Summary of Rigging

8/3/2019 Summary of Rigging

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RIGG

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24 RIGGING

Tradespeople who are not professional riggers mustnonetheless rig loads at times on the job. Carpenters, for

instance, are often involved not only in handling but inhoisting and landing material. When in doubt about rigging,

consult an experienced rigger or a professional engineer.

Information in this chapter covers only the basics of rigging.

Inspection

Use this checklist to inspect rigging components regularly

and before each lift.

Manila Rope

Manila rope is not recommended for construction

use and is illegal for lifelines and lanyards.

Dusty residue when Wear from inside out.twisted open Overloading. If extensive,

replace rope.

Broken strands, fraying,

spongy texture Replace rope.

Wet Strength could be reduced.

Frozen Thaw and dry at roomtemperature.

Mildew, dry rot Replace rope.

Dry and brittle Do not oil. Wash with cold water

and hang in coils to dry.

Polypropylene and Nylon Rope

Chalky exterior Overexposed to sunlight (UV)

appearance rays. Possibly left unprotectedoutside. Do not use. Discard.

Dusty residue when Worn from inside out. If

twisted open extensive, replace.

Frayed exterior Abraded by sharp edges.Strength could be reduced.

Broken strands Destroy and discard.

Cold or frozen Thaw, dry at room temperature

before use.

Size reduction Usually indicates overloading

and excessive wear. Use caution.Reduce capacity accordingly.

Wire Rope (Figure 87)

Rusty, lack of Apply light, clean oil. Do not

lubrication use engine oil.

Excessive outside wear Used over rough surfaces, with

misaligned or wrong sheave

sizes. Reduce load capacityaccording to wear. If outside

diameter wire is more than 1/3worn away, the rope must be

replaced.

Broken wires Up to six allowed in one rope

lay, OR three in one strand in one

rope lay, with no more than one

at an attached fitting. Otherwise,

destroy and replace rope.

Crushed, jammed, Replace rope.

or flattened strands

Bulges in rope Replace, especially non-rotating

types.

Gaps between strands Replace rope.

Core protrusion Replace rope.

Heat damage, torch Replace rope.

burns, or electric

arc strikes

Frozen rope Do not use. Avoid sudden

loading of cold rope.

Kinks, bird-caging Replace rope. Destroy defective

rope.

Polypropylene and Nylon Web Slings

Chalky exterior Overexposed to sunlight (UV)

appearance rays. Should be checked bymanufacturer.

Frayed exterior Could have been shock-loadedor abraded. Inspect very carefully

for signs of damage.

Breaks, tears, Destroy. Do not use.

or patches

Frozen Thaw and dry at roomtemperature before use.

Oil-contaminated Destroy.

Wire Rope Slings

Broken wires Up to six allowed in one rope

lay or three in one strand in onerope lay with no more than one

at an attached fitting. Otherwise,

destroy and replace rope.

Kinks, bird-caging Replace and destroy.

Crushed and jammed Replace and destroy.

strands

Core protrusion Replace and destroy.

Bulges in rope Replace and destroy.

Gaps between strands Replace and destroy.

Wire rope clips Check proper installationand tightness before each lift.

Remember, wire rope stretcheswhen loaded, which may cause

clips to loosen.

Attached fittings Check for broken wires. Replace

and destroy if one or more are

broken.

Frozen Do not use. Avoid sudden

loading of cold ropes to preventfailure.


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Sharp bends Avoid sharp corners. Use padssuch as old carpet, rubber hose,

or soft wood to prevent damage.

Chain Slings

Use only alloy steel for overhead lifting.

Elongated or Return to manufacturer forstretched links repair.

Failure to hang straight Return to manufacturer forrepair.

Bent, twisted, or Return to manufacturer forcracked links repair.

Gouges, chips, Ground out and reduceor scores capacity according to amount

of material removed.

Chain repairs are best left to the manufacturer. Chainbeyond repair should be cut with torch into short pieces.

Hardware

Know what hardware to use, how touse it, and how its working load

limits (WLLs) compare with the ropeor chain used with it.

All fittings must be of adequatestrength for the application. Only

forged alloy steel load-rated hardware should be used for

overhead lifting. Load-rated hardware is stamped with itsWLL (Figure 88).

Inspect hardware regularly and before each lift. Telltalesigns include

wear

cracks severe corrosion

deformation/bends mismatched parts

obvious damage.

Any of these signs

indicates a weakenedcomponent that

should be replacedfor safety. Figure 89

shows what to check

for on a hook.

Sling Configurations

The term sling includes a wide variety of configurationsfor all fibre ropes, wire ropes, chains,

and webs. The most commonly usedtypes in construction are explained here.

Single Vertical Hitch

The total weight of the load is carried by

a single leg. This configuration must not

be used for lifting loose material, longmaterial, or anything difficult to balance.

This hitch provides absolutely no controlover the load because it permits rotation.

Bridle Hitch

Two, three, or four single hitches

can be used together to form a

bridle hitch. They provide excellentstability when the load is distributed

equally among the legs, whenthe hook is directly over the

centre of gravity of the load, andthe load is raised level. The leg

length may need adjustmentwith turnbuckles to distribute the

load.

Single Basket Hitch

This hitch is ideal for loads with

inherent stabilizing characteristics.The load is automatically

equalized, with each legsupporting half the load. Do not

use on loads that are difficultto balance because the load

can tilt and slip out of the sling.

Double Basket Hitch

Consists of two single basket hitches

passed under the load. The legs ofthe hitches must be kept far enough

apart to provide balance withoutopening excessive sling angles.

RIGGING

Replace wire rope if there are 6 or more broken wires in one lay 3 or more broken wires in one strand

in one lay 3 or more broken wires in one lay in

standing ropes.

Estimate rope's condition at section

showing maximum deterioration.

Core protrusion as a result oftorsional unbalance created byshock loading.

Protrusion of core resultingfrom shock loading.

Figure 87 Wire Rope Inspection

WornSection

EnlargedView ofSingleStrand

Where the surface wires are

worn by 1/3 or more of theirdiameter, the rope must bereplaced.

Multi-strand rope bird cages due totorsional unbalance. Typical of build-upseen at anchorage end of multi-fall craneapplication.

A bird cage caused by sudden release of

tension and resultant rebound of rope fromoverloaded condition. These strands andwires will not return to their original positions.

Check for wear

and deformation.

Check for signs

of opening up.

Check for wear

and cracks.

Check for

cracks and

twisting.

Figure 89

Hook Inspection Areas

Figure 88

Single

Vertical

Hitch

Bridle

Hitch

60 or more

Double

Basket

Hitch

Single

Basket

Hitch

Caution: Load maybe carried by only

2 legs while 3rdand 4th merely

balance it.

Detail


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Double Wrap Basket Hitch

A basket hitch that is wrapped completelyaround the load. This method is excellent for

handling loose materials, pipes, rods, orsmooth cylindrical loads because the rope or

chain exerts a full 360-degree contact withload and tends to draw it together.

Single Choker Hitch

This forms a noose in the rope and

tightens as the load is lifted. It does

not provide full contact and must notbe used to lift loose bundles or loads

difficult to balance.

Double Choker Hitch

Consists of two single chokersattached to the load and spread to

provide load stability. Does not grip theload completely but can balance the

load. Can be used for handling loose

bundles.

Double Wrap Choker HitchThe rope or chain is

wrapped completely

around the load beforebeing hooked into the

vertical part of the sling.Makes full contact with load and

tends to draw it together. If thedouble wrap choker is incorrectly

made and the two eyes are placed

on the crane hook, the supportinglegs of the sling may not be equal in

length and the load may be carriedby one leg only. Do not run the sling

through the hook, permitting anunbalanced load to tip.

Braided Slings

Fabricated from six or eight small

diameter ropes braided together to

form a single rope that provides alarge bearing surface, tremendous

strength, and flexibility in alldirections. They are very

easy to handle and almost

impossible to kink. Especiallyuseful for basket hitches

where low bearing pressure

is desirable or where thebend is extremely sharp.

Metal (Wire or Chain)

Mesh Slings

Well adapted for use where

loads are abrasive, hot, ortend to cut fabric or wire rope slings.

Chain Slings

Made for abrasion and high temperature

resistance. The only chain suitable for lifting

is grade 80 or 100 alloy steel chain. Grade

80 chain is marked with an 8, 80, or 800. Grade 100 is

marked with a 10, 100, or 1000. The chain must be

embossed with this grade marking every 3 feet or 20 links,whichever is shorter although some manufacturers mark

every link. Chain must be padded on sharp corners toprevent bending stresses.

Wire Rope Slings

The use of wire rope slings for lifting materials provides

several advantages over other types of slings. While notas strong as chain, it has good flexibility with minimum

weight. Outer wires breaking warn of failure and allow

time to react. Properly fabricated wire rope slings are verysafe for general construction use.

On smooth surfaces, the baskethitch should be snubbed

against a step or change ofcontour to prevent the rope

from slipping as the load is

applied. The angle between theload and the sling should be

approximately 60 degrees orgreater to avoid slippage.

On wooden boxes or crates, therope will dig into the wood

sufficiently to prevent slippage. Onother rectangular loads, the rope

should be protected by guards or

load protectors at the edges toprevent kinking.

Loads should not be allowed toturn or slide along the rope during a lift. The sling or the

load may become scuffed or damaged. Use a doublechoker if the load must turn.

Hooking Up

Avoid sharp bends, pinching, and kinks in rigging

equipment. Thimbles should be used at all times in

sling eyes. Never wrap a wire rope sling completely around a

hook. The tight radius will damage the sling. Make sure the load is balanced in the hook. Eccentric

loading can reduce capacity dangerously. Never point-load a hook unless it is designed and

rated for such use (Figure 91).

Never wrap the crane hoist rope around the load.Attach the load to the hook by slings or other rigging

devices adequate for the load. Avoid bending the eye section of wire rope slings

around corners. The bend will weaken the splice or

swaging. Avoid bending wire rope slings near any attached

fitting. Understand the effect of sling angle on sling load

(Figure 92) and pull angle on beam load (Figure 93).

Rig the load with its centre of gravity directly below thehook to ensure stability. The crane hook should be

brought over the load's centre of gravity before the lift is

started. Crane hook and load line should be verticalbefore lifting. Weights of common materials are listed in

Tables 7 to 11.

RIGG

RIGHT

WRONG

Legs will

slide together.

DoubleWrap

Choker

Hitch

Braided

Slings

Metal

Mesh

Slings

60 or more

To prevent slippage,

keep angle 60 or more.

SingleChoker

Hitch

Double

Wrap

Basket

Hitch

DoubleChokerHitch

Chain

Slings


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Basic Knots and Hitches

Every worker should be able to tie the

basic knots and hitches that are usefulin everyday work.

Round Turn and Two Half Hitches

Used to secure loads to be

hoisted horizontally. Two areusually required because the

load can slide out if liftedvertically.

Timber Hitch and Two HalfHitches

A good way to secure ascaffold plank for hoisting

vertically. The timber hitch grips

the load.

Reef or Square Knot

Can be used for tying tworopes of the same diameter

together. It is unsuitable for wetor slippery ropes and should

be used with caution since itunties easily when either free end is jerked. Both live and

dead ends of the rope must come out of the loops at the

same side.

Two Half Hitches

Two half hitches, which can be quickly tied, are reliable

and can be put to almost any general use.

RIGGING

Figure 91

Point Loading

Capacity Severely Reduced

Angle of pull affects loadon beam.

Angle Load on

of Pull Beam

90 200 lbs

60 187 lbs

45 171 lbs

Figure 93Effect of Pull Angle on Beam Load

90 60 45

100 lbs

Best Good

Minimum

RecommendedAVOID

Figure 92

Effect of Sling Angle on Sling Load

Round Turnand TwoHalf Hitches

TimberHitchand TwoHalfHitches

Reef orSquare Knot

TwoHalf

Hitches


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Running Bowline

The running bowline is mainly used for hanging objectswith ropes of different diameters. The weight of the object

determines the tension necessary for the knot to grip.

Make an overhand loop with the end of the rope held

toward you (1). Hold the loop with your thumb and fingersand bring the standing part of the rope back so that it lies

behind the loop (2). Take the end of the rope in behind the

standing part, bring it up, and feed it through the loop (3).Pass it behind the standing part at the top of the loop and

bring it back down through the loop (4).

Bowline

Never jams or slips

when properly tied. Itis a universal knot if

properly tied anduntied. Two

interlocking bowlines

can be used to jointwo ropes together.

Single bowlines canbe used for hoisting

or hitching directlyaround a ring or

post.Sheet Bend

Can be used for

tying ropes of lightor medium size.

RIGG

Bowline

Single Sheet Bend Double Sheet Bend

STEEL STUDS AND TRIMS WEIGHTSPcs./Bdl. Lbs. (per

STUD SIZE.018 THICKNESS 1,000 Lin. Ft.)1 5/8 All Lengths 10 2902 1/2 All Lengths 10 3403 5/8 All Lengths 10 4156 (.020) All Lengths 10 625

TRACK SIZES.018 THICKNESS1 5/8 Regular Leg 10 2402 1/2 Regular Leg 10 2953 5/8 Regular Leg 10 3656 (.020) Regular Leg 10 5701 5/8 2 Leg 12 3652 1/2 2 Leg 6 4153 5/8 2 Leg 6 470

DRYWALL FURRING CHANNEL

Electro-Galvanized 10 300DRYWALL CORNER BEAD1 1/4 x 1 1/4 Various 120

RESILIENT CHANNELElectro-Galvanized 20 210

DRYWALL TRIMS1/2 Door & Windows L. 20 1005/8 Door & Window L. 20 1003/8 Casing Bead J. 20 1101/2 Casing Bead J. 20 1205/8 Casing Bead J. 20 130

DRYWALL ANGLE1 x 2 Drywall Angle 10 200

Table 9

WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS (Based On Volume)

Approximate Approximate

Weight Weight

Material Lbs. Per Material Lbs. Per

Cubic Foot Cubic Foot

METALS TIMBER, AIR-DRYAluminum 165 Cedar 22Brass 535 Fir, Douglas, seasoned 34Bronze 500 Fir, Douglas, seasoned 40Copper 560 Fir, Douglas, wet 50Iron 480 Fir, Douglas, glue laminated 34Lead 710 Hemlock 30Steel 480 Pine 30Tin 460 Poplar 30MASONRY Spruce 28Ashlar masonry 140-160 LIQUIDSBrick masonry, soft 110 Alcohol, pure 49Brick masonry, common (about Gasoline 42

3 tons per thousand) 125 Oils 58Brick masonry, pressed 140 Water 62Clay tile masonry, average 60 EARTHRubble masonry 130-155 Earth, wet 100Concrete, cinder, taydite 100-110 Earth, dry (about 2050 lbs.)Concrete, slag 130 per cu. yd.) 75Concrete, stone 144 Sand and gravel, wet 120Concrete, stone, reinforced Sand and gravel, dry 105

(4050 lbs. per cu. yd.) 150 River sand (about 3240 lbs.ICE AND SNOW per cu. yd.) 120Ice 56 VARIOUS BUILDINGSnow, dry, fresh fallen 8 MATERIALSSnow, dry, packed 12-25 Cement, portland, loose 94Snow, wet 27-40 Cement, portland, set 183

MISCELLANEOUS Lime, gypsum, loose 53-64Asphalt 80 Mortar, cement-time, set 103Tar 75 Crushed rock (about 2565 lbs.Glass 160 per cu. yd.) 90-110

Table 7

DRYWALL WEIGHTS

Non-Fire Rated 8' 10' 12'

1/2" 58 lbs. 72 lbs. 86 lbs.5/8" 74 lbs. 92 lbs. 110 lbs.

Fire-Rated

1/2" 64 lbs. 80 lbs. 96 lbs.5/8" 77 lbs. 96 lbs. 115 lbs.

Table 8Running Bowline

1 2

4

3

Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes of illustrationonly. Refer to the manufacturer of the material youre using for precisevalues.

Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes of illustration

only. Refer to the manufacturer of the material youre using for precisevalues.

Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes of illustrationonly. Refer to the manufacturer of the material or equipment youre usingfor precise values.


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RIGGING

SUSPENDED CEILING GRID SYSTEMSWEIGHTSSystems Qty./Ctn. Lbs./Ctn.

(Lin. Ft.) (Lbs.)

NON-FIRE RATED GRID SYSTEM

1 1/2 x 144" Main Runner 240 581 x 48" Cross Tee 300 551 x 24" Cross Tee 150 281 x 30" Cross Tee 187.5 351 x 20" Cross Tee 125 231 x 12" Cross Tee 75 14

FIRE-RATED GRID SYSTEM

1 1/2 x 144" Main Runner 240 701 1/2 x 48" Cross Tee 240 701 1/2" x 24" Cross Tee 120 35

WALL MOULDINGS

Wall Mould 3/4 x 15/16 x 120" 400 49Reveal Mould 3/4 x 3/4 x 1/2 x 3/4 x 120" 200 36

ACCESSORIES

Hold-Down Clips (for 5/8" tile) 500 pcs. 3

BASKETWEAVE & CONVENTIONAL5' x 5' MODULE NON RATED

1 1/2 x 120" Main Member 200 491 1/2 x 60" Cross Tee 250 61Wall Mould 3/4 x 15/16 x 120" 400 57

THIN LINE GRID SYSTEM NON-RATED

Main Runner 1 1/2 x 144" 300 65Cross Tee 1 1/2 x 48" 300 65Cross Tee 1 1/2 x 24" 150 33Wall Mould 15/16 x 9/16 x 120" 500 62Reveal Mould 1 x 3/8 x 3/8 x 9/16 x 120" 300 48Main Runner 1 1/12 x 144" 300 65Cross Tee 1 1/2 x 48" 300 65Cross Tee 1 1/2 x 24" 150 33Wall Mount 15/16 x 9/16 x 120" 500 62

Table 11

HAND SIGNALS FOR HOISTING OPERATIONS

Load Up Load Down Load UpSlowly

Load DownSlowly

Boom Up

Boom Down Boom UpSlowly

Boom DownSlowly

Boom UpLoad Down

Boom DownLoad Up

EverythingSlowly

Use WhipLine

Use MainLine

Travel Forward Turn Right

Turn Left ShortenHydraulic Boom

ExtendHydraulic Boom

Swing Load Stop

Close Clam Open Clam Dog Everything No responseshould bemadeto unclearsignals.

1

6

11

16

21

2

7

12

17

22

3

8

13

18

23

4

9

14

19

5

10

15

20

WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS (Based On Surface Area)Approximate Approximate

Weight WeightMaterial Lbs. Per Material Lbs. Per

Square Foot Square Foot

CEILINGS(Per Inch of Thickness)

Plaster boardAcoustic and fire resistive tilePlaster, gypsum-sandPlaster, light aggregatePlaster, cement sandROOFINGThree-ply felt and gravelFive-ply felt and gravelThree-ply felt, no gravelFive-ply felt, no gravelShingles, woodShingles, asbestosShingles, asphaltShingles, 1/4 inch slateShingles, tilePARTITIONSSteel partitionsSolid 2" gypsum-sand plasterSolid 2" gypsum-light agg. plasterMetal studs, metal lath, 3/4"

plaster both sidesMetal or wood studs, plaster

board and 1/2" plaster both sidesPlaster 1/2"Hollow clay tile 2 inch

3 inch4 inch5 inch6 inch

Hollow slag concrete block 4 in6 in

Hollow gypsum block 3 inch4 inch5 inch6 inch

Solid gypsum block 2 inch3 inch

MASONRY WALLS(Per 4 Inch of Thickness)BrickGlass brickHollow concrete blockHollow slag concrete blockHollow cinder concrete blockHollow haydite blockStone, averageBearing hollow clay tile

528412

5.56.53423

2.51014

42012

18

184131618202524351013

15.516.59.513

4020302420225523

FLOORING(Per Inch of Thickness)

HardwoodSheathingPlywood, firWood block, treatedConcrete, finish or fillMastic baseMortar baseTerrazzoTile, vinyl 1/8 inchTile, linoleum 3/16 inchTile, cork, per 1/16 inchTile, rubber or asphalt 3/16 inchTile, ceramic or quarry 3/4 inchCarpetingDECKS AND SLABSSteel roof deck 1 1/2" - 14 ga.

- 16 ga.- 18 ga.- 20 ga.- 22 ga.

Steel cellular deck 1 1/2"- 12/12 ga.- 14/14 ga.- 16/16 ga.- 18/18 ga.- 20/20 ga.

Steel cellular deck 3" - 12/12 ga.- 14/14 ga.- 16/16 ga.- 18/18 ga.- 20/20 ga.

Concrete, reinforced, per inchConcrete, gypsum, per inchConcrete, lightweight, per inchMISCELLANEOUSWindows, glass, frameSkylight, glass, frameCorrugated asbestos 1/4 inchGlass, plate 1/4 inchGlass, commonPlastic sheet 1/4 inchCorrugated steel sheet, galv.

- 12 ga.- 14 ga.- 16 ga.- 18 ga.- 20 ga.- 22 ga.

Wood Joists - 16" ctrs. 2 x 122 x 102 x 8

Steel plate (per inch of thickness)

52.534121210

12.51.51

0.52112

543

2.52118

6.55

3.512.59.57.56

4.512.5

55-10

8123.53.51.51.5

5.543

2.52

1.53.53

2.540

Table 10 Rigging Safety Tips

With two or more slings

on a hook, use a shackle.Use tag lines for control.

Block loose loads before unhooking. Make sure loads are secure.

Stay back when

slings are pulled out

from under loads.

Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes ofillustration only. Refer to the manufacturer of the material youre using for

precise values.

Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes ofillustration only. Refer to the manufacturer of the material or equipmentyoure using for precise values.


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RIGG

For Cranes Operating On Outriggers

For Crawler-Mounted Cranes or When Lifting On Rubber

Summary of Rigging

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