Specialized Business Information Systems Chapter 11.

Specialized Business Information Systems

Chapter 11

Chapter Agenda What is Artificial Intelligence?

– Objective of AI– Characteristics of AI– Components of AI

Chapter Agenda What are Expert Systems?

– Characteristics & Components– Three factors in evaluating them.– Steps in developing them– Benefits

Chapter Agenda What is Virtual Reality?

– Definition

– Examples

Other special purpose systems

The Nature of Intelligence

1. Learn from experience & apply the knowledge

2. Handle complex situations

3. Solve problems when important information is missing

4. Determine what is important

The Nature of Intelligence

5. React quickly & correctly to new situations

6. Understand visual images

7. Process & manipulate symbols

8. Be creative & imaginative

9. Use heuristics

Natural vs. Artificial Intelligence

Attribute Natural Intelligence

Artificial

Intelligence

Ability to use sensors or senses High Low

Creativity or imagination High Low

Learn from Experience High Low

Ability of be adaptive High Low

Afford the cost of acquiring intelligence

High Low

Natural vs. Artificial Intelligence

Attribute Natural Intelligence

Artificial

Intelligence

Use a variety of information sources High High

ability to acquire large amounts of external info.

High High

Complex calculations Low High

Transfer information Low High

rapid, accurate calculations Low High

Branches of ArtificialIntelligence

Branches of ArtificialIntelligence

Support Vector Machines

MachineLearning

Data Mining

An Overview of Expert Systems

Characteristics of an Expert System

1. Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions

2. Can display “intelligent” behavior 3. Can draw conclusions from complex

relationships4. Can provide portable knowledge5. Can deal with uncertainty6. Not widely used or tested

Characteristics of an Expert System

7. Limited to relatively narrow problems

8. Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge

9. Possibility of error

10. Cannot refine its own knowledge

11. May have high development costs

12. Raise legal and ethical concerns

Capabilities of Expert Systems

When to Use Expert Systems

High payoff Preserve scarce expertise Distribute expertise Provide more consistency than

humans Faster solutions than humans

– Rapid/Automated Decision Making Training expertise

Knowledge Base (traditional)

Assembling human experts The use of fuzzy logic The use of rules The use of cases

Knowledge Base (Machine Learning & Data Mining Approach)

Collect vast data Extracting or identifying patterns,

trends, relationships Train an adaptive program or robot Test the program or robot Evaluate the results

Knowledge Base

The Use of Rules

The Knowledge Acquisition Facility

Components of an Expert System

The explanation facility The knowledge acquisition facility The user interface

Expert Systems Development

Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems

Domain Experts

Recognize the real problem Develop a general framework for problem solving Formulate theories about the situation Develop and use general rules to solve a problem Know when to break the rules or general principles Solve problems quickly and efficiently

Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques

Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques

Expert Systems Development Alternatives

Applications of Expert Systems and Artificial

Intelligence

Credit granting and loan analysis Stock picking Catching cheats and terrorists Budgeting

Applications of Expert System and Artificial

Intelligence

Information management and retrieval Games Virus detection Hospitals and medical facilities

Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality Enables one or more users to move and react in a

computer-simulated environment

Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer

Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

Segway

Interface Devices

Head-mounted display (HMD) Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM) CAVE Haptic interface

Forms of Virtual Reality

Mouse-controlled navigation Stereo projection systems Stereo viewing from the monitor via stereo

glasses

Useful Applications

Medicine – used to link stroke patients to physical therapists

Education and training – used by military for aircraft maintenance

Entertainment – Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones

Useful Applications

Real Estate Marketing and Tourism– Used to increase real estate sales– Virtual reality tour of the White House

Other Specialized Systems

Segway Personal Transporter Adaptive brain interface technology Personal awareness assistant (PAA)

Summary Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to

mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain

Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience

Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested decisions) and display intelligent behavior

Virtual reality systems - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in new and exciting ways. For example, Segway