropes braided together to
form a single rope that provides alarge bearing surface, tremendous
strength, and flexibility in alldirections. They are very
easy to handle and almost
impossible to kink. Especiallyuseful for basket hitches
where low bearing pressure
is desirable or where thebend is extremely sharp.
Metal (Wire or Chain)
Mesh Slings
Well adapted for use where
loads are abrasive, hot, ortend to cut fabric or wire rope slings.
Chain Slings
Made for abrasion and high temperature
resistance. The only chain suitable for lifting
is grade 80 or 100 alloy steel chain. Grade
80 chain is marked with an 8, 80, or 800. Grade 100 is
marked with a 10, 100, or 1000. The chain must be
embossed with this grade marking every 3 feet or 20 links,whichever is shorter although some manufacturers mark
every link. Chain must be padded on sharp corners toprevent bending stresses.
Wire Rope Slings
The use of wire rope slings for lifting materials provides
several advantages over other types of slings. While notas strong as chain, it has good flexibility with minimum
weight. Outer wires breaking warn of failure and allow
time to react. Properly fabricated wire rope slings are verysafe for general construction use.
On smooth surfaces, the baskethitch should be snubbed
against a step or change ofcontour to prevent the rope
from slipping as the load is
applied. The angle between theload and the sling should be
approximately 60 degrees orgreater to avoid slippage.
On wooden boxes or crates, therope will dig into the wood
sufficiently to prevent slippage. Onother rectangular loads, the rope
should be protected by guards or
load protectors at the edges toprevent kinking.
Loads should not be allowed toturn or slide along the rope during a lift. The sling or the
load may become scuffed or damaged. Use a doublechoker if the load must turn.
Hooking Up
Avoid sharp bends, pinching, and kinks in rigging
equipment. Thimbles should be used at all times in
sling eyes. Never wrap a wire rope sling completely around a
hook. The tight radius will damage the sling. Make sure the load is balanced in the hook. Eccentric
loading can reduce capacity dangerously. Never point-load a hook unless it is designed and
rated for such use (Figure 91).
Never wrap the crane hoist rope around the load.Attach the load to the hook by slings or other rigging
devices adequate for the load. Avoid bending the eye section of wire rope slings
around corners. The bend will weaken the splice or
swaging. Avoid bending wire rope slings near any attached
fitting. Understand the effect of sling angle on sling load
(Figure 92) and pull angle on beam load (Figure 93).
Rig the load with its centre of gravity directly below thehook to ensure stability. The crane hook should be
brought over the load's centre of gravity before the lift is
started. Crane hook and load line should be verticalbefore lifting. Weights of common materials are listed in
Tables 7 to 11.
RIGG
RIGHT
WRONG
Legs will
slide together.
DoubleWrap
Choker
Hitch
Braided
Slings
Metal
Mesh
Slings
60 or more
To prevent slippage,
keep angle 60 or more.
SingleChoker
Hitch
Double
Wrap
Basket
Hitch
DoubleChokerHitch
Chain
Slings
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Basic Knots and Hitches
Every worker should be able to tie the
basic knots and hitches that are usefulin everyday work.
Round Turn and Two Half Hitches
Used to secure loads to be
hoisted horizontally. Two areusually required because the
load can slide out if liftedvertically.
Timber Hitch and Two HalfHitches
A good way to secure ascaffold plank for hoisting
vertically. The timber hitch grips
the load.
Reef or Square Knot
Can be used for tying tworopes of the same diameter
together. It is unsuitable for wetor slippery ropes and should
be used with caution since itunties easily when either free end is jerked. Both live and
dead ends of the rope must come out of the loops at the
same side.
Two Half Hitches
Two half hitches, which can be quickly tied, are reliable
and can be put to almost any general use.
RIGGING
Figure 91
Point Loading
Capacity Severely Reduced
Angle of pull affects loadon beam.
Angle Load on
of Pull Beam
90 200 lbs
60 187 lbs
45 171 lbs
Figure 93Effect of Pull Angle on Beam Load
90 60 45
100 lbs
Best Good
Minimum
RecommendedAVOID
Figure 92
Effect of Sling Angle on Sling Load
Round Turnand TwoHalf Hitches
TimberHitchand TwoHalfHitches
Reef orSquare Knot
TwoHalf
Hitches
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Running Bowline
The running bowline is mainly used for hanging objectswith ropes of different diameters. The weight of the object
determines the tension necessary for the knot to grip.
Make an overhand loop with the end of the rope held
toward you (1). Hold the loop with your thumb and fingersand bring the standing part of the rope back so that it lies
behind the loop (2). Take the end of the rope in behind the
standing part, bring it up, and feed it through the loop (3).Pass it behind the standing part at the top of the loop and
bring it back down through the loop (4).
Bowline
Never jams or slips
when properly tied. Itis a universal knot if
properly tied anduntied. Two
interlocking bowlines
can be used to jointwo ropes together.
Single bowlines canbe used for hoisting
or hitching directlyaround a ring or
post.Sheet Bend
Can be used for
tying ropes of lightor medium size.
RIGG
Bowline
Single Sheet Bend Double Sheet Bend
STEEL STUDS AND TRIMS WEIGHTSPcs./Bdl. Lbs. (per
STUD SIZE.018 THICKNESS 1,000 Lin. Ft.)1 5/8 All Lengths 10 2902 1/2 All Lengths 10 3403 5/8 All Lengths 10 4156 (.020) All Lengths 10 625
TRACK SIZES.018 THICKNESS1 5/8 Regular Leg 10 2402 1/2 Regular Leg 10 2953 5/8 Regular Leg 10 3656 (.020) Regular Leg 10 5701 5/8 2 Leg 12 3652 1/2 2 Leg 6 4153 5/8 2 Leg 6 470
DRYWALL FURRING CHANNEL
Electro-Galvanized 10 300DRYWALL CORNER BEAD1 1/4 x 1 1/4 Various 120
RESILIENT CHANNELElectro-Galvanized 20 210
DRYWALL TRIMS1/2 Door & Windows L. 20 1005/8 Door & Window L. 20 1003/8 Casing Bead J. 20 1101/2 Casing Bead J. 20 1205/8 Casing Bead J. 20 130
DRYWALL ANGLE1 x 2 Drywall Angle 10 200
Table 9
WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS (Based On Volume)
Approximate Approximate
Weight Weight
Material Lbs. Per Material Lbs. Per
Cubic Foot Cubic Foot
METALS TIMBER, AIR-DRYAluminum 165 Cedar 22Brass 535 Fir, Douglas, seasoned 34Bronze 500 Fir, Douglas, seasoned 40Copper 560 Fir, Douglas, wet 50Iron 480 Fir, Douglas, glue laminated 34Lead 710 Hemlock 30Steel 480 Pine 30Tin 460 Poplar 30MASONRY Spruce 28Ashlar masonry 140-160 LIQUIDSBrick masonry, soft 110 Alcohol, pure 49Brick masonry, common (about Gasoline 42
3 tons per thousand) 125 Oils 58Brick masonry, pressed 140 Water 62Clay tile masonry, average 60 EARTHRubble masonry 130-155 Earth, wet 100Concrete, cinder, taydite 100-110 Earth, dry (about 2050 lbs.)Concrete, slag 130 per cu. yd.) 75Concrete, stone 144 Sand and gravel, wet 120Concrete, stone, reinforced Sand and gravel, dry 105
(4050 lbs. per cu. yd.) 150 River sand (about 3240 lbs.ICE AND SNOW per cu. yd.) 120Ice 56 VARIOUS BUILDINGSnow, dry, fresh fallen 8 MATERIALSSnow, dry, packed 12-25 Cement, portland, loose 94Snow, wet 27-40 Cement, portland, set 183
MISCELLANEOUS Lime, gypsum, loose 53-64Asphalt 80 Mortar, cement-time, set 103Tar 75 Crushed rock (about 2565 lbs.Glass 160 per cu. yd.) 90-110
Table 7
DRYWALL WEIGHTS
Non-Fire Rated 8' 10' 12'
1/2" 58 lbs. 72 lbs. 86 lbs.5/8" 74 lbs. 92 lbs. 110 lbs.
Fire-Rated
1/2" 64 lbs. 80 lbs. 96 lbs.5/8" 77 lbs. 96 lbs. 115 lbs.
Table 8Running Bowline
1 2
4
3
Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes of illustrationonly. Refer to the manufacturer of the material youre using for precisevalues.
Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes of illustration
only. Refer to the manufacturer of the material youre using for precisevalues.
Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes of illustrationonly. Refer to the manufacturer of the material or equipment youre usingfor precise values.
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RIGGING
SUSPENDED CEILING GRID SYSTEMSWEIGHTSSystems Qty./Ctn. Lbs./Ctn.
(Lin. Ft.) (Lbs.)
NON-FIRE RATED GRID SYSTEM
1 1/2 x 144" Main Runner 240 581 x 48" Cross Tee 300 551 x 24" Cross Tee 150 281 x 30" Cross Tee 187.5 351 x 20" Cross Tee 125 231 x 12" Cross Tee 75 14
FIRE-RATED GRID SYSTEM
1 1/2 x 144" Main Runner 240 701 1/2 x 48" Cross Tee 240 701 1/2" x 24" Cross Tee 120 35
WALL MOULDINGS
Wall Mould 3/4 x 15/16 x 120" 400 49Reveal Mould 3/4 x 3/4 x 1/2 x 3/4 x 120" 200 36
ACCESSORIES
Hold-Down Clips (for 5/8" tile) 500 pcs. 3
BASKETWEAVE & CONVENTIONAL5' x 5' MODULE NON RATED
1 1/2 x 120" Main Member 200 491 1/2 x 60" Cross Tee 250 61Wall Mould 3/4 x 15/16 x 120" 400 57
THIN LINE GRID SYSTEM NON-RATED
Main Runner 1 1/2 x 144" 300 65Cross Tee 1 1/2 x 48" 300 65Cross Tee 1 1/2 x 24" 150 33Wall Mould 15/16 x 9/16 x 120" 500 62Reveal Mould 1 x 3/8 x 3/8 x 9/16 x 120" 300 48Main Runner 1 1/12 x 144" 300 65Cross Tee 1 1/2 x 48" 300 65Cross Tee 1 1/2 x 24" 150 33Wall Mount 15/16 x 9/16 x 120" 500 62
Table 11
HAND SIGNALS FOR HOISTING OPERATIONS
Load Up Load Down Load UpSlowly
Load DownSlowly
Boom Up
Boom Down Boom UpSlowly
Boom DownSlowly
Boom UpLoad Down
Boom DownLoad Up
EverythingSlowly
Use WhipLine
Use MainLine
Travel Forward Turn Right
Turn Left ShortenHydraulic Boom
ExtendHydraulic Boom
Swing Load Stop
Close Clam Open Clam Dog Everything No responseshould bemadeto unclearsignals.
1
6
11
16
21
2
7
12
17
22
3
8
13
18
23
4
9
14
19
5
10
15
20
WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS (Based On Surface Area)Approximate Approximate
Weight WeightMaterial Lbs. Per Material Lbs. Per
Square Foot Square Foot
CEILINGS(Per Inch of Thickness)
Plaster boardAcoustic and fire resistive tilePlaster, gypsum-sandPlaster, light aggregatePlaster, cement sandROOFINGThree-ply felt and gravelFive-ply felt and gravelThree-ply felt, no gravelFive-ply felt, no gravelShingles, woodShingles, asbestosShingles, asphaltShingles, 1/4 inch slateShingles, tilePARTITIONSSteel partitionsSolid 2" gypsum-sand plasterSolid 2" gypsum-light agg. plasterMetal studs, metal lath, 3/4"
plaster both sidesMetal or wood studs, plaster
board and 1/2" plaster both sidesPlaster 1/2"Hollow clay tile 2 inch
3 inch4 inch5 inch6 inch
Hollow slag concrete block 4 in6 in
Hollow gypsum block 3 inch4 inch5 inch6 inch
Solid gypsum block 2 inch3 inch
MASONRY WALLS(Per 4 Inch of Thickness)BrickGlass brickHollow concrete blockHollow slag concrete blockHollow cinder concrete blockHollow haydite blockStone, averageBearing hollow clay tile
528412
5.56.53423
2.51014
42012
18
184131618202524351013
15.516.59.513
4020302420225523
FLOORING(Per Inch of Thickness)
HardwoodSheathingPlywood, firWood block, treatedConcrete, finish or fillMastic baseMortar baseTerrazzoTile, vinyl 1/8 inchTile, linoleum 3/16 inchTile, cork, per 1/16 inchTile, rubber or asphalt 3/16 inchTile, ceramic or quarry 3/4 inchCarpetingDECKS AND SLABSSteel roof deck 1 1/2" - 14 ga.
- 16 ga.- 18 ga.- 20 ga.- 22 ga.
Steel cellular deck 1 1/2"- 12/12 ga.- 14/14 ga.- 16/16 ga.- 18/18 ga.- 20/20 ga.
Steel cellular deck 3" - 12/12 ga.- 14/14 ga.- 16/16 ga.- 18/18 ga.- 20/20 ga.
Concrete, reinforced, per inchConcrete, gypsum, per inchConcrete, lightweight, per inchMISCELLANEOUSWindows, glass, frameSkylight, glass, frameCorrugated asbestos 1/4 inchGlass, plate 1/4 inchGlass, commonPlastic sheet 1/4 inchCorrugated steel sheet, galv.
- 12 ga.- 14 ga.- 16 ga.- 18 ga.- 20 ga.- 22 ga.
Wood Joists - 16" ctrs. 2 x 122 x 102 x 8
Steel plate (per inch of thickness)
52.534121210
12.51.51
0.52112
543
2.52118
6.55
3.512.59.57.56
4.512.5
55-10
8123.53.51.51.5
5.543
2.52
1.53.53
2.540
Table 10 Rigging Safety Tips
With two or more slings
on a hook, use a shackle.Use tag lines for control.
Block loose loads before unhooking. Make sure loads are secure.
Stay back when
slings are pulled out
from under loads.
Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes ofillustration only. Refer to the manufacturer of the material youre using for
precise values.
Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes ofillustration only. Refer to the manufacturer of the material or equipmentyoure using for precise values.
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RIGG
For Cranes Operating On Outriggers
For Crawler-Mounted Cranes or When Lifting On Rubber
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