Sizes of Currently Available Produce May Significantly Affect Nutrient Intake Assessment. Joannie Dobbs, Ph.D., CNS C. Alan Titchenal, PhD, CNS Wing Shan.

Sizes of Currently Available Produce May Significantly Affect

Nutrient Intake Assessment.

Joannie Dobbs, Ph.D., CNS

C. Alan Titchenal, PhD, CNS

Wing Shan Tam, and

Lauren HongHuman Nutrition, Food & Animal Sciences

Introduction:

Nutrient databases are essential tools in:

Clinical researchDietary guidanceFood labelingEpidemiology

Nutritional Status Risk Factors.

CNA Uses

• Research– Clinical– Epidemiology

• Nutrition Education• Public Health

Recommendations• Menu Planning• Diet Planning

• Popular Media• Recipes

– Cookbooks– Food Columns

• Culinary– Restaurants– Food Labeling– Purchasing

Objective:

To determine if advances in agricultural practice (i.e. changes in produce weights) may lead to significant errors in the estimation of nutrient intake and other computer nutrient analysis (CNA) applications.

Methods and Materials:

--5 major supermarkets in Honolulu-- Subset of most commonly consumed fruits and vegetables in the U.S. -- the largest -- the smallest-- 1 to 3 median-sized -- Weights were measured and compared

to USDA SR16-1 database.

Example of Sampling Technique - Tomatoes

Results:

Small ---Honolulu to USDA SR16-1

Large ---Honolulu to USDA SR16-1

Median ---Honolulu to Medium USDA SR16-1

Comparisons of Energy Content Differences

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Grams 8

9

21

Apples(multiple varieties)

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Avocados(Haas variety)

Grams

4

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Bananas(Dole)

Grams

4

5

16

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Grapefruit

Grams 5

5

5

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Kiwi Fruits

Grams 5

5

5

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Tangerine

Grams 4

4

4

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Papayas

Grams

5

5

5

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Navel Oranges

Grams

5

5

5

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Green Bell Pepper

Grams

7

7

11

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Carrots

Grams

5

5

10

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Cucumbers

Grams

5

5

5

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Japanese Cucumbers

Grams

7

7

11

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Garlic Cloves

Grams

9

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Button Mushrooms

Grams

5

5

5

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Red Onions

Grams

1

1

3

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Yellow Onions

Grams

7

7

11

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

White Onions

Grams

2

2

6

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Red Potatoes

Grams

8

8

14

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Russet Potatoes

Grams

3

3

5

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Zucchini Squash

Grams

5

5

5

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Tomatoes

Grams

3

3

5

Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Small Large Median

Hawaii

USDA_SR16-1

Roma Tomatoes(Plumb Tomatoes)

Grams

4

4

5

Potentialpounds BAgainedA – BUSDAMedianUSDA

in a yearkcalkcalkcalkcal/100g4.4427211452Apples11.2107289396167Avocado-Haas1.11010511589Bananas0.33828532Grapefruits-0.2-2464461Kiwi-0.5-5696449Orange-Navel-3.7-351198439Papaya3.735377244Tangerines- Honey2Average:

Difference in Energy Content between Honolulu Median and USDA SR16-1 Medium Fruit

Difference in Energy Content between Honolulu Median and USDA SR16-1 Medium Vegetables

PotentialpoundsBAgainedA – BUSDAMedianUSDA

in a yearkcalkcalkcalkcal/100g1.716244020Bell Pepper1.514253941Carrots1.312455715Cucumber0.55455015Cucumber-Japanese0.88412149Garlic0.114522Mushroom14.51394618542Red Onion7.0674611342Round (Yellow) Onion9.1874613342White Onion-4.8-4615310772Red Potato8.17816824679Russet Potato2.019315016Squash Zucchini1.716264221Tomato - loose0.11131421Tomato - plum/Italian3Average:

USDA Medium Apple (138 g)

Honolulu Median Apple (230 g)

USDA Medium Apple (138 g)

Honolulu Median Apple (230 g)

Study Limitations

• Limited Locale (Honolulu)

• Limited Sample Number

• Single Season

• Based on Visual Judgment rather than weights of all (reflects consumer)

Significance/So What:

• Assuming market produce is similar in size to database values can lead to significant – Underestimation or overestimation of energy, nutrient, and

phytochemicals consumed

• Potential error due to produce size differences may affect correctness in – Individual Nutrient Recommendations– Public Health Nutrient Recommendations– Evaluation of Epidemiological Data– Errors in Food and Restaurant Labeling

Mahalos

• For their Vision• Frederick Hill - Richard Grau - Max

Kleiber

• Partially Funded by HATCH Grant Project No HAW00238-H