Transcript
THE PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF DRUGSGoldberg Chapter 5SOC 204 Drugs & Society
Attendance: 4/22How is your brain?A. Ready to goB. Ready for the
weekend modeC. Why do you ask?
Ready to
go
Ready fo
r the w
eeke
nd mode
Why d
o you ask?
33% 33%33%
Response
Pharmacology
• Different drugs produce different effects within the psyche and soma
• The interaction between drugs and living organisms is called pharmacology
• Drug pharmacology relates to the way it is administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted
• Drugs that act quickly and produce intense effects are more likely to be abused than are drugs that act slowly
Drug Actions
• Drugs affect various organs, including the nervous system.
• The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS), the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, and is composed of nerve cells (neurons)
• Information is transmitted electrically within the neuron, and chemically between neurons
Nervous System
• Homeostasis• Neurons• Glial Cells
You have approximately 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses in your brain. How long would it take to count to a trillion?
A. All dayB. A monthC. A trillion secondsD. 32,000 years All d
ay
A month
A trilli
on seco
nds
32,000 years
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Nervous System
• Somatic Nervous System• Sensory Information
• Autonomic Nervous System• Sympathetic Branch –
Fight/Flight/Freeze• Parasympathetic Branch –
regulate body functions
• Central Nervous System• Brain & Spinal Cord
The Brain
Action Potential
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnKMB11ih2o
Synaptic Gap
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGINQ7xhPkM
Your neurotransmitter
• What it does• What happens if you have too much?• What happens if you have too little?
Chemical Pathways
1. Dopamine (excitatory)• Found in basal ganglia and
other regions – behavior & emotions, including pleasure
• Nigrostriatal dopamine pathway• Related to muscle rigidity
• Mesolimbic dopamine pathway• Related to psychotic behavior• Possible component of the
“reward” properties of drugs
Chemical Pathways
2. Acetylcholine (excitatory)• Found in the cerebral cortex & basal ganglia• Involved in Alzheimer’s disease, learning, memory
storage, movement3. Norepinephrine (excitatory & inhibitory)• Regulates level of arousal and attentiveness, memory• May play a role in initiation of food intake (appetite)
Chemical Pathways
4. Serotonin (inhibitory or excitatory)• Found in the brain stem raphe nuclei• May have a role in impulsivity, aggression, depression,
control of food, and alcohol intake• Hallucinogenic drugs influence serotonin pathways5. GABA (Gamma-amino butyric acid) (inhibitory)• Found in most regions of the brain• Inhibitory neurotransmitter, sleep, anxiety
Chemical Pathways
6. Glutamate (excitatory)• Found in most regions of the brain• Excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in long-term
memory7. Endorphins (inhibitory)• Opioid-like chemical occurring naturally in the brain• Play a role in pain relief
People who engage in strenuous exercise actually emit a neurotransmitter that contributes to a “high” feeling.
A. TrueB. False
TrueFa
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The neurotransmitter responsible for control of alertness and the fight-or-flight response is:
A. GABAB. DopamineC. SerotoninD. Norepinephrine
GABA
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
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This neurotransmitter is the brain’s major inhibitory neurotransmitter
A. SerotoninB. GABAC. EndorphinsD. Acetylcholine
SerotoninGABA
Endorphins
Acetylcholin
e
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This neurotransmitter has a huge influence on moodA. EndorphinsB. GlutamateC. SerotoninD. Acetylcholine
Endorphins
Glutamate
Serotonin
Acetylcholin
e
0% 0%0%0%
This neurotransmitter is responsible for feelings of pleasure/reward.A. GlutamateB. SerotoninC. DopamineD. GABA
Glutamate
Serotonin
DopamineGABA
0% 0%
96%
4%
Drug Actions
• Alter neurotransmitter availability• Agonists - Mimic neurotransmitters• Antagonists = Occupy neurotransmitter and prevent
its activation• Interference with reuptake• Video: https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXREQnFGHGA
Classifications
One’s mood while taking a psychoactive drug will affect the experience derived from the drug.A. TrueB. False
TrueFa
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Drug Effects
• Nonspecific effects • SET• SETTING
• Specific effects
• Placebo effects
Double-blind procedure
Dose-Response
• Dose-response relationship = correlation between the response and the quantity of drug administered
• Threshold = the dose at which an effect is first observed
Dose
• Effective dose = the dose of a drug that produces a meaningful effect in some percentage of test subjects• ED50 refers to the effective dose for half the animal
subjects in a drug test• Lethal dose = the dose of a drug that has a lethal
effect in some percentage of test subjects• LD50 refers to the lethal dose for half the animal subjects in
a drug test • Therapeutic index = LD50/ED50
• Always greater than one
If a drug has a lethal dose that is close to its effective dose, that drug is more dangerous than if the LD is far from the ED.
A. TrueB. False
TrueFa
lse
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79%
Dose
• Potency = measured by the amount of a drug required to produce a given effect
• Toxicity = capacity of a drug to do damage or cause adverse side effects
• Safety margin = difference between: • Dose that produces the desired therapeutic effect in most
patients• Lowest dose that produces an unacceptable toxic reaction
• Most drugs have an LD1 well above the ED95
Routes of Administration
Forms and methods
of taking drugs
oral ingestion
inhalation
injection
topical application
Distribution
Tolerance
• Pharmacological• Behavioral• Cross-tolerance• Reverse tolerance
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-Qtd6RhfVA
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