SMART GRID INFRASTRUCTURE FOR EFFECTIVE POWER CONTROL USING CAN AND WSSM 1

SMART GRID INFRASTRUCTURE FOR EFFECTIVE POWER CONTROL

USING CAN AND WSSM

1A. BAMA, 2K KUMAR

1Dept of MCA, Vel Tech DR.RR & DR.SR Technical University, Chennai, India

2Assistant Professor, Dept of MCA, Vel Tech DR.RR & DR.SR Technical University,

Chennai, India

ABSTRACT

Smart grid be capable of be real defined as a contemporary electric authority grid

communications for better effectiveness, dependability as well as security, by means of

level incorporation of renewable and alternative energy source through mechanical

control and new communications technologies. To present a robust spatio‐ temporal

prediction method and algorithm that can provide an efficient forecasting of Web client‐

perceived performance on the World Wide Web. This may provide efficient for individual

nodes of Web‐based DCS and enable to improve operation of the whole system .The

proposed system can be help full in improvement of Efficiency ,reliability automated

safety by using automated control. The system provides a situation monitoring analysis

and administrative control .Hybrid architecture has been implemented in this proposed

system. The hybrid network consist of distant information acquirement units quick

sensor modules and authority stroke message modem the information Recording and

area forecast a time forecast a geostatistical method an agent from which data set wear

collected. As a result, one could obtain spatial‐temporal database and raster map where

analyses of variability for whole space not only given points could be performed. These

two methods have been use because they use and acceptable amount official casts.

Geostatistics and are developing significantly in traditional sciences for geostatistical

like climate studies, geology, ecology, or agriculture. Proposed system main aim to

launch a communication system which can communicate with outside operating centres.

Index Terms: Geostatistics, Hybrid network, Power distribution, Smart grids.

VOL 02 ISSUE 03 MARCH 2014 DATE OF PUBLICATION- APRIL 07, 2014

ISSN: 2348-4098

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY- www.ijset.in 1

1. INTRODUCTION

Smart grid is contemporary electric power grid communications designed for better

competence, trustworthiness as well as protection, by horizontal combination of

renewable as well as different power source from end to end automatic organize as well

as current communications technology. Within smart grid, unfailing as well as real‐time in

order become the input feature designed for unfailing escape of power beginning

generating unit in the direction of end‐users stimulating power allocation network be

exceptionally multifaceted as well as ill‐suited twenty ‐primary century. Surrounded by a

deficiency in of automatic testing, deprived visibility, motorized switch cause deliberate

comeback time, be deficient in situational knowledge etc.

Embedded method be capable be present originate ubiquitously into each day time,

starting electrical produce as well as appliance, in the direction of nonlinear repayment

instrument, multifaceted computerization system as well as adaptive run systems

improved situational responsiveness as well as operative support.

Independent direct procedures in the direction of improve dependability with increasing

resiliency touching element failure along with usual disaster, as well as minimize

occurrence also enormity of power outages focus to authoritarian policy, in commission

necessities, apparatus borders, with client preference. effectiveness improvement next

to maximize advantage deployment, enhanced resiliency touching hateful attack during

improved physical safety as well as state‐of‐the‐art computer‐generated safety in the

direction of continue data trustworthiness, discretion, with accuracy, with near make

possible non refutation level inside the occurrence of adversary into part of structure.

Incorporation of renewable capital including astrophysical as well as current of air at

level from consumer premises to centralized plants to go forward worldwide power

sustainability; incorporation of every types of power storage space as well because extra

wealth such because plug‐in electric vehicles (PEVs) in the direction of counteract the

changeability of renewable capital with require.


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about near this scheme, the structure is with two platform near information success,

remote data acquisition units (RDAUs) and intelligent sensor modules (ISMs).

A. Remote Data Receiving Model (RDRM)

Different RDRMs are a responsible monitoring rapid dynamic data and fault detection.

For this purpose, the RDRM provides inputs and four digital inputs. Transmitting the data

to a supervisory controller, and if required, the platform can operate based on digital

outputs. Different RDRM are responsible monitoring rapid dynamic data and fault

detection. For this purpose, the RDRM provides six analogy inputs and four digital inputs,

transmitting the data to a MONITORING AND CONTROLLING SYSTEM, and if required,

the platform can operate based on digital outputs.

B. Analog Inputs Digital Inputs and Outputs

Transformers are used for the voltages measurements with an 11:1 relation, and HAIS100

(LEM™) for measuring the cur‐rents. The RMS voltage value in the primary supervision

trans‐former is 75V. Considering 50% over‐voltage, the system is able to measure up to

110V. The current sensor has 100A of nominal primary current. The same can measure

currents up to 300A. To achieve better resolution for the current measure, two

conditions were developed, one for maximum current of 5A (low power circuits) and

another for 100A (high power circuits). The transition is implemented via software.

Besides the common analogy voltage and current inputs, the RDAU has also the

capability to analyse four digital inputs: low level, ranging from 0V to 75V, and high level,

ranging from 95V to 127V. For the actuation in power systems, the RDAU provides four

digital outputs that can be used whenever necessary.

C. TMS320F2812

The TMS320F2812 microprocessor operating at 150MHz clock frequency (i.e.,

6.67ns/instruction). The memory architecture is organized as follows: 64kB program

memory, 64kB data memory, 18kB RAM, one external memory interface with 1MB, and

128kB Flash ROM. The system also provides an AD converter, PWM, and timers.


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D. Software

The software was developed based on the C++ language, using the Code Composer

Platinum™ platform (Texas Instruments ™). The main routine configures peripherals and

interruptions, enabling data acquisition, data processing and data transmission. The data

acquisition subroutine uses the internal AD converter of the DSP. The DSP has two

parallel sample‐and‐hold channels that connect at one analogy/digital converter with a 12‐

bit Electronic solution working with maximum conversion rates of 25 MHz/channel. The

sampling is takes places simultaneously for each pair of inputs.

The sampling time was adjusted for 7680 samples/second, representing 128

Samples/cycle for each voltage and Current of the phases R, S and T. Aiming at improving

the system's performance, some data processing is performed locally to reduce the

number of data packet transmissions.

The RDRM processing data subroutine performs the computation of the RMS values for

the voltage and current phases, active, reactive and complex three‐phase power and

power factor, in addition to the computation of Fast from the RMS values, the operator

can analyse the power system behaviour (i.e. fault analysis), allowing to cover all rules

and international standards. Given that the system has some processing power, it allows

running several control algorithms and the implementation of fault detection techniques.

All the results obtained from the data processing unit are transmitted through a

“transmission data subroutine” to the Supervisory Controller (SC). This subroutine

configures the RS232 communication with two stop bits, no parity, eight data bits, and

115,200 bps data rate, based on the MODBUS proto‐col.

The connection between the RDRM and the SC is performed through serial

Communication, RS232 (for short distance), or Ethernet. In the next item the possible

communication scenarios will be explained. Concerning to the protocol, transmission

rate and that data process occurs in the TMS320F2812; the using of the transmission

channel is 15%.


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Figure 2 Remote data acquisition unit (RDAU) block diagram

3. WIRELESS SMART SENSOR MODEL (WSSM)

Unlike the RDRM subsystem that has continuous processing and transmission data

besides actuation capability, the intelligent wireless smart sensor model (WSSM), Fig. 5,

is less powerful, transmitting data throw longer intervals, and like this has less processing

time and save battery power. WSSM module performs data acquisition metrics which has

slow dynamic (e.g. tempera‐true).considering that the WSSM can be located anywhere,

the sys‐tem can be battery powered or powered by an external source. In case it is

battery powered, four AAA 1.2 V rechargeable batteries are employed. The external

source has input voltage of 127V, and output of 5.6V. Besides providing the required

voltage, it can also be used to recharge the AAA batteries. The Prototype was

implemented.

F(I,Y)=prob{Z(x)≤z|information}

The electrical power grid be a huge network to facilitate canister be present partition

interested in three major abstract segment because energy generation, Power broadcast

with current allocation, with expenditure segment. Inside the smart grid, the


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conventional radial associations as well as partitioning will power vary seeing as the

current motivation be and fashioned along by damaged inside a allocation structure form

a micro grid. Into this sector, we pursue the institute of the conventional grid the sake of

mounting the understandability of the textbook. We create by current age group site,

maintain through power program with current distribution as well as lastly make in the

bearing of spending which is the final mile of current liberation military. WSNs contain

extensive array of application in every of personnel segment. To provide wireless

communication, addressing wssm mobility issues, a transceiver TRF‐2.4G was chosen as

the RF communication module. A WSSM prototype was developed to experimental

validation. Each WSSM has a lecture to assign by the access when installing the network,

organize themselves originally (socket with participate).

Figure 3 ISM hardware

Supplementary probable application of sensor networks during authority deliverance

structure cover is definite into Temperature, droop as well as dynamic competence

capacity as of transparency conductors. Recluse, capacitor, and sectionalized reliability

monitor, hotness with capability competence since dissident cable. Fault tour suggestion

protections ascend with dissident network transformers. Monitor nature plus

undergrowth make contact. Monitor dissident network machinery, e.g. transformers,

switches, vaults, etc.

F(I,Y)=Prob{I(y1)≤i1,I(y2)≤I2,….I(yn)≤(In)

In smart grid concept, wireless smart sensor models should communicate to each other,

local processing and advanced large computing power. For data broadcast flanked by

neat meter plus electrical utilities different communication technologies can be used in


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infrastructure‐based wired or wireless. Modern development addicted to statement

knowledge comprise enable price effectual inaccessible organize arrangement which

have ability of monitor genuine time functioning conditions and performance of exciting

authority system. Every statement knowledge has its own advantages and disadvantages

that must be evaluated to determine the best communication technology for automation

system. Inside direct in the direction of stay away from probable disruption in authority

system payable in the direction of surprising failure, a extremely dependable, scalable,

protected, strong plus price successful hybrid statement network connecting system in

testing with a distant run centre is paramount. These high presentation hybrid statement

networks have to as well pledge extremely severe Quality of Service (QoS) desires to

avoid probable authority conflict with outages.

The SC Subsystem was developed in order to highlight information arrangement

adaptability. It run lying on measure PC structural design by Linux or Windows OS,

previously the boundary was residential by JAVA language, and IBM‐DB2 Express‐ C and

My SQL to database. The request is residential to maintain online information

arrangement during interpretation of the inward bound as well as a Database system,

which stores the data

A. WSSM used for production services

Inside conventional authority grid, energy production services are usually monitored by

hyper sensors which are imperfect into quantity with positioned simply at a small number

of important places. This is unpaid to the far above the ground price of setting up as well

as preservation of sensors. WSSM present low‐priced sensors with the purpose of

preserve correspond via wireless relations hence have stretchy operation opportunity. In

fact, the consumption of WSSM becomes smooth further important by the growing

numeral of renewable power site into the liveliness production cycle. These renewable

energy production amenities container be in remote areas, and operate in harsh

environment anywhere fault‐tolerance of WSSM make a superlative contender designed

for such applications. Also output of the renewable liveliness possessions is directly

correlated by the ambient environment such because wind swiftness for wind speed

power production and confusion for planetary panel. This changeable ambient


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environment basis alternating supremacy production these make renewable property

tough to integrate toward power grid. Used for illustration, at tall current of air speeds,

to avoid damage to the blade with gears inside the hub of the wind turbine, the turbines

be fasten off.

Figure 4 HMI main interfaces

This cause a precipitous decrease of a production to be evenhanded by extra property.

Forecast of such measures motivation. Give opportunity for attentiveness and express.

The author lecture to confront of unreliable storm authority production through use

predict wherever WSNs are old to gather and speak the wind momentum forecast data

to a central place. WSNs can also be worn for circumstance monitor of the wind turbines.

Storm turbines are comfortable equipment’s which might understanding breakdown in

point in time payable to sport. Early finding of broken mechanism might augment the

natural life of the current of air tribunes with decrease the moment safe for preservation

which increases the efficiency of production. In the author operate WSNs for monitor the

state of the bearing inside the gearboxes wherever accelerometers are worn to

supervise wind turbine tremor. WSNs are old to supply early discovery for behavior

failure or other connected problems.

The author lecture to the subject of delay‐sensitive data broadcast in WSNs for a wind

turbine by modify the middle admittance Control (MAC) protocols of IEEE802.15.4


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average in organize to supply examine demarcation for grave with non‐critical data, and

cut the end‐to‐end impediment for critical data. WSN‐based energy estimate and

arrangement system for work plants have be introduce in. A comparable WSN‐based

scheme be able to also be use for circumstance monitor of authority plant life. Low‐cost,

simplicity of consumption, fault‐tolerance, and suppleness is between the

reimbursements of the WSN‐based system.

4. HUMAN INTERFACE (HI)

The HI, Fig. 7, used in the SC as mentioned before, was developed in JAVA language and

is divided in four parts described as follows:

Monitoring

Allow the user to show the graphical demonstration of all the variable of the stage, with

real time values of power and recent as well as powers values.

Alarms: Contain a successive listing of alarms and changes of state. This list allows the

operator notice of any trouble of the power system, as sag, swell, over current, and

excess. The list of alarms are‐

Figure 5 Spreadsheet report

Database: The measurement of voltage and cur‐rent are stored in a hard disk (HD)

authorizing after analyses any‐time that is essential.


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Historic Graphics and Reports: This function was advanced for the user can observe the

advancement of the cur‐rent, voltage, and power values in a determined time

Parameters: To a better versatility the parameter of sag and swell can be configured by

the user. In this form the nominal values and alarm enabling will run under the usual

norms presents the WEB application developed to access the data collected and stored

in the database.

5. HYBRID COMMUNICATIOS

Currently, there is a want form of statement capability in emotional authority system. In

smart grid concept, wireless smart sensor models should communicate to each other,

local processing and advanced large computing power. In support of information

communication among stylish meter with electrical utilities, different communication

technologies can be used in infrastructure based on wired or wireless. New increase

during information equipment include permit commercial distant manage system, which

encompass the prospective of supervise the valid instant functional location with

management of stimulating control system.

Every statement connect have its contain compensation with disadvantage to have to

exist estimate near establish the summit statement equipment for computerization

interruption into control systems unpaid towards organization. Inside through towards

keep away from shows prospective sudden collapse, a extremely dependable, scalable,

protected, strong, with charge efficient hybrid announcement system connecting

organization under study with a distant manage centred be chief. These elevated

presentation hybrid statement networks have to as well agreement incredibly exacting

excellence of provision (QoS) needs to avoid probable ability instability and outages.

The serial interface (i.e., RS232) is employed when the RDRM is nearby the SC. This way,

communication between the two modules takes places without the need of any other

communication module. This protocol has two transmission modes: ASCII and binary. The

binary mode (RTU) is the one used in our system. The end of a message is identified after


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there is negative broadcast intended for a smallest amount stage of 1.5 periods a

information express communication. The packet structure (see Fig. 6) includes: Network

address; Packet type; Packet data; the communication follows A master‐slave approach,

where only One device (the master) can question the previous strategy (slaves) .The

slaves’ respond back transfer the information necessary through the master. The master

is able to concentrate on single slave at a time or all the network devices during diffusion

messages.

A. Ethernet (TCP/IP)

In this scenario the DE311™ from B&B Electronics™ module is being used. This module

provides a information letter explanation used for between Windows and Unix/Linux

hosts to asynchronous sequential strategy above a TCP/IP based Ethernet. As the

contribution data is from asynchronous serial, and RDRM provides RS232, the

communication between DE311 to RDAU is directly.

Since a significance, they utilize loads of concepts establish within previous Kernel

routines. Mainly, sockets are incorporated towards the I/O routines. This incorporated

system major benefit slander during its suppleness: be able to exist printed an

exceptional applicative that transfers information towards a random localization. A

socket is, mainly, a see‐through information correlation connecting two computers

related resting on a network. It is recognized by the computers network concentrate

departing on because healthy the same as with a door limited to a small area in every

computer.

Figure 6. Hybrid Network Architecture


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Socket represents a TCP/IP structure association indicate. While two computers desire

towards continue a discussion, every one of them uses one socket. Within this process a

computer named server opens a socket, here particularly the administration organizer,

and makes a correlation verify. The RDRM sends a signal to the server socket aiming to

start a link. Inside command towards establish a link immediately the providence

concentrate on beside among the port digit are required. During the TCP/IP exact gate

numbers are engaged to exact protocols, designed for request, 25 to SMTP (Simple Mail

Transmission Protocol) and 80 to HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol).

Sockets current two main process modes: the link based mode through the without link

mode. The based link modes effort as a receiver; they have to set up a link as interrupting

the name. The whole thing that a flow connecting these two actions arrives in the similar

command as it was transmitted. On the other hand, the mode without link does not

assurance the transport, and the mail dissimilar substance can arrive in a dissimilar

command beginning that they were transmitted.

B. Electric Power Line connector (EPC)

Electric Power Line connector (EPC) is a method that uses the active power line to

transmit high‐speed (2‐3 Mb/s) statistics signals from one machine to the previous.

The ability to generate two carriers, separated in frequency, is a strategy to recover the

competence of message during the electric network

In the system installed for testing, EPC transmitters/receivers are configured to operate

in C band. Following, the equipment must be reconfigured to operate in the A band. This

reconfiguration is to change the crystal and change the value of some passive

components (resistors and capacitors) of the interface circuit.

Advantage: EPC can exist measured as a capable knowledge for elegant network

application owing toward the actuality that the accessible transportation decreases the

mechanism price of the connections transportation. The consistency labors on EPC

networks, the commercial, omnipresent nature and extensively accessible transportation


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of EPC, can be the reasons for its power and reputation [1]. Statistics transmissions are

broadcast in nature for EPC.

C. CAN

Nowadays different equipment’s have an integration technique for each vendor, which

does not communicate to equipment from other vendors. It specifies patterns

concerning toward the physical layer of the CAN protocol, one being the employ of a

transceiver machine that makes the line connecting the antenna and CAN bus join,

creation convinced electrical circumstances provided in the standard be met. Surrounded

by these circumstances contain the safety alongside small circuits, electrical energy levels

and others. Therefore, WSSM were connected to the bus via the CAN transceiver

MCP2551, Microchip Technology Remote Data Receiving Model (RDRM)

Figure 7 WSSM connection bus

A. RDRM– Maximum practicable data acquisition

The RDRM enhanced the example velocity, as it employs a DSP (TMS320F2812). In this

container, the RDRM could accomplish 128‐samples/cycle, translating to 7680‐samples/s.

These grades allocate analysing awake to the 64th oral. allowing for that the RDRM is

used for the signals acquisition with fundamental frequency of a 60Hz, and as performs


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an A / D conversion for each 260ns, comes to a sampling frequency of 7.68kHz, resulting

in a maximum bandwidth, or the NY Quist frequency of 3.84kHz. These values fully

attend the technical standards for the monitoring of electrical power substations.

B. WSSM – maximum achievable data acquisition

The antenna Modules are worn only for the achievement of signals with great invariable

period, and consequently do not need a far above the ground dispensation capacity (e.g.

hotness). The maxi‐mum ability of achievement of ISM was 12‐samples/cycle.

D. RDRM/WSSM ‐ obstacles susceptibility

The WSSM/RDRM systems were evaluated for two dissimilar scenarios (through and

lacking obstacles). Initial grades for the first situation demonstrate that the antenna

node is capable to transmit without several small package wounded up to a remoteness

of 80m, despite of the transmitter direction. At remoteness of 90m, and with the

antennas focussed at each previous, we detect approximately 10%small package

fatalities. Distances generously proportioned than 100m showed an offensive number of

container fatalities. As intended for the second scenario, we noticed that an obstacle

such as a 30cm actual wall allows transmitting to distances simply up and doing to 60m

without any important small package fatalities.

C. RDRM/WSSM ‐ maximum lifetime batteries

In view of with the purpose of a WSN is power controlled, it is supreme to decrease the

use of power payable to inflection, filtering, and demodulation. The power inspired by

the two‐way radio depends on the category of intonation; data convey price, and

message control. To expand the system lifetime, we have adopted the energetic control

administration with listed Switching Mode (DPM‐SSM) process for wireless feeler nodes

[6].DPM‐SSM is a control organization method that schedules condition transitions to a

dead to the world condition based on the present node’s series ability. As the series

ability degrades, winning attainment a number of predefined power levels, the

preparation take position more recurrently to get improved the series capacity

recuperation. When a node subsystem is switched to a slumber state, there is an

enormous decrease on the three haggard from the series by that part. Therefore, it


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allows us to take benefit of the series recovery result. Inside a antenna node, the radio is

the subsystem that, in average, draws additional power from the series. By action that, it

is potential to get more benefit of the series

E. EPC ‐ Data Transmission Behaviour:

The data transmission behaviour can be verified by Fig. 14, which presents the sum total

of data received by time of day in the period from 28/08/2011 to 11/11/2011. It can be seen,

in Fig. 14, that the loss of data communication occurs in the period of greater load

consumption, proving the influence of the power flow on the performance of the EPC

modem. The WSSM was developed in order to highlight information appearance

flexibility. It runs on pattern PC structural design by Linux or Windows Operational

structure, previously the line was residential with JAVA language, and IBM‐DB2 Express‐C

and My SQL to database. The function was residential to maintain on‐line information

management during interpretation of the external information records, together with as

well as a Database system, which stores the data [7]. While the major purpose of the SC

subsystem is obtained and accumulate the information imitative starting the RDRM, it

can procedure and in attendance them to operators during: I) SCADA (proprietors

systems); or, ii) Human Interface (HI) particularly intended for this reason. Some

scenarios were analysed considering the infrastructure network, WSN or PLC connection.

The tests aimed to analyse the behaviour of the three subsystems that make up the

automation system for an underground electric distribution grid. For data acquisition

subsystem the tests were conducted aiming to verify the signals bandwidth acquired by

RDRM. This analysis was performed from the NY Quist Theorem and Fourier series.

Concomitant use of these methods has the ability to verify analysis of harmonics of the

unit. The analysis of the RDAU bandwidth presented results consistent with the

established standards [7].


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Figure 8 Alarm warning of a meter

6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

To evaluate the system concert it was definite a set of experiments for analyzing, remote

data acquisition unit (RDAU) maximum practicable data acquisition and obstacles

susceptibility. Intelligent sensor module (ISM) maximum practicable data acquisition,

obstacles susceptibility and maximum lifetime batteries. Communication (Ethernet

(TCP/IP) and wireless) transmission rate. Electric power line connecter (EPC) Behavior of

the information statement for different days with different day’s times. Human‐machine

interface (HMI) easy of understanding information and time response. The RDAU/ISM

systems were evaluated for different scenarios monitoring an underground electric

distribution grid.


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Figure 9 Total data received by time of the day in the period

The ISM/RDAU systems were evaluated for two different scenarios (with and without

obstacles). Mainly consequences for the first scenario demonstrate that the sensor join is

able to transmit without any small package fatalities up to a remoteness of 80 m, anyway

of the aerial direction. At remoteness of 90 m, and with the antennas heading for at each

other, it was notice approximately 10% small package losses. Distances larger than 100 m

showed an intolerable digit of small package fatalities. As for the second scenario, it be

also noticed that obstacles such the same as a 30 cm tangible partition allow transmitting

to distances merely up to 60 m without some important small package fatalities.

7. CONCLUSION

The system provides suppleness, responsibility easiness, elevated sensing fidelity,

stumpy price, quick retort, and interoperability, design the organization an ultimate

stage for control procedure estimate and provision monitoring overall, and allowing the

building of far above the ground stage smart command supervision system in stylish

grids. The application in the underground, among the challenges of this application may

be highlighted the communication between indoor and the outdoor of the monitored

substation. Furthermore, considering the difficulty of access to the system, determined

the use of a hybrid system eliminating the necessity of regular maintenance of the

batteries.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This paper has been done under the guiding of Mr. Kumar and Supported by Sathya and

Manokaran.

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