SOAR 2007 Energy and Temperature. Energy & Temperature Insolation Spectrum Distribution with latitude Distribution with albedo Interaction with.

SOAR 2007SOAR 2007

Energy and TemperatureEnergy and Temperature

Energy & TemperatureEnergy & Temperature Insolation

Spectrum Distribution with latitude Distribution with albedo

Interaction with Air, Land & Water Reflected Absorbed by atmosphere Absorbed by land Absorbed by water

Effect of insolation Heating & temperature

Insolation Spectrum Distribution with latitude Distribution with albedo

Interaction with Air, Land & Water Reflected Absorbed by atmosphere Absorbed by land Absorbed by water

Effect of insolation Heating & temperature

Temperature Scales (Again!)Temperature Scales (Again!)

Celsius 0 - fresh water freezes 100 - fresh water boils at 1013.2 hPa (1

atm)

Kelvin Based on gases

TC + 273 = TK

Fahrenheit – used only in US 0 ~ salt water freezes 100 ~ human body temp.

TC = (5/9)(TF - 32)

TF = (9/5)TC + 32)

Celsius 0 - fresh water freezes 100 - fresh water boils at 1013.2 hPa (1

atm)

Kelvin Based on gases

TC + 273 = TK

Fahrenheit – used only in US 0 ~ salt water freezes 100 ~ human body temp.

TC = (5/9)(TF - 32)

TF = (9/5)TC + 32)

Celsius – Fahrenheit touch

points:

-40 C = -40 F

16 C = 61 F

28 C = 82 F

Celsius – Fahrenheit touch

points:

-40 C = -40 F

16 C = 61 F

28 C = 82 F

PressurePressure

Temperature C

Temperature C

-273-273

Plots for different gases meet at -273 C

Plots for different gases meet at -273 C

Temperature Scales

Temperature ScalesCelsius –

Fahrenheit touch points:

28C ≈ 82F

16C ≈ 61F

-40C = -40F

Celsius – Fahrenheit touch

points:

28C ≈ 82F

16C ≈ 61F

-40C = -40F“At 40

below it doesn’t matter!”

Atmospheric “Windows”Atmospheric “Windows” Solar Radiation

air transparent to some (visible, radio, some IR)

opaque to others (some IR & UV, all X- & -rays)

Solar Radiation air transparent to some (visible, radio, some IR)

opaque to others (some IR & UV, all X- & -rays)

Solar Radiation & LatitudeSolar Radiation & Latitude Latitude

Latitudes close to equator get more annual sun Tropics

23.5 N - Tropic of Cancer 23.5 S - Tropic of Capricorn

Polar Regions 66.5 N – Arctic Circle 66.5 S – Antarctic Circle

Latitude Latitudes close to equator get more annual

sun Tropics

23.5 N - Tropic of Cancer 23.5 S - Tropic of Capricorn

Polar Regions 66.5 N – Arctic Circle 66.5 S – Antarctic Circle

Sun directly overhead on

solstice

Sun directly overhead on

solstice

Sun does not set (or rise) on

solstice

Sun does not set (or rise) on

solstice

Sun Angle & LatitudeSun Angle & Latitude Insolation depends on sun angle. Insolation depends on sun angle.

Sun Angle Through the Year

0

30

60

90

120

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Ang

le a

bove

Hor

izon

At the Equator, the noontime sun goes from 23.5 South of the zenith to 23.5 North of the zenith.

All days have 12 hours of daylight.At the Tropic of Cancer, the noontime sun is directly overhead

on the northern summer solstice.In Canton, the noontime sun goes from 45-23.5= 21.5 above the horizon to 45-23.5= 68.5 above the horizon.At the Arctic Circle, the sun goes from being just at the horizon

on the winter solstice to 47 above the horizon.

Point of sunrise & sunset changes by

68° From azimuth 56° to 124° (90° is east)

Highest angle changes by

47° from 21.5°

to 68.5°

No-shadow days!

Insolation in CantonInsolation in Canton Summer sun 21.5 Summer sun 21.5

~700 W/m2 from sun reaches

surface

~700 W/m2 from sun reaches

surface

~665W falls on one m2 in

Canton in summer

~665W falls on one m2 in

Canton in summer

~500W falls on one m2 in Canton in

spring & fall

~500W falls on one m2 in Canton in

spring & fall

~260W falls on one m2 in

Canton in winter

~260W falls on one m2 in

Canton in winter

Insolation & LatitudeInsolation & Latitude

Insolation & LatitudeInsolation & Latitude Tropics

energy surplus Poles

energy deficit Energy must betransported to poles

Tropics energy surplus

Poles energy deficit

Energy must betransported to poles

Latitude & TemperatureLatitude & Temperature Temperature plots of data from

worldclimate.com Temperature plots of data from

worldclimate.com

Temperatures at Diff erent Latitudes

0

10

20

30

40

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Deg

rees

C

Venice, I taly 45N

Pakanbaru, I ndonesia, 0S

Shuwaikh, Kuwait, 30N

Reflected Radiation -- AlbedoReflected Radiation -- Albedo Different surfaces reflect differently Different surfaces reflect differently

Melting ice & snow increases

absorption, enhances heating

Melting ice & snow increases

absorption, enhances heating

Melting sea ice increases absorption,

enhances heating

Melting sea ice increases absorption,

enhances heating

“Ice-Albedo Effect”

“Ice-Albedo Effect”

Insolation on Earth’s SurfaceInsolation on Earth’s Surface Distributed by latitude & vegitation Distributed by latitude & vegitation

Deserts get > 200 W/m2

Deserts get > 200 W/m2

Rainforests get less due to clouds

Rainforests get less due to clouds

InsolationInsolation Short wave radiation

visible light emitted by Sol (the sun) absorbed by land & water not absorbed by air

Long wave radiation infrared (IR)

emitted by Earth absorbed by air,

land & water

Short wave radiation visible light

emitted by Sol (the sun) absorbed by land & water not absorbed by air

Long wave radiation infrared (IR)

emitted by Earth absorbed by air,

land & water

Simplified Energy BudgetSimplified Energy BudgetShortwave radiation from sun (light)

absorbed by Earth (land & water)Earth heats & emits longwave radiation

Shortwave radiation from sun (light) absorbed by Earth (land & water)

Earth heats & emits longwave radiation

Top of the atmosphere receives 1372 W/m2 - solar constant

Top of the atmosphere receives 1372 W/m2 - solar constant10 W = power to lift 1 kg 1 meter in 1 second10 W = power to lift 1 kg 1 meter in 1 second

Energy BudgetEnergy Budget Insolation – incoming solar radiation

reflected & absorbed

Insolation – incoming solar radiation reflected & absorbed

~30% reflected~30% reflected

Energy BudgetEnergy Budget Insolation – incoming solar radiation

reflected & absorbed

Insolation – incoming solar radiation reflected & absorbed

~30% reflected~30% reflected

Outgoing shortwave

reflected from clouds and

deserts, absorbed by

ocean & forests

Outgoing shortwave

reflected from clouds and

deserts, absorbed by

ocean & forests

Energy BudgetEnergy Budget Insolation – incoming solar radiation

reflected & absorbed

Insolation – incoming solar radiation reflected & absorbed

~30% reflected~30% reflected

~51% absorbed by surface~51% absorbed by surface

~19% absorbed by air & clouds

~19% absorbed by air & clouds

~70% re-radiated

~70% re-radiated

Energy BudgetEnergy Budget Insolation – incoming solar radiation

reflected & absorbed

Insolation – incoming solar radiation reflected & absorbed

~51% absorbed by surface~51% absorbed by surface

Outgoing longwave

radiated by surfaces

Outgoing longwave

radiated by surfaces

~70%

re-radiated

~70%

re-radiated

Energy BudgetEnergy Budget Insolation

Sun’s incident energy drives air motions (energy from deep interior adds a tiny bit)

Distribution of Sunlight Reflection from clouds, landscape Absorption by atmosphere Absorption by surface

Albedo = ratio of sunlight reflected Earth: 0.367 Moon: 0.113 Mars: 0.15 Venus: 0.84

Insolation Sun’s incident energy drives air motions

(energy from deep interior adds a tiny bit)

Distribution of Sunlight Reflection from clouds, landscape Absorption by atmosphere Absorption by surface

Albedo = ratio of sunlight reflected Earth: 0.367 Moon: 0.113 Mars: 0.15 Venus: 0.84

Energy DistributionEnergy Distribution Convection – hot stuff moves Conduction – hot stuff heats neighbors Radiation – heat moves as IR radiation

Convection – hot stuff moves Conduction – hot stuff heats neighbors Radiation – heat moves as IR radiation

Insolation: 1,373 W/m2Insolation: 1,373 W/m2

30% Reflected by atmosphere &

surface

30% Reflected by atmosphere &

surface20% Absorbed by

atmosphere20% Absorbed by

atmosphere

50% Absorbed by Earth’s surface

50% Absorbed by Earth’s surface

Most solar energy comes in as light (shortwave

radiation)

Most solar energy comes in as light (shortwave

radiation)

Insolation: 1,373 W/m2Insolation: 1,373 W/m2

30% Reflected by atmosphere &

surface

30% Reflected by atmosphere &

surface20% Absorbed by

atmosphere20% Absorbed by

atmosphere

50% Absorbed by Earth’s surface

50% Absorbed by Earth’s surface

Most solar energy comes in as light (shortwave

radiation)

Most solar energy comes in as light (shortwave

radiation)

Surface

Air Clouds

Reflection of sunlight

Reflection of sunlight

Energy Emitted by Planet EarthEnergy Emitted by Planet Earth

30% reflected directly to

space

30% reflected directly to

space

% of total insolation% of total insolation

70% emitted

as IR

70% emitted

as IR

Energy Flow from SurfaceEnergy Flow from Surface7% conducted to air7% conducted to air

20% radiated as

IR (longwave)

20% radiated as

IR (longwave)

~ 50% of total

insolation absorbed by

surface

~ 50% of total

insolation absorbed by

surface

23% transferred by water23% transferred by water

Energy Absorbed by Atmosphere

Energy Absorbed by Atmosphere

20% from Sun20% from Sun7% conducted from surface7% conducted from surface

23% transferred by water23% transferred by water8% radiated by

surface8% radiated by surface

% of total insolation% of total insolation

Energy Absorbed by Atmosphere

Energy Absorbed by Atmosphere

20% from Sun20% from Sun7% conducted from surface7% conducted from surface

23% transferred by water23% transferred by water8% radiated by

surface8% radiated by surface

% of total insolation% of total insolation

Urban Heat IslandsUrban Heat Islands Structures and pollution increase heat Structures and pollution increase heat

Urban Heat IslandsUrban Heat Islands May be giving false increases in global

temperature since most weather stations are at airports in urban areas!

May be giving false increases in global temperature since most weather stations are at airports in urban areas!

Energy Absorbed by Atmosphere

Energy Absorbed by Atmosphere

20% from Sun20% from Sun7% conducted from surface7% conducted from surface

23% transferred by water23% transferred by water8% radiated by

surface8% radiated by surface

% of total insolation% of total insolation

Energy Transfer by WaterEnergy Transfer by Water Latent heat effects weather Latent heat effects weather

Evaporating water absorbs energy

from water, cooling it.

Evaporating water absorbs energy

from water, cooling it.

Condensing water releases energy to

air, heating it.

Condensing water releases energy to

air, heating it.

Energy Absorbed by Atmosphere

Energy Absorbed by Atmosphere

20% from Sun20% from Sun7% conducted from surface7% conducted from surface

23% transferred by water23% transferred by water8% radiated by

surface8% radiated by surface

% of total insolation% of total insolation

WesterliesWesterlies

WesterliesWesterlies

NE TradesNE Trades

SE TradesSE Trades

EasterliesEasterlies

EasterliesEasterlies

Moist air rising stormy

Moist air rising stormy

Moist air rising stormy

Moist air rising stormy

Dry air falling Arid

Dry air falling Arid

Dry air falling Arid

Dry air falling Arid

Moist air rising stormy

Moist air rising stormy

Atmospheric CirculatonAtmospheric Circulaton Ground conducts heat to adjacent

air Heated air rises Troposphere cools with altitude

Environmental lapse rate

Ground conducts heat to adjacent air

Heated air rises Troposphere cools with altitude

Environmental lapse rate Inversion = warmer air aloft

Inversion = warmer air aloft

Energy Absorbed by Atmosphere

Energy Absorbed by Atmosphere

20% from Sun20% from Sun7% conducted from surface7% conducted from surface

23% transferred by water23% transferred by water8% radiated by

surface8% radiated by surface

% of total insolation% of total insolation

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect Light from sun gets absorbed by Earth Earth radiates infrared

Light from sun gets absorbed by Earth Earth radiates infrared

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect Light from sun gets absorbed by Earth Earth radiates infrared

Light from sun gets absorbed by Earth Earth radiates infrared

Earth re-emits energy

absorbed from sunlight as

infrared

Earth re-emits energy

absorbed from sunlight as

infraredinfraredinfrared

Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse Effect

IR gets absorbed by atmosphere Air heats Air absorbs more

water Moist air absorbs more IR & heats more absorbs more

water

IR gets absorbed by atmosphere Air heats Air absorbs more

water Moist air absorbs more IR & heats more absorbs more

water

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

Increasing greenhouse gases increases absorption of longwave (IR) radiation

by ground

Increasing greenhouse gases increases absorption of longwave (IR) radiation

by ground

Increasing greenhouse gases decreases

longwave (IR) radiation lost to space

Increasing greenhouse gases decreases

longwave (IR) radiation lost to space

Venus: Greenhouse gone wild!Venus: Greenhouse gone wild!

The difference between Earth and

Venus!

Complete Energy BudgetComplete Energy Budget

Sunlight & TemperatureSunlight & Temperature Noon not warmest time of day Solstice not warmest time of year

Temperature waits for surface to heat air!

Noon not warmest time of day Solstice not warmest time of year

Temperature waits for surface to heat air!

Insolation on Land and WaterInsolation on Land and Water Land

Light heats surface, some downward conduction no downward transmission or convection

Conduction to subsurface very slow Water

Surface molecules evaporate, cooling surface Light penetrates to depths, heats subsurface Heats slowly due to high specific heat Convection moves heat across surface and

beneath surface … currents

Land Light heats surface, some downward

conduction no downward transmission or convection

Conduction to subsurface very slow Water

Surface molecules evaporate, cooling surface Light penetrates to depths, heats subsurface Heats slowly due to high specific heat Convection moves heat across surface and

beneath surface … currents

Land and WaterLand and Water Water distributed heat more than

land Water distributed heat more than

land

Energy Absorbed by WaterEnergy Absorbed by Water Specific Heat

Energy absorbed/released to change temp. Latent Heat

Energy needed to change phase (substance remains at same temperature)

Specific Heat Energy absorbed/released to change temp.

Latent Heat Energy needed to change phase (substance remains at same temperature)

Energy Absorbed by WaterEnergy Absorbed by Water Specific Heat

Energy absorbed or released to change temp.

Specific Heat Energy absorbed or released to change temp.

Substance Specific Heat (Joule/K/kg)

Air (50C) 1050

Iron or Steel 460

Lead 130

Glass 840

Quartz 762

Granite 804

Sandstone 1088

Shale 712

Soil (average) 1050

Wood (average)

1680

Ice 2100

Steam 2050

Water 4168

Raising 1 kg of water 1°C

absorbs 4,168 Joules

Raising 1 kg of water 1°C

absorbs 4,168 Joules

10 cm square cube

of water

10 cm square cube

of water

1 kg

4000 Joules ≈ energy to lift 400 kg or 900 lb 1 m4000 Joules ≈ energy to lift 400 kg or 900 lb 1 m

Energy Absorbed by WaterEnergy Absorbed by Water Latent Heat

Energy absorbed or released to change phase

Latent Heat Energy absorbed or released to change phase

Evaporating 1 kg of water

absorbs 2,257,000Joule

s

Evaporating 1 kg of water

absorbs 2,257,000Joule

s 10 cm square cube

of water

10 cm square cube

of water

1 kg

2,257,000 Joules ≈ energy to lift 225,700 kg or 507,000 lb 1 m2,257,000 Joules ≈ energy to lift 225,700 kg or 507,000 lb 1 m

Substance

Specific Heat (Joule/kg)

vaporization

fusion

Alcohol 879,000 109,000

Water 2,257,000 333,500

Land and WaterLand and Water Maritime climates milder than continental Maritime climates milder than continental

Seattle, 48 N, maritimeSeattle, 48 N, maritime

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Janu

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Novem

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Decem

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Rai

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Tem

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Rainfall (mm) Solar Angle Average Temp-erature (C)

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Rainfall (mm) Solar Angle Average Temp-erature (C)

Minot, ND, 48 N, continental

Minot, ND, 48 N, continental

Monthly average temperature varies by 14 C in Seattle, 35 C in Minot

Monthly average temperature varies by 14 C in Seattle, 35 C in Minot

Atmospheric Water & WarmingAtmospheric Water & Warming Clouds & Rain

clouds reflect sunlight, shade ground so cloudy places should be cool …

moist air absorbs more IR than dry so humid places should stay warm …

Clouds & Rain clouds reflect sunlight, shade ground

so cloudy places should be cool …

moist air absorbs more IR than dry so humid places should stay warm …

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rees

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Rainfall (mm) Solar Angle Average Temp-erature (C)

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p (

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rees

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Rainfall (mm) Solar Angle Average Temp-erature (C)

Monsoon rains cool Lhasa and Calcutta.Monsoon rains cool Lhasa and Calcutta.

Atmospheric Water & WarmingAtmospheric Water & Warming More evaporation

more clouds surface shaded surface cools atmosphere cools

More evaporation more clouds surface shaded surface cools atmosphere cools

Negative feedback prevents runaway warming

Negative feedback prevents runaway warming

Atmospheric Water & WarmingAtmospheric Water & Warming More evaporation

more clouds more IR absorption atmosphere warms

More evaporation more clouds more IR absorption atmosphere warms

Positive feedback enhances runaway warming

Positive feedback enhances runaway warming

Ocean Current

s

Ocean Current

sSurface currents

move warm water toward poles

Surface currents

move warm water toward poles

Gulf Stream warms east coast of US and

Europe

Gulf Stream warms east coast of US and

Europe

Ocean CurrentsOcean CurrentsSea Surface Temperature monitored by

satellites, augmented by buoy array.Sea Surface Temperature monitored by

satellites, augmented by buoy array.

Equator

http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/sst.html

9/26/079/26/07

Hurricanes

Winter Temperature PatternsWinter Temperature Patterns Landforms, water, latitude affect temps. Landforms, water, latitude affect temps.

Frozen landscape

pushes isotherms

toward equator

Frozen landscape

pushes isotherms

toward equator

Gulf Stream pushes

isotherms toward arctic

Gulf Stream pushes

isotherms toward arctic

Evenly spaced isotherms over uninterrupted

ocean.

Evenly spaced isotherms over uninterrupted

ocean.

Dramatic Temp.

changes at

mountains, shores

Dramatic Temp.

changes at

mountains, shores

Siberia gets as cold as Greenland’s Icesheet!Siberia gets as cold as Greenland’s Icesheet!

Summer Temperature PatternsSummer Temperature Patterns Landforms, water, latitude affect temps. Landforms, water, latitude affect temps.

Warmed landscape

pushes isotherms

toward mountains

Warmed landscape

pushes isotherms

toward mountains

Gulf Stream pushes

isotherms toward arctic

Gulf Stream pushes

isotherms toward arctic

Evenly spaced isotherms over uninterrupted

ocean.

Evenly spaced isotherms over uninterrupted

ocean.

Annual Range of TemperaturesAnnual Range of Temperatures Continental climates most extreme Continental climates most extreme

Siberia varies by 60 C = (108 F)

Siberia varies by 60 C = (108 F)

Temperature of equatorial ocean barely varies.Temperature of equatorial ocean barely varies.

“Summer” and “Winter” don’t make sense everywhere!

“Summer” and “Winter” don’t make sense everywhere!