SilviaAnneSheafer.......ramsesTheGreatbyHouseOfBooks
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Ancient World leAders
ramses the great
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Ancient World leAders
Ancient World leAders
alexander the great
attila the hun
charlemagne
cleopatra
cyrus the great
darius the great
genghis khan
hammurabi
hannibaljulius caesar
king david
nefertiti
Queen of sheba
ramses the great
saladin
xerxes
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Ancient World leAders
ramses the great
Silvia Anne Sheafer
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Ramses the Great
Cpygh 2009 y I Puhg
A gh v. N p h k my pu uz y m y ym, mh, ug phpyg, g, y y m g v ym, whu pm wg m h puh. F m, :
Ch HuA mp I Puhg132 W 31 SNw Yk, NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sh, Sv A.Rm h G / Sv A Sh.
p. m. (A w )Iu gph x.ISBN 978-0-7910-9637-6 (hv)
1. Rm II, Kg EgypJuv u. 2. EgypHyNh yy,. 13201200 B.C.Juv u. 3. PhhBgphyJuv u. I. .II. S.
D88.S54 2008932'.01409222[B] 2008004871
Ch Hu k v p u wh puh uk qu u, , u, pm. P u Sp S Dpm Nw Yk (212) 967-8800 (800) 322-8755.
Yu Ch Hu h W W W hp://www.hhu.m
x g y L FCv g y Jyug A
P h U S Am
Bg NMSG 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
h k p - pp.
A k W w hk v h m pu.Bu h ym u h W, m k my hv hg pu my g v.
Frontispiece: Head of a colossal statue of Pharaoh Ramses II. Facade of the Great Temple at
Abu Simbel, Egypt.
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contents
Foreword: On LeadershpArthur M. Schlesnger, Jr.
1
2
3
45
6
7
8
910
6
12
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46
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71
82
91
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125
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131
cy
Bbapy
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a m. s, j.
On Ldip
6
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. T h pp u
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8 ramses the great
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w kw h u. Mk h-
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m, m y h uh h
hum pg. Ivu gu hw h wy, h p, whh mm pp h p w.
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p phph, h wh hy gh wh hy
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mp wh h gu hm .
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m, h g y, wh . . . . I
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v h w m.
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p h hyhm h g. T gu mu
p, ph m Wm Jm, h pv
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g h m, h Fh p, hg m
h . I m h . I mu w hm. G -
u h h m h m pup h
w. Ty z h ppu h m, h hp,
, u, , p. Ty u wh
v hv pp h wy hm, wh h mmuy
wg u, wh hy pv h yg
gzg . Lhp mp h u wh vu h m hy hy.
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9Fowod
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p h m xvg m
mu m h hv ug humy. Ty
hv v uh g humy h m -
vu m, gu , ju, p hum gh.
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g wh v. Bu g h gy m
wm Ancient World Leaders ugg m uu .
O h: D y y pu?
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um uh h p m, , g,
qu u yy.
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quy. Php m gvm, w hBh h Jm By h uy h U S,
Te American Commonwealth, g muh
my. T h pp hu qu h
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y, hhy, . T vu quy h h
w y h u hp. F quy,
Ax quv p u h g uyDemocracy
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m.
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10 ramses the great
u h Fhrerprinzip m um
h h w h v kw.
Bu wh gh gv vy z h v-
gy h, h pm hp k
w m, m m xg h v . I y u mm hm y h p h k,
h mp hgulag. I muh h u
gum hvm vm pp w
. T Fug Fh h U S u-
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h ppuy , Ax Hm w h
F Pp, whh m p -
g gvm h, whh hy
v p . . . .
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hp w quy whp. I qu
pv ppu , qu
w v m pp h p-
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mm mgguy; u h, h g m pu , yu
h pp h m. I mu hp y u
h wh vh .
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. Bu hy pp h y jugm, mm
y, h mm hy hm. I
u h my gu vu -
g gvm, h v h pp -
y h v G. Bu my, y ug h gh
pp, u- h v h
um. A h hg Rh Nuh umm up,
M py ju mk my p, u m
ju mk my y.
A hp h whh pw
ugh. Wh hv h g h upmy m h pm vu h
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humy. Wh h g h vy, h -
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h h m xp pp,
ky h h hp w h um hum -
y w.
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g . Yu w h h .
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h ju k y m. N ,
vy m h gu -
v. Iv u h v. Uqu-
g um up m w.
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whp g w . Evy h, Em,
m .T g h g m
h u v g u w v,
v, , u mg u w
hg. F g h y hum m
g h upp v hy. A hy
h wm pw h my wh h m uky
u, whh why Ahm L m h upm xm-
p g hp. A g , Em, xh
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m x h h my g m.
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mpwg h w. S humy ugg m-
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u h u vy m y whh
h p; u wh h w vg h h pwu ; wh m, wh mmu.
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12
C h a P t e r
1
Egypts goldEn sunlight lit thE opEn-air classroom whErE
u-y- P Rm u. D h
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h k y. Am h y my
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p, Rm w k m h p h
pv wh gu u. A g 10 h w gv h
hy mm h h Egyp my.
Phh Sh I, h h, gv h uhg Egyp-
kgm H ug m h mp
A (w h uy uky) m w wh up u h A Sy-P .
Youn
r II
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13
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m h w h pp. Wh hphh (kg) w , h vw m h y u.
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my, Rm k h . Sh
h Rm h , h qu mg w
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w p m h my.
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g. H gu u u mhm,
, hmy, u. H w hg y
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x mpv gm uh hy, hmhp, wmmg.
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Rm. Whu xp, h k h m h h-
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h uy. T kg w-h h pu
pph mh uh, k hv
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ugh gh h yug p, pw h
h. A Egyp g py h u
m h v h uw u wh
g . Rm h u, u. T
h u qugy w h h. Wh w h ?
A qu h y vy, h phh g h. Nw, Rm u. H h ugh h
Youn r II
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14 ramses the great
ti lion lif fo Ninn Dyny dpicr II cild. In ncin eyp, i w fionbl foyoun boy o v i d cln, v fo bidd idlock. a wi o boy of i, wn r II bc n, i id lock w cu off.
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15
ggy hk h u; w h ug! I h
w v m phh, v v w h
h my, h mu pv hm v u.
Rm w g. H x mv h h kw u mu qu phy gh. Bu
u h k w, gy u?
Imp wh h yug u, h
qu h.
Kg Sh Rm . T y w h p
wug p w h u h. H m
h k.
Eg y k, h u w h
uy w h. Wh h my ug h
w h, Rm w h ug y h . H
mu k h u yg!
Wh mghy kk g, h m uh wh
uh v h h g m xp. S
h h ug Rm h, h phh g h p
h u. T h um Sh hg m h gu. Swy h pu gg m
h m Rm u h h vy muh
v u.
T h mh w h . P Rm h
qu h . T phh quky v h
u Rm h k. H yuh h .
ramsEs lEgacy BEgins
Rm II pm g hy
w g h y h w , u 3,200 y g. H w
w phh Egyp 1279 b.c., wh h w 22 y
. Egyp, h w hm, m, h,
h k vy h g kg. S h ,
h pp qu Egyp v mp. H uu w
Youn r II
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16 ramses the great
mp . H g m h 67 y, g
h m y h phh.
Rm II gz h my hp, h
pkpg , h mum h h. H u h g g u hm
60 hgh (18.28 m) pp quy. H
u Egyp m mu mp, Au Sm.
Egyp h hg P Cy w h
h u w mk. A mum u Rm II
p-m mg h phh Egyp. Ahugh
Historians are indebted to hieroglyphics, an elaborate orm o picture
writing that used about 700 dierent signs, or their knowledge oancient Egyptian history. Hieroglyphics were carved on monuments,
temples, and tombs, and written on religious papyrus. They could be
written rom let to right, right to let, or top to bottom. Word stories
might be inside an oval shape called a cartouche, similar to a persons
calling card. The spellings were not in alphabet letters but in curious
and complicated drawings. What did all these symbols mean? Picture
each cartouche similar to a calling card or a little ramed picture. Car-
touches and wall art were the way Egyptians expressed themselves.
Instead o lettering, there were complete drawings with characters suchas arrows, birds, snails, people, beetles, blocks, ovals, and even paper
clips. The head and orepaw o a lion, a mans single leg, one eye, or a
mouth appeared repeatedly.
At rst glance, these strange characters may have looked nonsensi-
cal. But, or ancient Egyptian kings and pharaohs, they related poems,
culture, and the aterlie. The ancient Egyptians had an unquestionable
belie in the magic o the written word. Spells, hymns, and prayers written
Heroglyphcs
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17
Khuu h G Pym, Rm h y v h
wh . . . . H gu ug hvm H-
u , Cy Jm Whg Te Life and imes
of Rameses the Great.Rm v g wy. H h v y wv, um-
u y wv u, y 100 y
h wh gz h p. Egyp h g
h x um, hugh hgyph v
g my. A Hm Nu -D, h h pm
Egypgy C Uvy , Rm w g
Youn r II
by scribes, they believed, helped them in their journeys to the aterworld.
The magical texts later ound their way into the tombs o noblemen, andthey were eventually compiled in a personal Book o the Dead. When
the wealthy planned their tombs, they, too, employed scribes to create
hieroglyphics, artists to paint scenes, and masons to carve the colorul
hieroglyphics on their tomb walls. I they wanted something written on
a papyrus scroll or a stele, a scribe was employed.
The ancient Egyptian alphabet had 24 letters, all consonants. Vowel
sounds were not written. Sometimes the words would be a single char-
acter or a whole syllable, and could not be pronounced. The writings
were called words o the gods because they believed that Thoth,the god o learning, invented spelling. The word hieroglyph was rst
used in 300 b.c. ater the Greeks came to Egypt and saw the characters
carved on the temple walls. In the Greek language, hiero means holy
andglyph means writing. For nearly 3,000 years, no one understood
what these pictures meant or how they sounded. Sometimes, by acci-
dent, riddles can be solved. Such happened with the discovery o the
Rosetta Stone.
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18 ramses the great
my m, h w m p, h w h g u
Egyp, h h h gg u, h w h hu
w-kw y, h h m h h y kg Egyp,
h v y g h y kg Egyp, v w h hh -pv mummy. T g qu Egyp
Rm, h gg Egyp Rm. . . . I
m m, h u h Rm II g.
Rm xy ppuy pw up
h phh mk N
E hy. H w mu w wh guy
wh m h . H w hu
m h mpg u. T Qh w
h m h Egyp hy. I u
y. By uum, Rm w g h . Am
g-hy, h h w ugh k u -
m v, ug vy. Tugh h m-
y xp h mx u, h w h kg w
hy g p y wh h my, h H Emp.
T y g y u ghg ugh w h H, Ly, Nu. I -
mu mphm g w w w-
m u.
H D. R A. Gup mm h y
h I W Hy Pj W : I k-
gy m h v u pvg
gg, muu , x ugv.
lifE in anciEnt mEmphis
Mmph, h p Lw Egyp,
h w k h N D. M u
h y u 3100 b.c. u h y m
N g, h u mpx ym k
p ym yh wh wu
h y. Mmph h pk pg mv
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19
gu ug h Sxh Dyy. I w v
h g y h w. I w h h Rm II,
Kg Sh Qu uy, h h
gv h g gy.S w, u m, k k,
gu w wpg p h h Mm-
ph p. T w g uv ug jw-
y hp wh g, uqu, p zu. P
gp w u v w , h
. D pm, ym, hw v-
pk wh gg pk g u. Sw-
mg u g p z h h.
T u Ph, g , h gu mp,
h h g Ap, h u. Ny w h Sqq,
p yy, m u, u mh
mp hw- mpx kw w hy.
Phh, uh Kg Sh, why v
mg p umpuu v wh pu u-
y g u w. Ty - w k m xquy g
up v y v. L Egyp h p
v mu hu. Hpppmu g
hg h D .
Shy w hv Rm II wh M.
Ag h B, Mmph w Mph Nph.
kg h p uh, w h h phh h
m Jph Nzh, h Ju. Sm h- v h Rm II w h phh h Exu
p hm g M.
wisdom and harmony
Rm u h w M, h vy g uh,
, . H ugh u h p
Egyp wm p hm hp h w
Youn r II
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20 ramses the great
. M 42 puy, w h xp
uquu p gh m wg. I w mwh k
h uyg p m Cum. My
h p w w. hy w uy phph wh h pu x
h Bk h D. Egyp v h uv w
v vyhg . I u wh py, h
y h uv wy m , h
m ph, puy w w w puh. M-
y phyy, h uv w p . I w
hugh h M x, h uv wu m
h!
Ah phph p Rm hk-
g. Vz Phhp Mxm, v u 2200 b.c., w
u g u yug m u
m um pm v . I pp
u, D h whh yu m yu. w g
h pp h h, m whm h h u, m h
h. Wh h u x yu h; y hmgy u hm m h h h p. Vy
g h g Ph, wh v
h h h . F h m h wh -
y, pug hm wh h h h p gh.
S I h g u h yu y h hhu, h
h Phh h wh yu um
h yu h y whu u. I h u
m h hu y , gwh h g h v h Phh mg h h
whm h wk hv , yg h Phh
p gy, xp Ch F. H Te Sacred
Books and Early Literature of the East.
Bu Rm h w h h,
Rm v h g hgh gvm p
h h m phh. A uh, h u h uu h y pp h vuy.
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21
I m, Rm m m phy hg
v y Phh Sh: uvvg h ug
h ug h y h gh; hg pu
u h h h u hmv y
ti dil fo tpl of r II illu po Bl of
Qd. t bl w unin poin fo youn nd inxpincd ul:I w r povd ilf cpbl of xpndin nd pocini kindo.
Youn r II
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23
C h a P t e r
in a shallow gravE on thE EdgE of thE Egyptian dEsErt, curlEd
up , y k. I w
m wv uh. Ruy hp
y p w y. I h 1800, uh -
vy w wm, py hg vh m v h N Vy m 7,000 y . A
h xv u, h w m pmv
.
cradlE of civilization
h vy h N w h u vz.
H h my vy h mp
2
sixy-vn
Kin
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24 ramses the great
u hgy, vh Egyp h mh uy
quy. Nh mg vg hv hw h g
g-v uu g h v m
w h. I w wy y - u hum u. A, hy,
w h.
I h L Py p ( 3100 b.c.) v v
w m h h A v h N
Vy u m. S g u
h vy gg . Eh y ug h
mh Juy hugh Spm, h v u h v-
y , vg mu wy h upp N
D. R y hvy w uh, h w
. Vg mmu u g k. Fm
g uv p. T N w
h .
Sg p k h N h Egyp
g h vy x. Wh h w
g h u h h , wym pp h g py v, uh
T A Hym h N, y B Mu
Ramessess II: Greatest of the Pharaoh:
L h h, h ww yg uh,
py h m w; H h h y,
g mm , h g mp wh
v. Bu hm kw, h hg ,
gw wh pv, Shu h g pm
h y h u, m y h m w
mk.
T vy hum h h w
m pp wh k h wh v m m -
. T u w h u umu u u g hum kuy m h
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25
x, hg, k py,
h , u h h. T w h Rm-
II, g Egyp phh.
thE chiEf dEitiEs of anciEnt timEs
I L Py p, h m R, K, Nm
g. R w h u g, h kg h g h
humk, h h y Egyp. H w p-
y h , , ; w h k; h
kh p. K w h u Egyp
myhgy. Nm w h kg Upp Egyp whmg Upp Lw Egyp m. h
g Hu m h m um
Egyp gu p , gv v
kghp. A Egyp u w w Hu, wh
y h m u Upp Lw Egyp, was h
u Egyp.
T kg w m kw h wh w.
I h , h v kg w h w, -p p
wh p wh k pj upw. A u-
, h kg, phh, w u w. Dug
h w u w.
Sm Egypg v Nm kg h F
Dyy; h m hm Nm/M. (I mp-
u h h vy h mg
v pg. Cy h um h uh g, Lw Egyp w h h, wh
Mmph Upp Egyp w h uh-
p.)
Early dynastic pEriod
Ah M u h F Dyy ( 2950
2575 b.c.) p, h y Mmph. hu gh g phh. h m h F Dyy
sixy-vn Kin
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26 ramses the great
kg w v Ay Upp Egyp. h h
kg Upp Egyp w u y. H R
Gup mm h hp w mh
h : h wh h Egyp w p
mp h; hu h m m h
hugh. Bu uh g , h m w u-
h wh hg, x jwy, pu gm, uu, p, mm h v.
ancin eypin conidd r o b f of ll od.Ofn pnd in lion, c, o flcon fo, i i id rcd nkind fo i own . r (above) i dpicd c fiin i ny nk od apopi, od of dkn.
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27
Egyp v h kg w v, g m-
m w h pp h g, h hy
w vg mg R, h u g. T vg p
hu mpg gu u g hm-v y m ymm wh vu g. A h -
, kg h v . H w
qu Sh, g h, h M, , ju,
uh p y R ugh. F xmp, Sh I
(Rm h), w h m h g kw
Sh. Cug my h m w h
hgh p. Ty w h phh, h gu
pw, pm u, ppyu h pp,
h u g, mp mg x
hp p h .
o, K e de
Egyp v h g O, kg h , w
Ay. Ev hy h m wh, hu
pp ugh u h. hy wu g hvh mummy ugh Ay v h u
O v h ju u g .
A myh h h O w k y h h
Sh. I, qu h g w O,
Au, g h h mm, pp h
y u. H hm, v O, w pw-
u h u h w w h uw v
m kg.Wh h Ey Dy p h w h F, S-
, T y wh 17 kg. I w
myhgy mg mphm. I Ah, Nm,
M w h m, N Gm p u A His-
tory of Ancient Egypt, h w h ugu h u h
-g Sk h Fyum g w h u
Mmph . . . py h h h h m- h u h Ap-u Mmph. T w
sixy-vn Kin
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28 ramses the great
L, Nkh, h vuu g h uh, Wj,
h g h h, w M p.
mee, f K Eh kgm M gy py. Dug
h g, h u h m pgv m vz-
hu , hg g, um, xp, h-
u, uu. Ahugh h uy w up
y vu mh h, v p y 3,000
y, Egyp m mky hg
. I wh h Rm Auguu C.
M g mm v v:
uug h w N w m mm
k w u. H y my gg u g h
Nu h uh u Aw, g M xp
h ph u 600 m (965.6 km). H, h N
um v g u h (w).
M w m Qu B. H h
h, Dj, mh y wm m Bhp. A g 63,M . H h m myy. Lg h h w
k y w g hug N Fyum,
uh p h g h A D. A h up-
u h u Sqq, Dj m kg.
thE pyramid agE
h O Kgm ( 25752150 b.c.), g h FuhDyy, wh h Eghh Dyy. Dug h g
, h w 26 phh wh u wh mm pw
p mu wh. hy w h ,
wh m hu p h p, k y u-
pu, x h hv.
A hg m, w m w v Bu
Hm, u m h pym. T pym, h wk m, mk h w
h ukw h kw. Dug h T hugh Sxh
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29
Dy, kw h Pym Ag, Egyp v h
g kg mu pv h . T h -
u mumm h hum y u
mg m.Kg Dj h m Imhp g u
h mum ug h w. T Sp
Pym w Sqq, 10 m (16 km) uh
C. I h v u ug, m,
p. Imhp w m w h, w h uu
h Akp, hg . Pym -
u pv wk m wh h N
hu v pu ug phh ug
mpg.
I h Fuh Dyy, Kg Su u hm w g-
m uu pym wh mh . Hh,
h phh u mp k h u y,
wy, hv, w Kh A. Kh Pharaoh ri-
umphant: Te Life and imes of Ramses II.
Su Chp, kw y h m Khuu, uh G Pym Gz, h g h m h
uvv h Sv W h W. I py
pp mu , hgh 40-y u-
g, wh m h w m k g, h v-
g u w h . T h pym Gz w
uu y m m, g
m wh pg h wh mummy hm-
ugu. T g gwh wu h m u h h.
Dug h h uy b.c., Gk h Hu
v h m w y p, h wh Chp
u h h h pug m wk-
. . . . H h mp h Egyp
, mpg hm , ,
h v. H mm h pp h N Vy u h pym hm gu hm w h w-
p my. . . . O hu hu m
sixy-vn Kin
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31
y, w v vy h mh y h
. I k y pp h pp mk h
uwy h vy h . T pym
w wy y ug, R Gup, qug h Gk h.
Chp u w ju wk, kwg Ez-
h Py Te Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. Ag
Py, Hu w, T Egyp h mmy
h kg h hy muh k v m h
m. B h my h kg m -
v. Oh h h h m uu wk
w v . Rh, u hy v h m-
y h v kg, ug h m hw
h.
Php h m mu Egyp mum m
h pym h Sphx. Bu , h mg
um wh y m hum . I
w h gu Gz S Py-
m. Egyp u m xp h Sy gh h pz L mp
h S m pp, g, uqu h h
m p.
I x up. A pp
p h . Iug g
, h mmmh u pj w -
up. T phh u w. N . I h FIm p ( 21251975 b.c.), h uy p
v w u h pp m. Eh
m h hm, R Gup w. A m
wh h k u, wh y h.
thE middlE Kingdom
I h M Kgm (u 2000 1800 b.c.), h w p u. Egyp m ug hv-
m u, , hu, pu wk. I
sixy-vn Kin
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32 ramses the great
h mhy Fyum , g m 27,000
mg. A hw my, h phh
g y z mmy, h gh mumm-
, .
I h 1800, ggg h g h Egyp-
uh mumm , h ,
h. Wh hy h um up w my. I m, h m w whp
t sp Pyid of Kin Djo(above) w fi ucu of i kind, ndpovidd odl fo fuu oyl ob. Dind by Djo iniIop, i pyid, wll on buil f i, i uppod o bl oyl plc.
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33
Sk, h g. Ty w u p-
m u m mp. I m h C g,
wh wh m (h m) . I m h C
g, I z my py k vg , N G-gph reasures of Egyptqu m h Egyp Bk
h D.
thE nEw Kingdom
O h G Ag ( 15391075 b.c.), Egyp g
jy m p y ug h Nw Kgm.
Fg , gg mum w u. I1279 b.c. h g g Rm II, S Lgh, g.
P Rm h hg my m y h
h. Eh m h pv vg h hgh. A
14 h h h w. Phh Sh h v
w u Ly. T w hm, v
Sh, wh g up mpg quh h -
. Rm j h h h ug . Kh
A. Kh w, h w py w h
g , u w gg.
Dm uu h ug g
Egyp m m, Qh Amuu Sy, Sh
p y h umm mpg, h m g h
H. Wh h h m Egyp my h-
, Rm Ph, wh hy m h
A . Ahugh hy pu h w , h u m. Kg Muw, h ggv H
vg, Phh Sh I muuy h .
Sh g k p h m u g
uh mp g Qh Amuu.
ramsEs thE royal scriBE
Bk Mmph, P Rm mp h u.H m y wh : pm,
sixy-vn Kin
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34 ramses the great
v, , p pvg, m h qu
um. Hm, m, y h u,
, h h h gh yug . Ay h gv
h mp y pw, whh h h ppuymg h , h why, py Egyp g.
G-y I pm h v Rm.
Ag g, h w h m uu g h h v
. T up h y mm pp gh
uy v y . Bu g, g
h h h p h v h. Ag
pm Rm h h m w Au
Sm, w h v -y- hm
wv N wh pu h h.
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35
C h a P t e r
carvEd on a fadEd siEnna mural in thE ExquisitE tEmplE of aBydos
hg h hw h m vy y
phh m Kg M Sh I. Kg Sh u h
mp h h y , h kg m
w w v-hp zg uh hable of Abydos. h h m h gu Ph-
h Sh h yug , Rm II. hy pp uy
h m p h p kg. u p-
h mp, Sh u u h w gv
h m w. A y , wh h ug h
mv h p h v . . . h h
m h h u up h y, h vuh m! . . . y wh h h , O
3rCownd
Kin of eyp
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36 ramses the great
h puu hm, I w h w, Hu h
h h g h Np h xu
jugm g hm! I w wg uu gv
, Kh Pharaoh riumphant: he Lifeand imes of Ramses II.
princE rEgEnt
Sh I mu hv v h h h h, w
h , hu hv m py. h,
u y u, Sh w Rm h
p g wh h y ppg kg w.I Pharaoh riumphant: he Life and imes of Ramses II,
Kh h y , Rm p,
pp h w:
Wh my h pp h ppu, I g ju
yuh h m, h pk g m: Cu
hm pp Kg, h I my h uy wh I
y v! . . . h h h , h h (
), h h mm h ppu . . . u g
w h v m wh hm.
H uh m wh huh m h Ry Hm,
mp wh h u h P; h
m wv . . . u ugh up h Hm.
A g h , Sh gv Rm h U-m-, mg Sg Rgh R, Rm II v
Amu.Wh h w uhy, v mp gu -
m p h p g . Am-m- m h
p mp, Ah-h m
mm p. Bh w m h.
BuildEr and warrior
Wh Sh w pug w m g
h Nu hg g upp h my,
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37
Rm h h wk. H uk h mgm
k m quy Aw, vw upg mg-
g u Sh h O mp, m
pmy g h p mum, uh h w mp O. h w pj h; -
qu p gmh, vmh, v-
g u h phh, h h, m,
phx; y pg v u; w-
wh xqu y mh wh g
v. h w p uhg h kg
mum.
Ah, k mhm, wk u mpx
p. Cpv v wk gg hug
h g u. Du h my y k
u h pm g, Rm h vg u
hu wk h m. Sm m h
v.
marriagE, family, and warfarEI h p, Rm m h y w, N, wh
p h . H y w, I, gv
h y. h w m ugh,
uy m h hm. Kg Sh m
gh z h. I m, my
y. h wh uvv py mj
m Egyp hy. A Rm y hh mm h h my. Rm h
Sh h pp h .
Dug h hh y Sh g, Rm, wh
w u 20 y , pp my mpg
qu m v w Nu (w Su). Ay
hwg g h h h v
w k hm, w h w yug , h
h, mp hm. By, h hg h h
h h . H w h, u-y- w
r Cownd Kin of eyp
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38 ramses the great
p Amuhwm, Rm uh , h-y- Khmw, w, g puy h h.
H w h u v h h
Nfi (above), du of eypin nobiliy, w fvod wif of r II. t fi of i wiv o povidr II wi on, Nfi w known cif qunof .
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39
h hg. Aw, Rm m k mp
u B -W mmm h my umph. T
qu w mz w w py
mg vy. I hw Rm pg h p w: g g u, m p, wp, m
w m. Ah hw hm g h
xqu h-w h, m uh wh w
w, quv h w, p h , hu
Nu h wk.
I h y w g, Rm wh
my k y Sh p, mx gup g
m h M . Amp y
h m, wh py Egyp, hy
h , y vg, k hu
m. Fm h mmm Egyp
uph h y , P Rm w m
h h uupuu mug. H m p
h h hp u wh m- -
h muh h N. N xpg y , h my u h . Sup y h mv
Egyp , hy w pp -u .
Ovwhm h , hy w k w
pu p h Egyp my. T m-
m v.
magic of osiris
I h xh y h g, Kg Sh uy .P Rm m h u mh Egyp.
H w 22, h y 1279 b.c. Rm w ug h g
Hmh, h gh h h. A
h m, Rm I Sh w mpy hgh gvm
. Ahugh Sh w vuy kg wh Rm II
w w g, h m h Hm-
h. Cy h u h w p w -g h u h u wh h
h w v. Oy , wh Rm II u , h
r Cownd Kin of eyp
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40 ramses the great
v h myh h h h v kg h h
gmz u h Eghh Dyy.
Ag Egyp , mumm
w y u p h -. B Rm , h w 70 y pp
Kg Sh mummy u. Wh p h u
w g m, hw p h v phh,
h y m h h gw, wm
Ancient Egyptians believed that mummication guaranteed a sae pas-
sage to the aterlie. The more elaborate preparations were or royalty,
their amilies, high priests, and others o wealthy stature. The process
was perormed by embalmers and took 70 days. The body was rst
cleansed and puried, and then the inner organsthe liver, intestines,
lungs, and stomachwere removed. To prevent decay, the organs were
placed in natron, a compound o sodium carbonate and sodium bicar-
bonate used to dry out the corpse. The organs were then wrapped in
linen strips and placed in our canopic jars. The body cavity was stued
with additional natron. The embalmers believed the heart was the cen-
ter o a person and the central point o intelligence. It was placed on a
scale. Forty-two gods weighed the heart against a eather. I the scales
balanced, the deceased could enter the underworld and enjoy a peace-
ul aterlie in the kingdom o Osiris; i the scales tilted, the goddess,
Devourer o the Dead, would eat the heart and the deceased would die
a second, permanent death.
The brain and surrounding tissue were next. The embalmer inserted
a hooked instrument through the nostrils and pulled out bits o brain
tissue, a delicate procedure perormed with extreme care so as not to
disgure the ace. The brain was considered unimportant. The body
Mummfcaton
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41
w h h w. Imp u w pu
h. Rm, hwv, u h y umm p
Av wu m h w y Pm h p
Egyp.Fy, umm, y hp
h Vy h Kg. T g u h,
w wm y k p m wh
ug u k h g g g w- up h
was then placed on a table, elevated at one end, so body fuids could
drain. It was covered with natron to remove the moisture so it could
slowly dry out. This process took about 40 days.
Ater the body was suciently dried and appeared sunken, the natron
was removed and the body was washed. To make the body more lielike,pieces o linen were inserted in sunken parts and alse eyes were placed
in the eye cavities. The body was then wrapped in hundreds o yards o
linen. Each appendage was wrapped individually. Oten a mask o the
deceaseds likeness was placed on the ace and wrapped separately.
Throughout the process o wrapping, the mummy was coated with resin.
Good-luck amulets and prayers o wisdom were tucked between the lay-
ers. When nished, the mummy was wrapped in a shroud.
To complete the procedure, a priest used a special instrument to
touch parts o the body to open its senses or the aterlie. This was
called Opening o the Mouth. This allowed the ba and the ka (the soul
and the vital essence) to travel to the next world. Finally the body was
sealed in a con or sarcophagus (a stone con) and placed in the
burial chamber. The interior o the con might have been brightly dec-
orated with images o underworld gods. The outside was ablaze with
colorul hieroglyphics to help the person in the kingdom o Osiris.
r Cownd Kin of eyp
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42 ramses the great
g uh w, w Ch Jq Te Eternal
emple. T g y w uy h g wh N
Rm h .
Wh h hp v Ay, Rm, p-h k g , h wy h h m.
wv hgh p h g , w y p-
v wh g p uhg. Sh
g wh h h-hu m w . T
g uu g Rm II w u g.
ramsEs spiritual Baptism
Sx y h h, Sh h k h Ay-
h g m O h
h my h Kg h D. Rm h h
puy h m mpx p hugh w
hypy h h uy. h h hgh
p O wh h yug p h . hy
h hm hugh mv L g ,
h v u. A u M hhp h phh h g. Wv
k wh h u uqu wh
u m y h u . I h
h w wh h mm k. I h Gy
L hy p h uuy gv uh h
pvu 67 phh. A z mu g, p u g,
hw yug Rm pg h w u. Bh h
mp, u y my, w h m O.
Ty y ugu k p, p h
pgwy, vu h upp y mv m-
h p. I h w mu uu
y h u w. Sh xp h h
mu p h mg O m h gy
h . T w ymz h N, , h
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43
w. H u Rm mm hm h
h h p wu p y h v w,
h wu w gh m h whh h h gg , w Ch Jq Te Son of Light.
I h myh u u, Rm k m h v-
u wh h gw m h mu. A
jk-mk p, pg Au, p h ,
h h yug p . I h gu Hu,
g h ky h S Lgh, Rm h
k h v Au. A , xhu m h pu
Wn Oii (above center) w killd, w n o ulov undwold wi i fllow od, anubi (above left).to y wcd ov dd, wil Oii on, hou,bc pon od of livin po. ti dil fo ncin eypin sl of Nni ow dcd doinOii nd anubi.
r Cownd Kin of eyp
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44 ramses the great
my, h p. A u h u pm
O, h p h u h p wh h v
hm wh pu gh v w h
p kg.O y py u : h w h g
y h mm h u kg.
H g , m h uw pug vg
m h u N . Au 2000 b.c., w v
h vy m h, ju kg, m -
wh O. T vg kg w Hu. Tu
O Hu w h .
thE coronation of ramsEs ii
O h v h , Rm N py
h mp Kk. h h pm uph h w
M, h g uh, , . H w gh-
y hugh h h g wm v
h w h g.
Ey h x mg, Rm w h wh ugu k wh g. T p
hug u h h, h mm y py
h u pw. Nx hy h jw wh x
h k, pp w p h
w upp m, wh w pu h .
H w gv wh u k w h m. L, hy
g sia u h h uv
g. H g.T p w w h h, h w
h wh w Upp Lw Egyp. Rm w
up h y h, upu mhgy
v wh g . T qu mh, py h
g I, w w hm , My Yu Mjy
k w u k h p h h h vg.
T, y Ch Jq Te Son of Light, h hh v y :
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45
Sg Bu, Bv M,
P Egyp, H Wh B up Fg ,
Rh Am, Pwu V,
Ch h G Lgh, Pwu H Ru,R-Bg-Hm: S Lgh.
Aw h qu mh k N k h
p Rm qu Egyp. A g h u-
h , Kg Rm w wh w h-
pum N h h g y w.
r Cownd Kin of eyp
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46
C h a P t e r
thE mighty nilE is thE longEst rivEr in thE world at 4,187 milEs
(6,738.3 km) g, 1,000 m (1,609.3 km) g h Bz
Amz Rv. F m h 5,000 y, h v h p-
v vh h N Vy h .
Php h Gk h Hu wh h G h N.
Egyp u h h h A-
. I gy g . I h
wh g uy A u h z x
C. Su Egyp h uh; Ly h
w; h M S h h; I, h Gu
Aq, h R S h .
4
Dily Lif in
ancin eyp
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47
Hp w g y h N. I py m,
h v w Hp pp v h wk h
phh. Bu, h y wh h v vw
k, Hp w p uv pw. A u h h N w hugh h h
h hv y u Egyp u h
gu w w mu h Au (Eph-
) I-Rk (Ph).
A h yy m pph, h vy gw
gy xu. Ty u Hp u h
vg h. Wh h v vw k
h , hy hw mu h w
py h u wu hgh w.
I h w ugh w h vk, hy
v h g w gy u w. W
u h , h p , m pp h .
M pp hv u h N mg, kg,
g, pg v u mm-
g g . Dwm u pv yg. vg upm, w h pvg
w m kp y . A hu y
Rm II, Pp I u h mj hppg . W,
m wh w w, qu ghg
. kp h h Nu p h N h,
h Egyp y p h k h
Aw.
T v pv h k p. Gg w m y qu h u
pym mp. L h w w z
hp u hu hug k g k wv.
a nilomEtEr to mEasurE watEr dEpth
S mp w h h N Egyp h
y hy g kp h v . S
Dily Lif in ancin eyp
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48 ramses the great
m, h Rwh C h g
p, , , h y p, h
Nm. h uuu g um w v
u (h y u, m 52 m, w h
h Egyp mug ym). h Nm w
h m qu - h. I mu
In ncin eyp, nilo w dvlopd o u dp of Nil riv. Uin i y, officil w bl o pdic c ion vnd xd c ccodin o i cop. t nilo ill locd ineyp, includin on elpnin Ilnd (above), bu ul du o don Nil riv.
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49
h x h N u m p u
u. A h x m ( u) mgh u
h hhp; gh m p pu hv.
h Nm hu pv h phh wy uh mu x mp. mp u g h N
h h w h v mu h w
v.
T u h N h Kg Rv Buu.
T N v hugh A hg
h M S. I w hugh u kV,
Kyg, A, N. Ag h wy y mp-
u uh h Bu N, h Wh N, h
A. A C, h v w h
, g g g h muh h N. A u-
Upp Lw Egyp, Kg M h ug m
m h w,
, h, k, v. Hu wwy p
h wh w m u, h R Dm-
. Sxy p Egyp h . F w Bk L, whh h, k .
thE vast sahara dEsErt
Suh C h N Vy u g, -
, m. Bw h N Rv h R S
h w-u A E D, .
Fz h m m y g. Vy w w v. D w h
R L.
w-h Egyp p h W D, h g
Sh. I h h A m h A
h N Vy. Shg u pp mv wh
up w. I ph g
. F hu y, pp hv u h hp gw pm w h vk. Dym
Dily Lif in ancin eyp
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50 ramses the great
mpu hgh 120 g Fhh (48.8
g Cu), gh w zg, vmu
k, p, z h v-hgg .
Jugg y h uu h up N, m why pp Hp uvv.
T S Pu w m w
Egyp h M E. I w y h M-
h h, h Gu Aq h , h Suz
h w. I w h h Rm II, k h h, Sh I,
m pu uqu pp, u h -
p g u p mvm g .
anciEnt pEoplE
A Egyp v hv g h
h pp kw h Hm. hy w
Hm, h yug h Nh h
, h g pk h Hm gug. h F-
h (m A u) hv h
u Egyp h pp vz. hy v m vg g h vk. h hu w m
u wh hpp w m
h h. Pm v h pv p-
m h xm m. Wh uy m h,
h x, k, hy m h h p
y, , , g y, x
m . hy kp g, hp, w u;
m y v p ; h
w w. Mu, gh m h mh, w u
mp . Wh m vu h N h, hy
ghwgh v k m m ppyu. A m
p g m, g h w, hg g p
h v v h.
F, , , g hg, ph u
gv uy u y h h mh gu. T pv h wh mu.
Gk h Hu k p uh w,
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51
Ty v g whh hy y-
. Ty m h vg m y, hy h
v h uy, h w, u- pv
. F w v py w p whuk xqu h.
T u w h w, mm
m, wh y w h W S
. Ty v mv h m
k hp m u pu. Ty
m , h m upp u mk.
Fm m h hy m , p, h h.
T h h w hk. Ahugh u
pmv gy , h wm u gg
u h h hu. I m, hy w
pu kw pu m h
m, pg v, h.
Nu pp m m h Su v g
h N Vy Aw. Lk h Fh, hy m h
hm m v mu w . T vh mm h hk pm h gw g h v-
g. T pm uh hm wh m
m mkg p. Nu w v wh
mp Egyp. I u, h w g p
ug whh Egyp phh, uh Rm II,
x m h Nu. I m , h
Nu w hghy k h w wh
ugh g h mpg m. k p-
, hy w v h k h
g Rm g py gwy.
Dug h M Kgm, Sm-pkg pp
m h hm Egyp. Ty wk v mm-
Egyp huh, pg wy h
w m. Phh h mmg
pp wh w y . My m p w: C, Am, Hu. Oh m v
h v mp gu. I hy w u, hy mgh
Dily Lif in ancin eyp
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52 ramses the great
Orchards and vineyards abounded with beauty, ragrance, and
nourishment. Palace walls and ceilings were painted with oerings
o fowers. Lovers oered their beloved fowers; victorious kings
received nosegays. Flowers were the symbol o lie, the beginning
o creation. The lotus fower was the rst blossom to emerge rom
the primordial waters. Harsomtus (another orm o the god Horus)
emerged in the orm o a child or a snake rom the lotus bloom. Utowas identied with the papyrus. Gods were thought to be in fowers
and it was believed that their ragrance emanated rom the divine.
Wreaths contained branches o twigs chosen or resh greenery and
soothing ragrance.
Pliny the Elder (a.d. 2379), Roman historian and scientist killed in
the eruption o Vesuvius, described the excellent growing conditions
in Egypt as suited or a horticulturalist. In Naturalis Historia he wrote, In
Egypt the leguminous plants appear as early as the third day ater they
are sown.Farmers adapted early to the seasonal foods, the heat that ollowed,
and climate conditions suitable or cultivating their crops. As trade with
Asia and the Mediterranean islands expanded, oreign seeds and roots
were introduced and a larger selection o vegetables and herbs broad-
ened the Egyptian menu. Radish, sesame, lentils, chickpeas, lettuce,
grapes, cucumbers, gourds, and herbs such as mustard, dill, cinnamon,
rosemary, garlic, and cumin now fourished in elds and markets. New
favors and exotic dishes livened the palates o the wealthy. Egypts
three seasons provided an abundance o wild fowers: poppies, lupine,iris, daises, and heliotrope. Botanist Percy Newberry collected ancient
seed in Egypt when he accompanied the amed archaeologist Flinders
Ancents Loved Ther Flowers
wk gvm pm. T hugy hm
mmg m mpuy v.T Apu w hugh p, pp
wh y mx wh h m h B. T
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53Dily Lif in ancin eyp
Petrie. In the nineteenth century seed rom many horticultural expedi-
tions were introduced in Europe.
Ramses royal table might have included roast quail seasoned with
dill and mustard, Nile perch with rosemary, honey cakes with sesame
seeds, bread seasoned with cinnamon and raisins, and grape wine fa-
vored with anise and coriander. Banquet guests dressed in ne linens.
Men and women wore perume and lined their eyes with green orblack makeup. Women powdered their cheeks, wore ropes o beads,
painted their nails, and used red lipstick. Musicians, dancers, and acro-
bats provided entertainment.
Those who had gardens adjacent to their homes grew a variety
o vegetables and ruit such as pomegranates, gs, and dates. This
type o cultivation was more dicult than the armers whose gardens
lay along the Nile, or oten the orchards and vineyards were on high
ground, and water had to be drawn rom the river and carried or carted
to the garden and irrigated by hand.
The gardener carries a yoke,
His shoulders are bent as with age:
Theres a swelling on his neck
And it esters,
In the morning he waters vegetables,
The evenings he spends with the herbs,
While at noon he has toiled in the orchard.
He works himsel to deathMore than all other proessions.
K.A. Kitchen, rom M. LichtheimsAncient Egyptian Literature
pp w py Hw gup m I.
T h, J Jph, h m Egyp p h m. Ag Exu 1:1314, S hy
m h pp I v wh g, m h v
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54 ramses the great
wh h v, m k, k
wk h .
pyramids dictatEd to social positionI Egyp g pym, phh u h uy
uj. Nx w gvm , h p,
wh u h phh . M m m
m jy hgh quy . S g w
p pp y v, h p w hg h
mp, u, m h u.
Nx w h , wh u w h
p p y. T j w m-
h gvm, p, hgh-kg , h
wg py. A h m h , pp,
p, mwk, p, up, v.
A h m h pym w h p m-
wk wh uv h h Egyp. Dug
h h, y m umm, wh hy m, hy
wk h phh ug pj.
thE BEautiful fEast of opEt
O h h wy w kg
Egyp pp w h Op Fv, vh u
my h 27 y. I g h gg
h N h-mh . m h ,
- u w u. F vu pu-
p, Egyp u h : h u, /, v. I ph m, h u h
12 mh 345 y. I w uyhz wh h y
, whh 365 y. h u w
ju y g hh u mh vy h y
. A - u w u m
h v .
T w Op m hm hu m h j h hy uy Amu-R
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55
Lux h m hm Amp III mp.
T m w mu h g-
Mu C h u h pmv w.
T v h h h g Amu-R. Rg h g h gw wy wg h g-
uu y mp u. Fh gy w .
mph h, p w m u h w
p h pu u pw h u h
uug h m. Amum-R w kg h g
p phh. Rm wh h g R.
P h , p h pkg
g qu Amu Kk wh w. Ty h
h g u h u
wh , p, mu g v, h
pu gm. T g w h h p
m qu. I w h h h hu
p g h juy Lux. Ampyg h
h w qu w h w, h g Mu, h
, K. A hp y Rm h y m-y h g y g . T p w -
w y g, p, , g, ,
umm, mu, h h mp.
Buuy yu h h, O Am-R, wh yu
h g Uh!
A h pp gv yu p, h wh vy.
F yu S H yu Lux.My yu g hm Ey Kg h w ,
Evg pu y.
My yu p hm wh , y m,
My yu g hm pp gy h Jyu Ru . . .
Kh A. Kh, Pharaoh riumphant
A vg Lux, h w mv hmp. Ty w g y hg y, p,
Dily Lif in ancin eyp
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56 ramses the great
aun-r w cobinion of wo dii, loclod aun nd kin of od, r. mo dpic-
ion of aun-r, uc ein-Dynyildd ilv u (above), ow aun cownd bydoubl f nd ol dic, ybol of r.
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57
p wh w, g,
.
Rm w pu wh w, pum, p
Amu-R. H p h . Ph p h w y w, wh, h h. I
h uy, h m g h g,
vz h g, p, h g vz h kg.
Aw w m gy vh uhm.
A pu mp h Op p w
h w Lux. I hw p
guy ug v j h
x uj. Hmy v uy um
w myh gu m pwg wh hum m
h p m k.
Dily Lif in ancin eyp
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58
C h a P t e r
ramsEs succEEdEd his fathEr, sEthos i, on thE thronE in EithEr
1304 1279 b.c., pg hw h Sh h
Ppyu E p. (Sh p Su, h
Dg S. h Ppyu E w y m ppyu. U
h um Egypg u h p phh.)
N h Rm w kg Egyp
h h g g -hg p h
g. Ukw h yug phh, myh Egyp
g h y h gy wh g v pw
sekhem.
H [Rm] g w y h m gu h kw, w N Gm. Ov u
5
m Build
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59
xy-v y h v h N Vy wh mum
mk N E hy.
H xy py w h pmy u
p mm w h g NE mp.
Sh h h uy v p pp-
y, hugh h w m u um. H h
h mp pv p w g
h u Buu F h N Vy. A Ay,
h h Egyp, h u mg-
mp h g Owh h guh
Ay gv h hypy h. My h mv
ug pj m m qu m h S
Nu, pp-mg W Ah W
M h E D. H Nu pv
wk hp v , h w h kg
h u Ly g h w h
. L h w v hv mv y
m. Pvu my wh h H hu g p gm.
U h h ug, Rm g xp h
p Egyp mhy h u p-
pwu vg. Nw h w y mpm
h w , h h mp h h
mp Kk. I w h h ,
h w phh wu g h w m. T, , w
Rm g.Rm y u; h k mhm,
hmy, ; h y py
h pu pp M h h v xp.
Wh h h h pp v mpg g
h Sh p ( h S Pp)
qu Nu. T mpg hgh h -
m k. H h h gAmu-R u h xp y qu.
m Build
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60 ramses the great
S, 22 y g, Rm w yug, m k-
mh wh h h hw h
uu. Pp h gvm qu h hp
jugm, w h y u h v kgm Egyp. Nvh, Rm yuhu pmm m-
pp uwgh y m m.
T y u w mu u-
g pgm. Nx, h p qu Egyp v mp.
Nu w u Egyp , u h wk H
h k m Sy k, h v
P w up.
B , Rm mk g m u.
Amp y h y my gy
hp, h mm g h Egyp pp. E wh
h kgm h h h, Rm h g N
h w gg h vg w h pp. A T h
p h p h wy pp hgh p Amu. H
juy hw h v u v h x vg
h x. By h , h w Au Sm,wh h wu u h m mu mp
Egyp. Eh m h w h y h p.
Wh h h , Rm, hm
k, u w, g m, wh h
uu y w h , mu hv uy h
h w h Egyp.
Sgy mu pj quky um h
w kg y. B h ppm h hgh p Amu, h h vz, P, wh w kwg
u v Sh g. A vz, h h pw
y h phh. N- w Rm h
h u. H w hg wh h gvm wh
g x. x w u g m
up w v g, w, h, v,
v .
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61
worKErs villagE
Nx, Rm mm m, m, up-
, puh w wh h g Hypy H
Cum Kk. H h h h u- h w mm mp, h Rmum, h w
k h (w Lux). H muuy w p
hug u wg k v wh h
kg h h g. h p
p h k p h gu whh h u g
h uv. w k w g h
h Lux mp. y, y m. I 1836,Ph Mhmm A gv h h k h kg
F. I w h P C, P. h h
h g h yu , h
p, y B Mu Ramessess II:
Greatest of the Pharaohs. h u Rm, wh
, ymy hw hm mpg h w h
p h qu h g m.
B h h, Kg Sh h gu p w
mp Akh h Nu. Ag
Kh A. Kh, [H] w h u h kg
h vg mg Rm II . . . h g g, L Nu.
H w wh h u Amu R. T u w
h whp h kg, u h
h gh h p.
hu h hu m hm h w hu - -
mmuy kw h wk vg. T m
w hwy w h Vy h Kg D
-M. Vg ug m v h mu h
h mum. M h x, wh u
1,200 wkm, ug Rm g. Img h p p
u hug v wh w hu y u
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63
uu y w. Rh h w- h-
m hu, hwv, h w m hu, m k
w-m pm. A wk hu u y
vy y. Bu h w h hu mum, m m w hu w u
h m wh wk y wh wk. Cpv
v m hu. H hp u gu j
h mmuy. T ump ,
uh w wh ugh w h vg, w
mg y h h h uy.
Hu w g wk kpg wh h
p w h u fu. Ty
w g w, wh whwh m
mm u pp. F w uv, php u
h uv muu . A h h m
pm. Bh h pm w h
g h ph. T p-
kg m v kg , kg
ugh, m m. S huh uh-g w m m uh gh m h v.
T w hm x . Wh wkm ,
h ww h gh h hm.
T hu, , w m h u Gz
ug h Fuh Dyy. Phh Khuu u ug h
O Kgm. H kw h u h G Py-
m. Khuu m u h wk vg
gz my 20,000 wk. T pym k
m h 20 y mp.
Lv pm u xv wk vg h
uk h Vy Kg v m -
v ph muh h h y p.
T Fw Sg;
h yu v pmg w m:I w m hg .
m Build
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65
human sacrificEs
m hgyph hw m xy v
h h kg. Fu hu y
Rm u h m, Kg Ah h Ay.Ag N Ggph reasures of Egypt, g
h Ah w k y gg hpppmu. O h y
h u, x p gv w ug u h m. I
v, , x pp w p
u g wh w h . O w
related to pyramid builders; General Sisenet, a detective yarn that
took place during the reign o Pepi II; and Capture o Joppa, perhaps
reminiscent o the story o Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves. Egyptian
authors Hardjede and Imhotep wrote antasy, romantic, or adven-
ture storiesTale of Two Brothers, Ghost Story, and The Foredoomed
Princeon papyrus manuscripts. Animal tales, orever popular, sug-
gested the source o Aesops tale o the lion and rat called the Myth
of the Eye and the Sun.
Dolls made o wood had hair o clay beads strung on twine. There
were toy mice or toddlers. Made o wood, the toy mouse had a string
tted to its tail, so when a child pulled the string the tail went up and
down. There were spinning tops molded o powered quartz and then
glazed. A vigorous twist o the ngers, or a tug on a papyrus string
wrapped around it, made the top spin. Board games were another
popular sport. Senet, still played today, symbolized a struggle between
orces o evil and the godly kingdom o Osiris; was this a orerunner o
computer games? There was also a board game called Snake, some-
what like Chinese checkers, except the board o squares was carved
into the wooden back o a coiled serpent. The object was to move a
stone (not a marble) around the squares on the snakes body and jump
your partners stone to reach the snakes head rst.
m Build
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66 ramses the great
h, u u v, m y wh vy
y p . Ny w h hy
gv u h w. A h mx h u,
v w p p u p.Wh Ah y w w k- u hm-
, y gup u v k p
j h kg h x w.
rEpairs and nEw construction
Wh Rm v h h m mp h
m kg w u u, h mm hwk uh hm: H Mjy h
gv h Ch Wk. H g , wk-
m, up . . . vy g m u h h
mp, wh w u h my, w
Kh A. Kh.
Wk mmy g h h uu mp
wh v h. H m p g
mu hm Sh, w u
v h p w py v h w.
Uk Sh m, wh xqu h wk,
Rm mum pp hv muh g
hw. Php h hugh m w h . T
w m u.
vallEy of thE quEEnsO h w k h N, h v m h, w
h Vy h Qu. Egypg m h p-
u gh k-u m. I ggg
hk h m, m, y u h
mg . Y, m, mp, m h w
u v mummy hm, pym h Egyp-
p hu y Rm II.
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67
Wh h w w kg, y Rm g
p h w u m, u h h y
qu, N. S hv h m uu hv y wv, w u mz
ug hughu h m. N pp
wh gw, wh x mhy u h k,
g h w, h g vuu w wh
w h uy xg m h k. A m g
uqu , h hugh h , mk h
yy. Ah z hw h whppg h mum-
In 2006, innionl officil w oud wn y dicovd Fnc pon yin o ll bi of i nd clo fo uyof r II (above). tou o b f fo v obb, uy only lf eypin muu in Cio onc, o bd fo funl infcion in Fnc.
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68 ramses the great
m y O. Equy ug, h p h
g mk h g Hh. I , h g-
Nphhy I wh hwk-k v h qu
mummy, py O. mh N ,Rm pk g phgu. Bg h y
w, pg m h Bk h D mz w,
h v N w xp: F h wh
v h. My v uqu v h, h
h m uu wm v. Ju y pg, h h
wy my h. Jmmy Du pu h m
www.ugyp./u.
T Vy h Qu w y wv ph-
h, u p p, mm y.
Egyp -S-Nu, h P Ch h
Phh. Oh my mm m w Nwy,
Rm ugh; Qu Mmu, ugh wh N-
: Qu Bh, ugh Rm I;
v g.
Lg N h, h g w h vy. P Amhkhph, Rm III,
w u y wh h . S hw h h
pg hm h g, ug Au, h jk-h
g h . A pmu y w u h m.
H v hv g h mh, wh h
m up g h h y h.
vallEy of thE Kings
Nh h Vy h Qu, h w k
h N, w h ugg, -wp Vy h Kg.
I pp gu hw, p mg
mu y . Egyp mg h u
h uw, m h , k h
w hz h h p hpg j h -
g u vg juy w u h x
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69
mg. Eh m y .
Rk-hw h w g g h
h phh phgu. W wg
m h Book of Him Who is in the Underworld, h Book of theGates, h Suns Journey in the Underworld, h Praising of Ra,
h Book of the Opening of the Mouth. x w m-
p wh u m, p, v uw
g. Myh h h u g R hugh h 12
g h uw. wv v p h
12 hu gh, whh R, h m, ugh gh
. Sv h g w k u wh
yw .
T kg u h vy w Tum I, h
Qu Hhpu, Tum III, u 1501 b.c. F
500 y h, h u Egyp w u h
vy. T m hv um. Rm II
um KV7. A y g wh, KV7
w mpy p. I p uwy
h m. Rm mummy w u mv h m Sh 1. I w h u wh h mh
h mu h h D -Bh. T w v-
1871, h y mumm w g mv
muum T. T mummy w py h Egyp-
Muum C, h pv.
piramsEs, a nEw capital
Rm h g p Pm (Rm hu),
h g y p ( m-y Q). h p
Mmph, h uu hgy, m
h w gvm. mk wy h p
pw , h xp Av, h p h. h
y w gy u h g h -
S h pv P Sy.
Bu , Pm m h m mp
m Build
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70 ramses the great
my Egyp. I
g p vuy v Mmph. Rm
v w h Upp Egyp,
Aw, p h mum pj u vg wh v. Dp h hu wk-
, w w p wk pp x
xp.
By h y h g, h w gz h
hu y, g mgm k, hm
y pp. Rm w v y h y y
h m p ph wkmhp,
hp g hm p. Whv h v, h
gh gv.
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71
C h a P t e r
ramsEs plans for thE grEat twin tEmplEs BElow aswan at aBu
Sm y pg. A y g, k mk
m wk . S, wu 20 y
h mp wu mp h g
Amu-R, Ph, R Hkh, Rm hm.O hug pj w h u u h phh
wh h u w Upp Lw Egyp up
h mp . Av h u w z
22 , whp h u, Hkh hg
hgyph h gh h h (M, g
uh ju) h . Rm u
hm, N, h qu mh, v p.
6
m
si
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72 ramses the great
Wh Pm w y , h phh
h y h pp h hu
wh m h w p. D w
hu u h vh, u- ug Pm h uqu Cy. A k u-
g h v p ym, pm, ,
wg mk. Shwy g u m
u-g p hghgh wh ppyu
m u. Ry h why, g -
wh h ppu u, v h p h
hm. N gv h h ugh. I
Rm yug hw k h kghp. T
y hm w wh w . A Qu Mh uy
pp v wh h gwg my h
mg p h pk wh g, uqu, p
zu.
T u hv w pu, h pp w hy
. T p mhy, p v vy gp
w h v . Rm hugu pj pv m wk
p pp. Fv yy
v u h pp, ppy hmy pp
uppm wh my. Wh uh mpg g m h g,
Rm mk hg h m. T Sg
Rgh R, p wh R h u g, h
Usi-ma-re Stepenre, Ch R. Sg Rgh RCh y R m hhgy u pu
m.
unrEsolvEd affairs
Rm w k h uv pm h
mhy. Whh h h p wh h h
muu ggv p wh h H u. Wh kw h Rm h gw w w
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73
r II njoyd izbl : h bod80 on nd 60 du. so of i on wind fo fuu kinip, wil du ookov i o dui f in od. t u of Bin-an (above), du
of r II, cvd ino u of po tpl of aun in Knk, eyp.
m si
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74 ramses the great
qu h u h h u g k h
Egyp y pvu phh. u h
mpg u qup my h g. h
w h p h u Nu, u m h w w , vy p kg h
. I h h y h g, Rm m p
umm h u u hw g up w.
Nw, h y . . . H Mjy w g h
um h, wg h h pum . . . hk-
g u h wh g u u, m-
g p ggg w . . . Rm wh w k
mg. T u p, Yu k R h yu hv
whv yu h m p. I yu
mhg vgh m h w hpp[] mm-
y! g Kh A. Kh.
S wh h p, Rm uvy h
Nu. H mm w pp h u
Akuy. A Hp h wg Rm pp, h
g h N p. Ovgh, w guh h 12u, m h 20 (6 m) w gu. N
my y Rm hp, up y
Hp mm hp, hy w vh . I h
h w w, W Ak, h u m h
w, Rm II v .
I h uh y h g, Rm h Egyp
my h, y w h ,
S Pp h pvy, Sy. Ty ju-y hw g h Ph . C (P-
Ph), Amuu, Sy m v u
z w h wg mp. Wh hy h y,
hy v v w k Amuu (
m-y L) h vy Qh. Sup
y h uxp Egyp u, H y v
P Bh w u Amuu. pv
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75
y uh y, h u h y. Bh
m u-pyg v Egyp. C wh h
qu, my p, muh H y,
Rm p qu h H Qh h w-g y. Up h u Pm, h vu
w v h w h mj mp.
thE BattlE of qadEsh
hkg h H gh h -
m Egyp my, Rm mu h mj
mpg. Dy gh h my wkhp pu
h, p, x. hu w h
u py h. H u w
w, g gu, w p m m
gu. Ah p h mkmhp, kg
y ump. Cm w u h--
h w, h h v xv
my g. Mg hp w u v y
h g vk. Cp g juy p hug , Rm m h hp m
hghy pz L.
Wh mv pp mp, Rm h
g g uy y wg w g h v. T
Egyp m Pm wh w m, h,
y m, 20,000 m h. Ty w
v 5,000 m h, hy mh u
h Egyp u g g: Amu, R, Ph,
Sh.
Ukw Rm, h H kg, Muw, w
g. Dug h p y h h ugh
gh m my. S A G, Te Kadesh
Inscriptions of Ramesses II, h my h g
h h . . . . Ty v h mu-
h vy w k u h muu.
m si
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76 ramses the great
N hu m 2,500 h. H vw h
wh Rm h my u, h H my wu
uh hm.
Ov -u wh h hug w-qupp my, wh mg m m h
u, Rm ukwgy mh w muh.
Bh hm w h my , v h yug ,
mm h y my, huh u, y-
gu wh w py h .
Egyptian combat orces rst appeared around 3000 b.c. When the
pharaohs began to engage in military campaigns in Syria, Palestine,
and Nubia, an army was mobilized. Like armies o today, they were
commanded by generals, and were made up o ocers o lesser rank,
oot soldiers, and scribes who wrote dispatches and kept records o
the campaigns. There were inantry and charioteers, and even homing
pigeons to carry critical messages between camps.
For switer movement, wooden chariots were ashioned with wheels
made with six spokes. They were usually manned by two soldiers and
pulled by two horses. Ramses royal chariot was painted in bold colors o
blue, green, and orange, and gilded with gold betting the king. The pur-
pose o a chariot was that o a mobile ring platorm rom which standing
archers could attack with bow and arrows, and its wheels could trample
enemy soldiers. The kings chariot was ollowed by two an bearers.
Ancient combat was vicious, hand-to-hand, and bloody. Inantry
soldiers carried both a spear and a battleaxe. Shields were originally
made o wood rather than heavy armor. In recent discoveries at an
Ancent Weapons
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77
U, h H my w Rm h v-
p. Wh h k w g h my, h hug
my h h Muw h mu wp
w y h v. T g h,h hu hhg h, h zg w p
h k-w h. I h , h h v w
g h O Rv. I w v, h H u
uh Rm. S g w h gy ugh my
w h h phh my wk mp
ancient Egyptian armory workshop, it appeared that later cratsmen
used stone molds to produce Hittite-style shields or the army.There were numerous styles o fint heads inserted into the tips o
reed shat arrows. Some were horseshoe shaped and were designed to
wound the enemy; others were sharp and triangular and were meant
to kill the victim outright. The rst arrowheads were made o fint or
hardwood. Later, bronze was used.
Egyptian daggers looked rightening and were certainly deadly
weapons. Long, tapered copper blades were decorated with narrow
stripes with a wide handle. An ivory or bone pommel at the top o the
dagger was made to t into the palm o a hand. Daggers were held inthe belt o a kilt or in a wooden sheath overlaid with gold. There were
various sizes and lengths o swords with handles smoother than dag-
gers and much longer blades. Foot soldiers carried lances and javelins.
Ater stinging the enemy, a phrase reerring to distinguishing one-
sel in battle, a soldier was awarded a gold medal shaped like a fy and
also received other gits o gratitude.
m si
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78 ramses the great
. I mm , Rm u hp m
Amu.
I u Amu m wh I hm,
H gv m h h I j.
H m h y:
Fw, I m wh yu,
I, yu h, my h wh yu,
I pv v hu hu m,
I m vy, v vu!
S A G
I wh Amu p gh, Rm p
h g h h u h w
v h h . H z h wp, up h
h, h m, wh h p g h,
hg g p; x m h k h y. L
w h Rm g-hy hg h my
: T 2,500 p hy, wh m I w,m hp p my h, xp m
h w h Rmum.
Sg Rm uguy k k h my, h
p h hg j h puu. Hp v
wh h h v h h uh v u.
By gh, Rm h w h ugh
hu H v my h v. y
h um my , Rm g h
p p k.
Pg mpy wp u h H my h x
mg, Rm w up wh w m m Kg
Muw kg u. Rm u mk p
gm h m. A w, h
H h pvuy h y h Ay. Rm
w wh Ly ug. A gmwu hv w.
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79
Ounubd nd und i, r II ld eypin y in hii blof Qd. Wi ivl of infocn, youn po w bl o df i ny. Docu-nd on on bl (above), pc pc wl fod by bo kindo.
m si
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80 ramses the great
Ag NM, T B Qh ( N
M) h m mu m quy.
Muh h w u Rm hm. S h
h uy, h mp mpx Rmum Lux,w Guh h , h kw y h m.
Rm mm h vy
h p g u. W py
hw Rm umph hg. Ly p-
p mz h w h u h H-
. H p w p h . A k v
m kg my . A 14 Rm
yug pp m p h . Ag
S A G, T u h H w uqu
phm Egyp u.
Nm Rm ugh pp wh
h m. T Gk h Du Su m-
v Phh gg mu mp u
h Qh. C h, uh N
Gm, m h Rm vy w hg h . Hh mpy mg u h my. Ezh Py w,
Bu, uh h B Qh w vy . Rm
h wk p, h um h my, h
pu Qh h h h H -
vy, v hm h h w g.
Cvy v h um h u
hugh h g. P Rm II g
y vu w wh u Egyp wh h,
w hu h m, u gg u
hm. I 1881, Py Byh Shy puh Ozyman-
dias, gy v Rm h G.
Ozymandias
I m v m qu
Wh : w v uk g S h . N hm h ,
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81
H uk, h vg , wh w
A wk p mm
h up w h p
Whh y uvv, mp h hg.T h h mk hm h h h .
A h p h w pp:
My m Ozym, kg kg:
Lk my wk, y mghy, p!
Nhg m: u h y
O h wk, u ,
T v h wy.
T p Gk p
Rm h m, U-m- Sp. I pph h
p h u u Rm
Rmum. Cmp y Du Suu , Kg
Kg m I, Oym. I y wu kw hw g I m
wh I , hm up my wk.
Iy, h g hy,
Rm my u Pm, Muw p
Bh. T Rm h m Egyp u
h H.
m si
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82
C h a P t e r
aftEr thE BattlE of qadEsh, ramsEs continuEd to campaign Each
y g h H Sy P. H Egyp
my pu w h w pu y h H,
h k g y h Egyp. Rm y pu
h up, wh Egyp h 120
y. I h ghh h y h g, h g
pu Qh. Bu v h y h m h ugh
. hu v
u ju, vg w w y -
u. I w w h Sy , Rm mpg
uh h Nu. G h phh
x pvk h vu vy, m kmh
7
Fild of
endvo
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83
up. Wy ug v, Rm qu
h pm . Ug h g
my, h mpg w w u. Rm v-
uy u hm wh 7,000 p muh y.Nu w v v g.
mEdicinE and surgEry
h w, u, my wh m h
wu. My u p , h
w ju h k wkhp. Wm
h m vy ,
ug hh. h w phm p
m 3,500 y g. h w, hwv, my -
m, , m, u, pu.
Imhp w k phy wh w
h Egyp g hg. A Egyp gv h w
m x, h Ppyu E, m h
Gm Egypg Gg E. H puh 1873
m A wh m hv u p u- T. T ppyu v hv w
h xh uy b.c. I m 800 p
v 700 ug, ug , wmw, pppm,
h, myh, hmp, g, , mk. T
ppyu ugg m .
T Ppyu E h p h h
py u m . T w
kw h h uppy m h h h g.
Ag D. Smh M. A, p gy
Ax Uvy C, T kwg u y
hv g hugh xp. D. A p
u h h p xm u y w m
p u y phy.
I h ghh uy b.c., h Gk p Hm gz
Egyp m w, I Egyp, h m
Fild of endvo
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84 ramses the great
m k m h y hum k. A g
Hu, Kg Cyu P qu Ahm II h
wy-xh Dyy hm h m ku Egyp-
y . T Khu Gygy Ppyu k 1825 b.c. mh gg pgy
g h x u, hh, wm,
m ug p, h W T H-
y Hu.
T Ew Smh Ppyu w hy wh u-
gy. I 48 ug h h, k, hu,
, h. I u v kwg g -
u h u y hv qu wh -
u, uh wh ug h pym.
Mu my w p v wu
kp hm m mg . Tu y ,
m v h mu m -
mgm, , ug h pu
ug.
G u w g g hh, w -, k p wm. Hu w
h g w p h py-
m u u x p p
.
Mu h gz m m
mmm. I m, Sinapis, Egyp g. Gu
mx wh w w u xv v
g. Hmm p m h w pp mu. T mu w u g
m.
Fv hu y g, Egyp u g
, hg , g pum, g ky
mp, gv h. Rmy
hv gh h mmy, m up ,
v m h, h y g.
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85
Fx, gw m h, w u v,
ugh, , p, pu
u.
Dug mpg g , gh
. Up ug hm hy p hm h g-
m, hy w u m y
Egyp hm.
Clbin i nw pc n wi hii, wll i vicoy Qd, r II oilizd ilf i g tpl abu sibl.Cvd ou of on, in u of r II (above) o n 20 i.
Fild of endvo
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86 ramses the great
V wu ju w y vu mh-
g h ppyu, D. A, wh
w hugh u u u
v g, v puhm, mg pu.
Egyptian priests were powerul and were believed to have an intimate
relationship with the gods as well as the pharaohs; their methods were
unquestioned. High priests were responsible or the numerous secret
rituals that took place in the temples sanctuaries. They held titles to
indicate their rank, such as Gods Servant . Lower-level priests were
called Pure Ones or Gods Fathers. They served on a rotating system
and were responsible or maintaining temple property and keeping
administrative records.
Sacred rituals began with a procession o bald prieststheir heads
shaved to ensure cleanlinessentering the secret rooms, carrying
incenses and oil lamps, and scattering puried water rom the temples
sacred lake. Water mixed with natron was carried in sacred buckets
decorated with carved images o gods or crescents and ull moons
worshiped by baboons. The water was used to pour over an oer-
ing or ritual washing beore and ater eating at temple estivals or
religious rituals. The tray to hold the incense was shaped like an out-
stretched arm with a fat hand that held a cup o ragrances. There
were bronze incense burners, too, that allowed the aroma to rise with
the smoke. The pleasing scents drited in the temples cool air to attract
the attention o the gods and to puriy the atmosphere. Another priest
might carry a standard, such as a supporting pole inscribed with the
emblem o papyrus plants topped with the alcon god, Horus. Horus
wore the combined crowns o Upper and Lower Egypt that identied
him with the king.
Sacred Rtuals
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87
D, hwv, w w h h w h
y , my h m pu -
m y h kwg m-
u.
As priests approached a shrine, they might have chanted, I am a
pure one. Then careully they broke the clay seal on the door. Inside
was revealed a golden statue o a god. Beore making an oering o
ood, they decorated the statue with semiprecious gems. As they let,
one priest silently swept the foor so no crumbs would leave a trace o
their presence.
Deniu-en-Khons was a priestess who also made oerings to the
gods. She might have oered a mirror, its ace carved with the head
o Hathor with a background o religious symbols, or a palace scene
with the royal queen sitting on her throne. Hathors head adorned the
ivory handle. The beautiully painted mirrors and cosmetic pallets were
placed in temples or the gods use. Other objects oered may have
included a bronze plaque showing a priest oering loaves o bread
and a delicately crated vase o liquid. At the ront o the plaque was a
hole where the holy liquid could drain away.
There were elaborate morning and evening hymns to awake or take
leave o the gods and books o spells and recitations or special rites.
Inscribed with the sacred scenes were greetings by priests or the temple
choir; such religious words o praise have come down through the ages.
Certain sacred animals were attributed to the gods, such as the ibis
and baboon or Thoth, god o wisdom and magic; the cat o Bast;
the ram o Khnum; Sobek the crocodile, or Horus the alcon-headed
god o day. The rog-headed Heqet was the goddess o birth. During
Ramses long reign, there were sacred beasts likeApis, the bull; Ptah at
Memphis; and the Mnevis bull at Heliopolis. Such were the sacred and
mystical belies o ancient Egyptians.
Fild of endvo
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88 ramses the great
awEsomE aBu simBEl
Rm vy v h H h
mz mp p v. mp
p u h h. h m w h y h Lux mp py , h x
u, . Wh w , Rm,
mu, u y w pj. h m
h y w uh Nu h mm mp.
w g u pkh u h w k
h N h Akh. H, w hug u w
v u h k 160 (48.7 m) h mu.h u gu h phh, v 65 (19.8 m)
hgh, w u h h G mp
Rm II.
A w hu y wy, u h h u, w
h p mp h g Hh
Qu N. I w mk y x g u Rm
N wh m u h h. A gh
p u h k gv h hm, whh
h w pg h Bk h D. Lk h
mum h Vy h Qu, h k u -
g h gv h pp hv pk wh my
g v-p . Bh w h u hm
wh m w m h Bk h D g
h g pg h kgm O. I
w mg h h h u p hughh .
M wk w h Hypy H Kk wh
h p g u h 100 m
u p h. A k g h h
k. Dug v, mg h g h g g
h u w. Rm u mp
mp, wh m h phh m, whhh pu w wy h w u. H hg
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89
up m wh m g k m
Akh umg Cy h Hz u mp
h v.
I h h y h g, ugh w ugh h w wy wy m y ghg, Rm
u p gm wh h w H
kg, Hu III.
prEludE to pEacE
H my, Muw, h . F v y, Uh-
hu, Muw y u, g h Hg kg. I h h, h u Hu, hgh p
kg, h m mu . A wg
g Uh-hu, Hu m kg. H pm -
ug wh ghg u, xp Egyp.
I h mm, h h k h phw, Kg Hu h
hm h h Sy h . Bu Uh-hu
pp wy Egyp.
Agy h h h um y h phw, wh w
vy p y h Egyp, Hu h.
Supp Rm k Uh-hu gm h h
H h? Hu, w wh By, m
h yug m u. Rm u. Bh h
g mz w.
T h g h h, hwv, w mp
y u . Hg my w vwhm y hAy my hy . Ay w h
g h Euph Rv h Sy pv.
Hu w w wh h uh. Wh
hu h u u h gh v
?
Hu mu hv gv h pm
hugh. Fy h wy y ku p g wh Egyp. F my mh, vy
Fild of endvo
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90 ramses the great
juy k h w h w p, m A-
h ug w p Pm, g m
. A p y m y gg.
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91
C h a P t e r
thE trEaty BEtwEEn thE Egyptians and thE hittitEs was thE
p y hy. Dpm
g v w y vy v w
h w u -mh juy h wy. I
h w wh Sy mk mw h Egyp Sy . Egyp gu-
h H h gh u h Ph h, h
p wh w L. h H
g w Egyp pg, whu ,
h h Ug, h Sy p h
M .
Sg m y h py 1259 b.c., y uh mp h
8
t
Pc ty
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92 ramses the great
h pu hg h U N h-
qu. Akwg y Rm II, kg Egyp, H-
u III, h H mp, w h -- y.
T Egyp v w p w , hKk mp Amu h h h Rmum. T
y u x u p pp
pv h g p. Tughu h m-
Rm 67 y kghp, h w u h
uh wh h. P k w g
w h w y m, hugh 26
Hu 13 h w, Puukhp. P v
h y w kp h p, Egyp
hgyph, h h Akk, ug um p.
Bh v uvv.
T mjy h x xp h H v-
m h Egyp m ug p. T Egyp
v m h v. T y w p h
Egyp h m v pqu. T y
18 : p, h h h u p-v g wh m p, mp
h. Egyp p h w Sy u
m h wu h Qh Amuu.
I u h , h pu w h w u
wh m w Egyp
Sy . T pvg h m h
uy. T gm muu- p h
v h h mp hu k y h py, h v . A p
h p ug pv h hy hu
hm; h u h x y.
T w h u, hu h y -
k. Fwg xp m h p y, Peace
reaty Between Egypt and the Hittite, y D. Smh M. A:
Rm, h g kg, h kg h uy Egyp,h v k h uy H k p
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94 ramses the great
y D. Smh M. A Peace reaty Between Egypt and
the Hittite:
I h, my h yu hv w k my p
h g p y h x
In n p o bli pc bwn i wo kindo,r II nd Kin huil III of hii kindo co-
pondd ully by l cvd ino on bl (above).t wo finlizd pc y f r II id onof huil du.
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95
w h G Kg Egyp h G Kg
H, h h. R hu w wh h yu
yu k, my R u h p gh
h g y w h G Kg Egyp hG Kg H, h h, v.
othEr pEacE trEatiEs
Numu p hv mp g
h. h y P (1815) w g Np
h B W. h y V (1919)
my h F W W. h y pyh m u p h m h
m h N Sm Gmy
h vu uk h S W W. Oh gu
h h u w h h hh
m Gmy h g wh Ru wh h y
B-Lvk. Gmy w py h v h
p py g h w, h hh Gm mm h y
u uh mv m Gmy. h
v whh h y V m g
h w hw h u vv mkg
p gm. h y h Lgu N
w mj g U S P Ww W-
. I w g y h Bg h : h U S,
F, G B. m g w h u
w h V Cv h Lw ,
1969. Numu u u p y,
uuy p hvy h u h -
g u. Sm mgh m g
, uh h y V; p vg
uu pu; m ppg
u u; g u p ug; -
g xg whp m wh h Rm/
t Pc ty
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p. T K W w xmp w h w
up wh - u w v wh y.
T y (1494), w Sp Pu-
g, g um h vv u m-
Jericho sets the day o 1250 b.c. So the Exodus may have taken place
in the early part o the thirteenth century b.c.
Various scholars have placed Moses in close relationship with
Pharaoh Ramses II and as the son o Queen Hatshepsut, who later
assumed the Egyptian throne. Moses received his Egyptian education
(Acts 7:22) to represent his community in the government. His educa-
tion at the court (Exodus 2:10 11) may be interpreted as he beneted
rom the education provided to uture Egyptian state employees. Thus,he would have been with his own people during the reign o Sethos I,
the time ortications were built in the eastern delta and oundations
were built or the uture city o Piramses (Exodus 1:11). Thereore they
set taskmasters over them to afict them with heavy burdens; and they
built or Pharaoh store-cities, Pithom and Raamses.
It is oten speculated that Jewish captives worked on the construc-
tion o Piramses, wrote Bernadette Menu. Was this biblical spelling
meant to be Piramses?
Mosess murder o the guard, his fight to the land o Midian, hismarriage, his acceptance o Gods revelation, the encounter with the
Burning Bush, and his return to Egypt take the dates to the rst years o
Ramses IIs reign. The book o Exodus has lengthy descriptive dialogue
between Moses and a pharaoh.
I one is to set aside the Old Testaments chronological dates, the
Exodus could be placed around 1290 b.c. rather than 1441 b.c. This
would suggest the pharaoh o the Exodus was Ramses II.
t Pc ty
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98 ramses the great
Nfi, il pn of r II, nd i nd plyd ino ol in dvlopin pc nwi hii kindo. In ppciion of bilii,r II buil ll, lvi pl abu sibl. ti
Ninn-Dyny u of wo nd n oi pnip.
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99
. Ju mh Chph Cumu u Eup
m h m vyg h Nw W, h Sph- Pp
Ax VI gv Sp h h qu m
v wy v g h w. H h v w m 100 gu ( gu 3
m 4.8 km) w h Cp V I wu g
Sp. Nw v h wu g
Pug. H uh p h y u h
Ch p wu m u h m
. Yu mg h u h y.
Kg Jh II Pug g wh Kg F
Qu I Sp mv h h w; h
pp x u h g mg Sph
u A. O Ju 7, 1494, Sp Pug g
y mv h 270 gu, 370 gu w
Cp V. T w ( ppxmy 46 37')
gv Pug m Suh Am pv h u-
y um v m h I O. Du
pm mg gu, w v hu y h u uy m. Pug
Sp kp h h . Pug up z-
g Bz, I, Mu A.
conclusion of thE ramsEs/hittitE pEacE trEaty
P u ug h x 46 g y Rm kg-
hp. Wh h kg M A M mp m
wh Egyp g h H, Rm u y-g, y h y w h G Kg Egyp
h Kg H, w R hu. h y w
p u h h H Emp u 1150 b.c.
B Mu v, T phh hu mg-
y u h um g h
h g. A p ppy, v pu, -
w h w, Egyp xp w-g,u h h Rm II.
t Pc ty
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100
C h a P t e r
dEspitE thE rEadinEss of Both EmpirEs to aBidE By thE pEacE trEaty,
p 10 y h gm u h
H p, Uh-hu, m p yum
Egyp. Kg Hu py qu h u,
Rm u, ppyg h y p. Amy,hwv, mmu w h w u-
, Rm h Egyp my m g h g
vy. A v h uy h w Rm h G!
A pu wm hm hm: y hy
k, h, m, w g pmg, y
pp h hu wh m h
umph. Rhm w vg vy- u wh h phh h g. A,
9
Nifll
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101
hm , mu wh h w m u-
m, u g , uqu w hw
h y wh ju uu m. I mp, h
u h g w wh, , pum, , , w, m w. Rm h, V-
y T Mu I P, u pu h h
h B Qh, w x h m Rkhm,
vz u Kg Tum III. Gmh mh h
kg hm g wh w mu g h. I w
h m Egyp, wh u
mp umu mum, , ppyu.
Ty-v hu y , Ch Jq gy
w h phh, H pm hm h u; h
pwu u, h p Egyp qu g
, h kg ug v, h h v
gh. H w Rm. I g w, wg v m
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