SMART GRID INFRASTRUCTURE FOR EFFECTIVE POWER CONTROL USING CAN AND WSSM 1
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SMART GRID INFRASTRUCTURE FOR EFFECTIVE POWER CONTROL
USING CAN AND WSSM
1A. BAMA, 2K KUMAR
1Dept of MCA, Vel Tech DR.RR & DR.SR Technical University, Chennai, India
2Assistant Professor, Dept of MCA, Vel Tech DR.RR & DR.SR Technical University,
Chennai, India
ABSTRACT
Smart grid be capable of be real defined as a contemporary electric authority grid
communications for better effectiveness, dependability as well as security, by means of
level incorporation of renewable and alternative energy source through mechanical
control and new communications technologies. To present a robust spatio‐ temporal
prediction method and algorithm that can provide an efficient forecasting of Web client‐
perceived performance on the World Wide Web. This may provide efficient for individual
nodes of Web‐based DCS and enable to improve operation of the whole system .The
proposed system can be help full in improvement of Efficiency ,reliability automated
safety by using automated control. The system provides a situation monitoring analysis
and administrative control .Hybrid architecture has been implemented in this proposed
system. The hybrid network consist of distant information acquirement units quick
sensor modules and authority stroke message modem the information Recording and
area forecast a time forecast a geostatistical method an agent from which data set wear
collected. As a result, one could obtain spatial‐temporal database and raster map where
analyses of variability for whole space not only given points could be performed. These
two methods have been use because they use and acceptable amount official casts.
Geostatistics and are developing significantly in traditional sciences for geostatistical
like climate studies, geology, ecology, or agriculture. Proposed system main aim to
launch a communication system which can communicate with outside operating centres.
Index Terms: Geostatistics, Hybrid network, Power distribution, Smart grids.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Smart grid is contemporary electric power grid communications designed for better
competence, trustworthiness as well as protection, by horizontal combination of
renewable as well as different power source from end to end automatic organize as well
as current communications technology. Within smart grid, unfailing as well as real‐time in
order become the input feature designed for unfailing escape of power beginning
generating unit in the direction of end‐users stimulating power allocation network be
exceptionally multifaceted as well as ill‐suited twenty ‐primary century. Surrounded by a
deficiency in of automatic testing, deprived visibility, motorized switch cause deliberate
comeback time, be deficient in situational knowledge etc.
Embedded method be capable be present originate ubiquitously into each day time,
starting electrical produce as well as appliance, in the direction of nonlinear repayment
instrument, multifaceted computerization system as well as adaptive run systems
improved situational responsiveness as well as operative support.
Independent direct procedures in the direction of improve dependability with increasing
resiliency touching element failure along with usual disaster, as well as minimize
occurrence also enormity of power outages focus to authoritarian policy, in commission
necessities, apparatus borders, with client preference. effectiveness improvement next
to maximize advantage deployment, enhanced resiliency touching hateful attack during
improved physical safety as well as state‐of‐the‐art computer‐generated safety in the
direction of continue data trustworthiness, discretion, with accuracy, with near make
possible non refutation level inside the occurrence of adversary into part of structure.
Incorporation of renewable capital including astrophysical as well as current of air at
level from consumer premises to centralized plants to go forward worldwide power
sustainability; incorporation of every types of power storage space as well because extra
wealth such because plug‐in electric vehicles (PEVs) in the direction of counteract the
changeability of renewable capital with require.
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about near this scheme, the structure is with two platform near information success,
remote data acquisition units (RDAUs) and intelligent sensor modules (ISMs).
A. Remote Data Receiving Model (RDRM)
Different RDRMs are a responsible monitoring rapid dynamic data and fault detection.
For this purpose, the RDRM provides inputs and four digital inputs. Transmitting the data
to a supervisory controller, and if required, the platform can operate based on digital
outputs. Different RDRM are responsible monitoring rapid dynamic data and fault
detection. For this purpose, the RDRM provides six analogy inputs and four digital inputs,
transmitting the data to a MONITORING AND CONTROLLING SYSTEM, and if required,
the platform can operate based on digital outputs.
B. Analog Inputs Digital Inputs and Outputs
Transformers are used for the voltages measurements with an 11:1 relation, and HAIS100
(LEM™) for measuring the cur‐rents. The RMS voltage value in the primary supervision
trans‐former is 75V. Considering 50% over‐voltage, the system is able to measure up to
110V. The current sensor has 100A of nominal primary current. The same can measure
currents up to 300A. To achieve better resolution for the current measure, two
conditions were developed, one for maximum current of 5A (low power circuits) and
another for 100A (high power circuits). The transition is implemented via software.
Besides the common analogy voltage and current inputs, the RDAU has also the
capability to analyse four digital inputs: low level, ranging from 0V to 75V, and high level,
ranging from 95V to 127V. For the actuation in power systems, the RDAU provides four
digital outputs that can be used whenever necessary.
C. TMS320F2812
The TMS320F2812 microprocessor operating at 150MHz clock frequency (i.e.,
6.67ns/instruction). The memory architecture is organized as follows: 64kB program
memory, 64kB data memory, 18kB RAM, one external memory interface with 1MB, and
128kB Flash ROM. The system also provides an AD converter, PWM, and timers.
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D. Software
The software was developed based on the C++ language, using the Code Composer
Platinum™ platform (Texas Instruments ™). The main routine configures peripherals and
interruptions, enabling data acquisition, data processing and data transmission. The data
acquisition subroutine uses the internal AD converter of the DSP. The DSP has two
parallel sample‐and‐hold channels that connect at one analogy/digital converter with a 12‐
bit Electronic solution working with maximum conversion rates of 25 MHz/channel. The
sampling is takes places simultaneously for each pair of inputs.
The sampling time was adjusted for 7680 samples/second, representing 128
Samples/cycle for each voltage and Current of the phases R, S and T. Aiming at improving
the system's performance, some data processing is performed locally to reduce the
number of data packet transmissions.
The RDRM processing data subroutine performs the computation of the RMS values for
the voltage and current phases, active, reactive and complex three‐phase power and
power factor, in addition to the computation of Fast from the RMS values, the operator
can analyse the power system behaviour (i.e. fault analysis), allowing to cover all rules
and international standards. Given that the system has some processing power, it allows
running several control algorithms and the implementation of fault detection techniques.
All the results obtained from the data processing unit are transmitted through a
“transmission data subroutine” to the Supervisory Controller (SC). This subroutine
configures the RS232 communication with two stop bits, no parity, eight data bits, and
115,200 bps data rate, based on the MODBUS proto‐col.
The connection between the RDRM and the SC is performed through serial
Communication, RS232 (for short distance), or Ethernet. In the next item the possible
communication scenarios will be explained. Concerning to the protocol, transmission
rate and that data process occurs in the TMS320F2812; the using of the transmission
channel is 15%.
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Figure 2 Remote data acquisition unit (RDAU) block diagram
3. WIRELESS SMART SENSOR MODEL (WSSM)
Unlike the RDRM subsystem that has continuous processing and transmission data
besides actuation capability, the intelligent wireless smart sensor model (WSSM), Fig. 5,
is less powerful, transmitting data throw longer intervals, and like this has less processing
time and save battery power. WSSM module performs data acquisition metrics which has
slow dynamic (e.g. tempera‐true).considering that the WSSM can be located anywhere,
the sys‐tem can be battery powered or powered by an external source. In case it is
battery powered, four AAA 1.2 V rechargeable batteries are employed. The external
source has input voltage of 127V, and output of 5.6V. Besides providing the required
voltage, it can also be used to recharge the AAA batteries. The Prototype was
implemented.
F(I,Y)=prob{Z(x)≤z|information}
The electrical power grid be a huge network to facilitate canister be present partition
interested in three major abstract segment because energy generation, Power broadcast
with current allocation, with expenditure segment. Inside the smart grid, the
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conventional radial associations as well as partitioning will power vary seeing as the
current motivation be and fashioned along by damaged inside a allocation structure form
a micro grid. Into this sector, we pursue the institute of the conventional grid the sake of
mounting the understandability of the textbook. We create by current age group site,
maintain through power program with current distribution as well as lastly make in the
bearing of spending which is the final mile of current liberation military. WSNs contain
extensive array of application in every of personnel segment. To provide wireless
communication, addressing wssm mobility issues, a transceiver TRF‐2.4G was chosen as
the RF communication module. A WSSM prototype was developed to experimental
validation. Each WSSM has a lecture to assign by the access when installing the network,
organize themselves originally (socket with participate).
Figure 3 ISM hardware
Supplementary probable application of sensor networks during authority deliverance
structure cover is definite into Temperature, droop as well as dynamic competence
capacity as of transparency conductors. Recluse, capacitor, and sectionalized reliability
monitor, hotness with capability competence since dissident cable. Fault tour suggestion
protections ascend with dissident network transformers. Monitor nature plus
undergrowth make contact. Monitor dissident network machinery, e.g. transformers,
switches, vaults, etc.
F(I,Y)=Prob{I(y1)≤i1,I(y2)≤I2,….I(yn)≤(In)
In smart grid concept, wireless smart sensor models should communicate to each other,
local processing and advanced large computing power. For data broadcast flanked by
neat meter plus electrical utilities different communication technologies can be used in
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infrastructure‐based wired or wireless. Modern development addicted to statement
knowledge comprise enable price effectual inaccessible organize arrangement which
have ability of monitor genuine time functioning conditions and performance of exciting
authority system. Every statement knowledge has its own advantages and disadvantages
that must be evaluated to determine the best communication technology for automation
system. Inside direct in the direction of stay away from probable disruption in authority
system payable in the direction of surprising failure, a extremely dependable, scalable,
protected, strong plus price successful hybrid statement network connecting system in
testing with a distant run centre is paramount. These high presentation hybrid statement
networks have to as well pledge extremely severe Quality of Service (QoS) desires to
avoid probable authority conflict with outages.
The SC Subsystem was developed in order to highlight information arrangement
adaptability. It run lying on measure PC structural design by Linux or Windows OS,
previously the boundary was residential by JAVA language, and IBM‐DB2 Express‐ C and
My SQL to database. The request is residential to maintain online information
arrangement during interpretation of the inward bound as well as a Database system,
which stores the data
A. WSSM used for production services
Inside conventional authority grid, energy production services are usually monitored by
hyper sensors which are imperfect into quantity with positioned simply at a small number
of important places. This is unpaid to the far above the ground price of setting up as well
as preservation of sensors. WSSM present low‐priced sensors with the purpose of
preserve correspond via wireless relations hence have stretchy operation opportunity. In
fact, the consumption of WSSM becomes smooth further important by the growing
numeral of renewable power site into the liveliness production cycle. These renewable
energy production amenities container be in remote areas, and operate in harsh
environment anywhere fault‐tolerance of WSSM make a superlative contender designed
for such applications. Also output of the renewable liveliness possessions is directly
correlated by the ambient environment such because wind swiftness for wind speed
power production and confusion for planetary panel. This changeable ambient
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environment basis alternating supremacy production these make renewable property
tough to integrate toward power grid. Used for illustration, at tall current of air speeds,
to avoid damage to the blade with gears inside the hub of the wind turbine, the turbines
be fasten off.
Figure 4 HMI main interfaces
This cause a precipitous decrease of a production to be evenhanded by extra property.
Forecast of such measures motivation. Give opportunity for attentiveness and express.
The author lecture to confront of unreliable storm authority production through use
predict wherever WSNs are old to gather and speak the wind momentum forecast data
to a central place. WSNs can also be worn for circumstance monitor of the wind turbines.
Storm turbines are comfortable equipment’s which might understanding breakdown in
point in time payable to sport. Early finding of broken mechanism might augment the
natural life of the current of air tribunes with decrease the moment safe for preservation
which increases the efficiency of production. In the author operate WSNs for monitor the
state of the bearing inside the gearboxes wherever accelerometers are worn to
supervise wind turbine tremor. WSNs are old to supply early discovery for behavior
failure or other connected problems.
The author lecture to the subject of delay‐sensitive data broadcast in WSNs for a wind
turbine by modify the middle admittance Control (MAC) protocols of IEEE802.15.4
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average in organize to supply examine demarcation for grave with non‐critical data, and
cut the end‐to‐end impediment for critical data. WSN‐based energy estimate and
arrangement system for work plants have be introduce in. A comparable WSN‐based
scheme be able to also be use for circumstance monitor of authority plant life. Low‐cost,
simplicity of consumption, fault‐tolerance, and suppleness is between the
reimbursements of the WSN‐based system.
4. HUMAN INTERFACE (HI)
The HI, Fig. 7, used in the SC as mentioned before, was developed in JAVA language and
is divided in four parts described as follows:
Monitoring
Allow the user to show the graphical demonstration of all the variable of the stage, with
real time values of power and recent as well as powers values.
Alarms: Contain a successive listing of alarms and changes of state. This list allows the
operator notice of any trouble of the power system, as sag, swell, over current, and
excess. The list of alarms are‐
Figure 5 Spreadsheet report
Database: The measurement of voltage and cur‐rent are stored in a hard disk (HD)
authorizing after analyses any‐time that is essential.
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Historic Graphics and Reports: This function was advanced for the user can observe the
advancement of the cur‐rent, voltage, and power values in a determined time
Parameters: To a better versatility the parameter of sag and swell can be configured by
the user. In this form the nominal values and alarm enabling will run under the usual
norms presents the WEB application developed to access the data collected and stored
in the database.
5. HYBRID COMMUNICATIOS
Currently, there is a want form of statement capability in emotional authority system. In
smart grid concept, wireless smart sensor models should communicate to each other,
local processing and advanced large computing power. In support of information
communication among stylish meter with electrical utilities, different communication
technologies can be used in infrastructure based on wired or wireless. New increase
during information equipment include permit commercial distant manage system, which
encompass the prospective of supervise the valid instant functional location with
management of stimulating control system.
Every statement connect have its contain compensation with disadvantage to have to
exist estimate near establish the summit statement equipment for computerization
interruption into control systems unpaid towards organization. Inside through towards
keep away from shows prospective sudden collapse, a extremely dependable, scalable,
protected, strong, with charge efficient hybrid announcement system connecting
organization under study with a distant manage centred be chief. These elevated
presentation hybrid statement networks have to as well agreement incredibly exacting
excellence of provision (QoS) needs to avoid probable ability instability and outages.
The serial interface (i.e., RS232) is employed when the RDRM is nearby the SC. This way,
communication between the two modules takes places without the need of any other
communication module. This protocol has two transmission modes: ASCII and binary. The
binary mode (RTU) is the one used in our system. The end of a message is identified after
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there is negative broadcast intended for a smallest amount stage of 1.5 periods a
information express communication. The packet structure (see Fig. 6) includes: Network
address; Packet type; Packet data; the communication follows A master‐slave approach,
where only One device (the master) can question the previous strategy (slaves) .The
slaves’ respond back transfer the information necessary through the master. The master
is able to concentrate on single slave at a time or all the network devices during diffusion
messages.
A. Ethernet (TCP/IP)
In this scenario the DE311™ from B&B Electronics™ module is being used. This module
provides a information letter explanation used for between Windows and Unix/Linux
hosts to asynchronous sequential strategy above a TCP/IP based Ethernet. As the
contribution data is from asynchronous serial, and RDRM provides RS232, the
communication between DE311 to RDAU is directly.
Since a significance, they utilize loads of concepts establish within previous Kernel
routines. Mainly, sockets are incorporated towards the I/O routines. This incorporated
system major benefit slander during its suppleness: be able to exist printed an
exceptional applicative that transfers information towards a random localization. A
socket is, mainly, a see‐through information correlation connecting two computers
related resting on a network. It is recognized by the computers network concentrate
departing on because healthy the same as with a door limited to a small area in every
computer.
Figure 6. Hybrid Network Architecture
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Socket represents a TCP/IP structure association indicate. While two computers desire
towards continue a discussion, every one of them uses one socket. Within this process a
computer named server opens a socket, here particularly the administration organizer,
and makes a correlation verify. The RDRM sends a signal to the server socket aiming to
start a link. Inside command towards establish a link immediately the providence
concentrate on beside among the port digit are required. During the TCP/IP exact gate
numbers are engaged to exact protocols, designed for request, 25 to SMTP (Simple Mail
Transmission Protocol) and 80 to HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol).
Sockets current two main process modes: the link based mode through the without link
mode. The based link modes effort as a receiver; they have to set up a link as interrupting
the name. The whole thing that a flow connecting these two actions arrives in the similar
command as it was transmitted. On the other hand, the mode without link does not
assurance the transport, and the mail dissimilar substance can arrive in a dissimilar
command beginning that they were transmitted.
B. Electric Power Line connector (EPC)
Electric Power Line connector (EPC) is a method that uses the active power line to
transmit high‐speed (2‐3 Mb/s) statistics signals from one machine to the previous.
The ability to generate two carriers, separated in frequency, is a strategy to recover the
competence of message during the electric network
In the system installed for testing, EPC transmitters/receivers are configured to operate
in C band. Following, the equipment must be reconfigured to operate in the A band. This
reconfiguration is to change the crystal and change the value of some passive
components (resistors and capacitors) of the interface circuit.
Advantage: EPC can exist measured as a capable knowledge for elegant network
application owing toward the actuality that the accessible transportation decreases the
mechanism price of the connections transportation. The consistency labors on EPC
networks, the commercial, omnipresent nature and extensively accessible transportation
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of EPC, can be the reasons for its power and reputation [1]. Statistics transmissions are
broadcast in nature for EPC.
C. CAN
Nowadays different equipment’s have an integration technique for each vendor, which
does not communicate to equipment from other vendors. It specifies patterns
concerning toward the physical layer of the CAN protocol, one being the employ of a
transceiver machine that makes the line connecting the antenna and CAN bus join,
creation convinced electrical circumstances provided in the standard be met. Surrounded
by these circumstances contain the safety alongside small circuits, electrical energy levels
and others. Therefore, WSSM were connected to the bus via the CAN transceiver
MCP2551, Microchip Technology Remote Data Receiving Model (RDRM)
Figure 7 WSSM connection bus
A. RDRM– Maximum practicable data acquisition
The RDRM enhanced the example velocity, as it employs a DSP (TMS320F2812). In this
container, the RDRM could accomplish 128‐samples/cycle, translating to 7680‐samples/s.
These grades allocate analysing awake to the 64th oral. allowing for that the RDRM is
used for the signals acquisition with fundamental frequency of a 60Hz, and as performs
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an A / D conversion for each 260ns, comes to a sampling frequency of 7.68kHz, resulting
in a maximum bandwidth, or the NY Quist frequency of 3.84kHz. These values fully
attend the technical standards for the monitoring of electrical power substations.
B. WSSM – maximum achievable data acquisition
The antenna Modules are worn only for the achievement of signals with great invariable
period, and consequently do not need a far above the ground dispensation capacity (e.g.
hotness). The maxi‐mum ability of achievement of ISM was 12‐samples/cycle.
D. RDRM/WSSM ‐ obstacles susceptibility
The WSSM/RDRM systems were evaluated for two dissimilar scenarios (through and
lacking obstacles). Initial grades for the first situation demonstrate that the antenna
node is capable to transmit without several small package wounded up to a remoteness
of 80m, despite of the transmitter direction. At remoteness of 90m, and with the
antennas focussed at each previous, we detect approximately 10%small package
fatalities. Distances generously proportioned than 100m showed an offensive number of
container fatalities. As intended for the second scenario, we noticed that an obstacle
such as a 30cm actual wall allows transmitting to distances simply up and doing to 60m
without any important small package fatalities.
C. RDRM/WSSM ‐ maximum lifetime batteries
In view of with the purpose of a WSN is power controlled, it is supreme to decrease the
use of power payable to inflection, filtering, and demodulation. The power inspired by
the two‐way radio depends on the category of intonation; data convey price, and
message control. To expand the system lifetime, we have adopted the energetic control
administration with listed Switching Mode (DPM‐SSM) process for wireless feeler nodes
[6].DPM‐SSM is a control organization method that schedules condition transitions to a
dead to the world condition based on the present node’s series ability. As the series
ability degrades, winning attainment a number of predefined power levels, the
preparation take position more recurrently to get improved the series capacity
recuperation. When a node subsystem is switched to a slumber state, there is an
enormous decrease on the three haggard from the series by that part. Therefore, it
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allows us to take benefit of the series recovery result. Inside a antenna node, the radio is
the subsystem that, in average, draws additional power from the series. By action that, it
is potential to get more benefit of the series
E. EPC ‐ Data Transmission Behaviour:
The data transmission behaviour can be verified by Fig. 14, which presents the sum total
of data received by time of day in the period from 28/08/2011 to 11/11/2011. It can be seen,
in Fig. 14, that the loss of data communication occurs in the period of greater load
consumption, proving the influence of the power flow on the performance of the EPC
modem. The WSSM was developed in order to highlight information appearance
flexibility. It runs on pattern PC structural design by Linux or Windows Operational
structure, previously the line was residential with JAVA language, and IBM‐DB2 Express‐C
and My SQL to database. The function was residential to maintain on‐line information
management during interpretation of the external information records, together with as
well as a Database system, which stores the data [7]. While the major purpose of the SC
subsystem is obtained and accumulate the information imitative starting the RDRM, it
can procedure and in attendance them to operators during: I) SCADA (proprietors
systems); or, ii) Human Interface (HI) particularly intended for this reason. Some
scenarios were analysed considering the infrastructure network, WSN or PLC connection.
The tests aimed to analyse the behaviour of the three subsystems that make up the
automation system for an underground electric distribution grid. For data acquisition
subsystem the tests were conducted aiming to verify the signals bandwidth acquired by
RDRM. This analysis was performed from the NY Quist Theorem and Fourier series.
Concomitant use of these methods has the ability to verify analysis of harmonics of the
unit. The analysis of the RDAU bandwidth presented results consistent with the
established standards [7].
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Figure 8 Alarm warning of a meter
6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
To evaluate the system concert it was definite a set of experiments for analyzing, remote
data acquisition unit (RDAU) maximum practicable data acquisition and obstacles
susceptibility. Intelligent sensor module (ISM) maximum practicable data acquisition,
obstacles susceptibility and maximum lifetime batteries. Communication (Ethernet
(TCP/IP) and wireless) transmission rate. Electric power line connecter (EPC) Behavior of
the information statement for different days with different day’s times. Human‐machine
interface (HMI) easy of understanding information and time response. The RDAU/ISM
systems were evaluated for different scenarios monitoring an underground electric
distribution grid.
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Figure 9 Total data received by time of the day in the period
The ISM/RDAU systems were evaluated for two different scenarios (with and without
obstacles). Mainly consequences for the first scenario demonstrate that the sensor join is
able to transmit without any small package fatalities up to a remoteness of 80 m, anyway
of the aerial direction. At remoteness of 90 m, and with the antennas heading for at each
other, it was notice approximately 10% small package losses. Distances larger than 100 m
showed an intolerable digit of small package fatalities. As for the second scenario, it be
also noticed that obstacles such the same as a 30 cm tangible partition allow transmitting
to distances merely up to 60 m without some important small package fatalities.
7. CONCLUSION
The system provides suppleness, responsibility easiness, elevated sensing fidelity,
stumpy price, quick retort, and interoperability, design the organization an ultimate
stage for control procedure estimate and provision monitoring overall, and allowing the
building of far above the ground stage smart command supervision system in stylish
grids. The application in the underground, among the challenges of this application may
be highlighted the communication between indoor and the outdoor of the monitored
substation. Furthermore, considering the difficulty of access to the system, determined
the use of a hybrid system eliminating the necessity of regular maintenance of the
batteries.
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ISSN: 2348-4098
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper has been done under the guiding of Mr. Kumar and Supported by Sathya and
Manokaran.
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