Specialized Business Information Systems Chapter 11
Dec 21, 2015
Specialized Business Information Systems
Chapter 11
Chapter Agenda What is Artificial Intelligence?
– Objective of AI– Characteristics of AI– Components of AI
Chapter Agenda What are Expert Systems?
– Characteristics & Components– Three factors in evaluating them.– Steps in developing them– Benefits
Chapter Agenda What is Virtual Reality?
– Definition
– Examples
Other special purpose systems
The Nature of Intelligence
1. Learn from experience & apply the knowledge
2. Handle complex situations
3. Solve problems when important information is missing
4. Determine what is important
The Nature of Intelligence
5. React quickly & correctly to new situations
6. Understand visual images
7. Process & manipulate symbols
8. Be creative & imaginative
9. Use heuristics
Natural vs. Artificial Intelligence
Attribute Natural Intelligence
Artificial
Intelligence
Ability to use sensors or senses High Low
Creativity or imagination High Low
Learn from Experience High Low
Ability of be adaptive High Low
Afford the cost of acquiring intelligence
High Low
Natural vs. Artificial Intelligence
Attribute Natural Intelligence
Artificial
Intelligence
Use a variety of information sources High High
ability to acquire large amounts of external info.
High High
Complex calculations Low High
Transfer information Low High
rapid, accurate calculations Low High
Branches of ArtificialIntelligence
Branches of ArtificialIntelligence
Support Vector Machines
MachineLearning
Data Mining
An Overview of Expert Systems
Characteristics of an Expert System
1. Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions
2. Can display “intelligent” behavior 3. Can draw conclusions from complex
relationships4. Can provide portable knowledge5. Can deal with uncertainty6. Not widely used or tested
Characteristics of an Expert System
7. Limited to relatively narrow problems
8. Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge
9. Possibility of error
10. Cannot refine its own knowledge
11. May have high development costs
12. Raise legal and ethical concerns
Capabilities of Expert Systems
When to Use Expert Systems
High payoff Preserve scarce expertise Distribute expertise Provide more consistency than
humans Faster solutions than humans
– Rapid/Automated Decision Making Training expertise
Knowledge Base (traditional)
Assembling human experts The use of fuzzy logic The use of rules The use of cases
Knowledge Base (Machine Learning & Data Mining Approach)
Collect vast data Extracting or identifying patterns,
trends, relationships Train an adaptive program or robot Test the program or robot Evaluate the results
Knowledge Base
The Use of Rules
The Knowledge Acquisition Facility
Components of an Expert System
The explanation facility The knowledge acquisition facility The user interface
Expert Systems Development
Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems
Domain Experts
Recognize the real problem Develop a general framework for problem solving Formulate theories about the situation Develop and use general rules to solve a problem Know when to break the rules or general principles Solve problems quickly and efficiently
Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Expert Systems Development Alternatives
Applications of Expert Systems and Artificial
Intelligence
Credit granting and loan analysis Stock picking Catching cheats and terrorists Budgeting
Applications of Expert System and Artificial
Intelligence
Information management and retrieval Games Virus detection Hospitals and medical facilities
Virtual Reality
Virtual Reality Enables one or more users to move and react in a
computer-simulated environment
Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer
Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment
Segway
Interface Devices
Head-mounted display (HMD) Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM) CAVE Haptic interface
Forms of Virtual Reality
Mouse-controlled navigation Stereo projection systems Stereo viewing from the monitor via stereo
glasses
Useful Applications
Medicine – used to link stroke patients to physical therapists
Education and training – used by military for aircraft maintenance
Entertainment – Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
Useful Applications
Real Estate Marketing and Tourism– Used to increase real estate sales– Virtual reality tour of the White House
Other Specialized Systems
Segway Personal Transporter Adaptive brain interface technology Personal awareness assistant (PAA)
Summary Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to
mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain
Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience
Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested decisions) and display intelligent behavior
Virtual reality systems - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment
Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in new and exciting ways. For example, Segway