SilviaAnneSheafer.......ramsesTheGreatbyHouseOfBooks

7/27/2019 SilviaAnneSheafer.......ramsesTheGreatbyHouseOfBooks

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Ancient World leAders

ramses the great


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alexander the great

attila the hun

charlemagne

cleopatra

cyrus the great

darius the great

genghis khan

hammurabi

hannibaljulius caesar

king david

nefertiti

Queen of sheba

ramses the great

saladin

xerxes

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ramses the great

Silvia Anne Sheafer


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Ramses the Great

Cpygh 2009 y I Puhg

A gh v. N p h k my pu uz y m y ym, mh, ug phpyg, g, y y m g v ym, whu pm wg m h puh. F m, :

Ch HuA mp I Puhg132 W 31 SNw Yk, NY 10001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sh, Sv A.Rm h G / Sv A Sh.

p. m. (A w )Iu gph x.ISBN 978-0-7910-9637-6 (hv)

1. Rm II, Kg EgypJuv u. 2. EgypHyNh yy,. 13201200 B.C.Juv u. 3. PhhBgphyJuv u. I. .II. S.

D88.S54 2008932'.01409222[B] 2008004871

Ch Hu k v p u wh puh uk qu u, , u, pm. P u Sp S Dpm Nw Yk (212) 967-8800 (800) 322-8755.

Yu Ch Hu h W W W hp://www.hhu.m

x g y L FCv g y Jyug A

P h U S Am

Bg NMSG 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

h k p - pp.

A k W w hk v h m pu.Bu h ym u h W, m k my hv hg pu my g v.

Frontispiece: Head of a colossal statue of Pharaoh Ramses II. Facade of the Great Temple at

Abu Simbel, Egypt.


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contents

Foreword: On LeadershpArthur M. Schlesnger, Jr.

1

2

3

45

6

7

8

910

6

12

23

35

46

58

71

82

91

100

110

119

121

124

125

126

131

cy

Bbapy

F ra

P c

i

Ab A

Y ram ii

sy-v K

ram cw K f eyp

day lf A eyp

Ma B

Ma sa

F f eav

t Pa tay

nfa

eyp taf


8/134

a m. s, j.

On Ldip

6

Lhp, my , y wh mk h wg u. Lv u mh h pg; u v

pv w g u. L-

hp pu wh hy. h hp

m h py vu mv, p, mz

m pp h hy gh puu .

Smm hp v g pup, mm ;

u whh h g v, g hm wm wh v h p mp hy.

Nw, h vy p hp mp h pp-

h vu mk . T pp

h v uvy p. Fm m h

p y, m hk hv g vu

m h h g pw g , whh h

g g h w , h m ,

, , , h , h w h pp, h p h m, hy . Ag uh , h vu

w g.

S h h h mm. y

g v War and Peace mu m h .

Why, y k, m m h Np W,

yg h hum g h mm , mv

k h Eup ughg h w? Tw, y w, w u hpp mpy u


9/134

7Fowod

w u hpp. A p hy m . A

, hy, y , u h h v gv

m , k , hy hv h p -

wh h v. T g h , h m -puu h vy h p vy h

mm. T , y, h v hy.

Dmm k my m. Mxm h m-

m . Nzm h mm . Bu h

m wm h v hy u hw h p-

hum . Rg mm h h

hum mh ump h h u

vy mv w mk, vy w w pk, vy hugh whk. I h h hum py,

my u w puh pp h

y y h . N v y

y y m . T Mx pv h hm-

v y h xm upy h u hp.

M h h, hy u h h vu mk

. I Dm 1931 Bh p g FhAvu Nw Yk Cy w 76h 77h S u

10:30 p.m. k h wg w kk w

y um mm, h , m gh,

w g: I u why I w k k

ggh quh k gy. Fu mh

Am p, g p Mm, F, w

y ; h m hm w h. T wh

v h vu mk hy mgh wp whh h x w wu hv h m

h M C k W Chuh 1931

Gupp Zg u k Fk Rv 1933.

Supp, , h L h yphu S

1895 h H h k h w 1916.

Wh wu h 20h uy hv k k w?

F w, vu mk -

. T h pp u


10/134

8 ramses the great

ymuy, w h phph Wm Jm, w

w kw h u. Mk h-

g v hugh v h p v, g

m, m y h uh h

hum pg. Ivu gu hw h wy, h p, whh mm pp h p w.

Lhp, Jm ugg, m hp hugh

w . I h g u, hugh my w mk

h g h w. T m

p phph, h wh hy gh wh hy

wg, w Jh My Ky, m pwu h

mmy u. I h w u y .

P m, wh v hmv qu xmp m

y u u, uuy h v m u

m. . . . T pw v vy xgg

mp wh h gu hm .

Bu, Ww W , T y -

m, h g y, wh . . . . I

h h h w hugh g h u

gug . L hugh v u uy, vg g h k m.

L h py h hv

v h w m.

A hy v y hmv. Ty mu

p h hyhm h g. T gu mu

p, ph m Wm Jm, h pv

h mm. L u whu w. T

g h m, h Fh p, hg m

h . I m h . I mu w hm. G -

u h h m h m pup h

w. Ty z h ppu h m, h hp,

, u, , p. Ty u wh

v hv pp h wy hm, wh h mmuy

wg u, wh hy pv h yg

gzg . Lhp mp h u wh vu h m hy hy.


11/134

9Fowod

I my hy w. L hv

p h m xvg m

mu m h hv ug humy. Ty

hv v uh g humy h m -

vu m, gu , ju, p hum gh.

T u wy v wh gg

g wh v. Bu g h gy m

wm Ancient World Leaders ugg m uu .

O h: D y y pu?

By mm y ? Tugh m hy -

hp w x y h v gh uhy. T uy

w w y. T why/

T u . O , wh h -

gh p h 18h uy Eup, u-

hp w m y hum pup. M ,

um uh h p m, , g,

qu u yy.

T g vu m m h h vu-

quy. Php m gvm, w hBh h Jm By h uy h U S,

Te American Commonwealth, g muh

my. T h pp hu qu h

g h um h uu uh-

y, hhy, . T vu quy h h

w y h u hp. F quy,

Ax quv p u h g uyDemocracy

in America, mgh m quy vu w quy

m.

I kw y w mh hg quy

h p w, quv w. Rgh mu gv

vy z, y . . . v , wh

h m . T w m gu w

h vgy h u pw m. I

h hg p 20h-uy -hp, quv xp hw h vu quy


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10 ramses the great

u h Fhrerprinzip m um

h h w h v kw.

Bu wh gh gv vy z h v-

gy h, h pm hp k

w m, m m xg h v . I y u mm hm y h p h k,

h mp hgulag. I muh h u

gum hvm vm pp w

. T Fug Fh h U S u-

h uy. Ty v h hy h gv hm

h ppuy , Ax Hm w h

F Pp, whh m p -

g gvm h, whh hy

v p . . . .

Gvm y h w y

hp w quy whp. I qu

pv ppu , qu

w v m pp h p-

. Dmy m m m p;

mm mgguy; u h, h g m pu , yu

h pp h m. I mu hp y u

h wh vh .

I u h h g u p mu y u

. Bu hy pp h y jugm, mm

y, h mm hy hm. I

u h my gu vu -

g gvm, h v h pp -

y h v G. Bu my, y ug h gh

pp, u- h v h

um. A h hg Rh Nuh umm up,

M py ju mk my p, u m

ju mk my y.

A hp h whh pw

ugh. Wh hv h g h upmy m h pm vu h


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11Fowod

qu xp h p

g pvg h pv p pw,

ky h h hp w v h u

humy. Wh h g h vy, h -

wm, h gm ppuy h p pw, h x qu gh m,

h h m xp pp,

ky h h hp w h um hum -

y w.

L hv g hm h w. Ty hv

g . Yu w h h .

Ev g mu g wh w.

L mg; hy pu h u g

h ju k y m. N ,

vy m h gu -

v. Iv u h v. Uqu-

g um up m w.

Mkg u wy mk. Fuy, h

whp g w . Evy h, Em,

m .T g h g m

h u v g u w v,

v, , u mg u w

hg. F g h y hum m

g h upp v hy. A hy

h wm pw h my wh h m uky

u, whh why Ahm L m h upm xm-

p g hp. A g , Em, xh

w p humy. W gu. . . . G

m x h h my g m.

G , h, juy hmv y mpg

mpwg h w. S humy ugg m-

y, mmg wh Ax quv: I

u h u vy m y whh

h p; u wh h w vg h h pwu ; wh m, wh mmu.


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12

C h a P t e r

1

Egypts goldEn sunlight lit thE opEn-air classroom whErE

u-y- P Rm u. D h

h k, h h h w uh v h

h k y. Am h y my

K, h p, uhg p, w pz. Lk h y h hgh gvm

p, Rm w k m h p h

pv wh gu u. A g 10 h w gv h

hy mm h h Egyp my.

Phh Sh I, h h, gv h uhg Egyp-

kgm H ug m h mp

A (w h uy uky) m w wh up u h A Sy-P .

Youn

r II


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13

Qu uy, Rm uu mh, g

h g y w wh umu p. Sh u

v h u hm, g u pv ,

m h w h pp. Wh hphh (kg) w , h vw m h y u.

Tugh w whp p gp h h v h

yug h h h h ug

my, Rm k h . Sh

h Rm h , h qu mg w

uuy v, uh uh h y g. Rm-

w p m h my.

Rm h pmp p wh u p

wh pk, y h x wg

uu hgyph ug pym p h

g. H gu u u mhm,

, hmy, u. H w hg y

mg h k m xp pm

p uu h. Muuy u mu, h

x mpv gm uh hy, hmhp, wmmg.

T y v wh Phh Sh m yug

Rm. Whu xp, h k h m h h-

gyph . Cuu y pu h kg, h h h

v y kw, Rm w quy uu u h

h uy. T kg w-h h pu

pph mh uh, k hv

vmu k, w m, . Amgh ppyu, Rm p u. Wh h m

ugh gh h yug p, pw h

h. A Egyp g py h u

m h v h uw u wh

g . Rm h u, u. T

h u qugy w h h. Wh w h ?

A qu h y vy, h phh g h. Nw, Rm u. H h ugh h

Youn r II


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14 ramses the great

ti lion lif fo Ninn Dyny dpicr II cild. In ncin eyp, i w fionbl foyoun boy o v i d cln, v fo bidd idlock. a wi o boy of i, wn r II bc n, i id lock w cu off.


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15

ggy hk h u; w h ug! I h

w v m phh, v v w h

h my, h mu pv hm v u.

Rm w g. H x mv h h kw u mu qu phy gh. Bu

u h k w, gy u?

Imp wh h yug u, h

qu h.

Kg Sh Rm . T y w h p

wug p w h u h. H m

h k.

Eg y k, h u w h

uy w h. Wh h my ug h

w h, Rm w h ug y h . H

mu k h u yg!

Wh mghy kk g, h m uh wh

uh v h h g m xp. S

h h ug Rm h, h phh g h p

h u. T h um Sh hg m h gu. Swy h pu gg m

h m Rm u h h vy muh

v u.

T h mh w h . P Rm h

qu h . T phh quky v h

u Rm h k. H yuh h .

ramsEs lEgacy BEgins

Rm II pm g hy

w g h y h w , u 3,200 y g. H w

w phh Egyp 1279 b.c., wh h w 22 y

. Egyp, h w hm, m, h,

h k vy h g kg. S h ,

h pp qu Egyp v mp. H uu w

Youn r II


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16 ramses the great

mp . H g m h 67 y, g

h m y h phh.

Rm II gz h my hp, h

pkpg , h mum h h. H u h g g u hm

60 hgh (18.28 m) pp quy. H

u Egyp m mu mp, Au Sm.

Egyp h hg P Cy w h

h u w mk. A mum u Rm II

p-m mg h phh Egyp. Ahugh

Historians are indebted to hieroglyphics, an elaborate orm o picture

writing that used about 700 dierent signs, or their knowledge oancient Egyptian history. Hieroglyphics were carved on monuments,

temples, and tombs, and written on religious papyrus. They could be

written rom let to right, right to let, or top to bottom. Word stories

might be inside an oval shape called a cartouche, similar to a persons

calling card. The spellings were not in alphabet letters but in curious

and complicated drawings. What did all these symbols mean? Picture

each cartouche similar to a calling card or a little ramed picture. Car-

touches and wall art were the way Egyptians expressed themselves.

Instead o lettering, there were complete drawings with characters suchas arrows, birds, snails, people, beetles, blocks, ovals, and even paper

clips. The head and orepaw o a lion, a mans single leg, one eye, or a

mouth appeared repeatedly.

At rst glance, these strange characters may have looked nonsensi-

cal. But, or ancient Egyptian kings and pharaohs, they related poems,

culture, and the aterlie. The ancient Egyptians had an unquestionable

belie in the magic o the written word. Spells, hymns, and prayers written

Heroglyphcs


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17

Khuu h G Pym, Rm h y v h

wh . . . . H gu ug hvm H-

u , Cy Jm Whg Te Life and imes

of Rameses the Great.Rm v g wy. H h v y wv, um-

u y wv u, y 100 y

h wh gz h p. Egyp h g

h x um, hugh hgyph v

g my. A Hm Nu -D, h h pm

Egypgy C Uvy , Rm w g

Youn r II

by scribes, they believed, helped them in their journeys to the aterworld.

The magical texts later ound their way into the tombs o noblemen, andthey were eventually compiled in a personal Book o the Dead. When

the wealthy planned their tombs, they, too, employed scribes to create

hieroglyphics, artists to paint scenes, and masons to carve the colorul

hieroglyphics on their tomb walls. I they wanted something written on

a papyrus scroll or a stele, a scribe was employed.

The ancient Egyptian alphabet had 24 letters, all consonants. Vowel

sounds were not written. Sometimes the words would be a single char-

acter or a whole syllable, and could not be pronounced. The writings

were called words o the gods because they believed that Thoth,the god o learning, invented spelling. The word hieroglyph was rst

used in 300 b.c. ater the Greeks came to Egypt and saw the characters

carved on the temple walls. In the Greek language, hiero means holy

andglyph means writing. For nearly 3,000 years, no one understood

what these pictures meant or how they sounded. Sometimes, by acci-

dent, riddles can be solved. Such happened with the discovery o the

Rosetta Stone.


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18 ramses the great

my m, h w m p, h w h g u

Egyp, h h h gg u, h w h hu

w-kw y, h h m h h y kg Egyp,

h v y g h y kg Egyp, v w h hh -pv mummy. T g qu Egyp

Rm, h gg Egyp Rm. . . . I

m m, h u h Rm II g.

Rm xy ppuy pw up

h phh mk N

E hy. H w mu w wh guy

wh m h . H w hu

m h mpg u. T Qh w

h m h Egyp hy. I u

y. By uum, Rm w g h . Am

g-hy, h h w ugh k u -

m v, ug vy. Tugh h m-

y xp h mx u, h w h kg w

hy g p y wh h my, h H Emp.

T y g y u ghg ugh w h H, Ly, Nu. I -

mu mphm g w w w-

m u.

H D. R A. Gup mm h y

h I W Hy Pj W : I k-

gy m h v u pvg

gg, muu , x ugv.

lifE in anciEnt mEmphis

Mmph, h p Lw Egyp,

h w k h N D. M u

h y u 3100 b.c. u h y m

N g, h u mpx ym k

p ym yh wh wu

h y. Mmph h pk pg mv


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19

gu ug h Sxh Dyy. I w v

h g y h w. I w h h Rm II,

Kg Sh Qu uy, h h

gv h g gy.S w, u m, k k,

gu w wpg p h h Mm-

ph p. T w g uv ug jw-

y hp wh g, uqu, p zu. P

gp w u v w , h

. D pm, ym, hw v-

pk wh gg pk g u. Sw-

mg u g p z h h.

T u Ph, g , h gu mp,

h h g Ap, h u. Ny w h Sqq,

p yy, m u, u mh

mp hw- mpx kw w hy.

Phh, uh Kg Sh, why v

mg p umpuu v wh pu u-

y g u w. Ty - w k m xquy g

up v y v. L Egyp h p

v mu hu. Hpppmu g

hg h D .

Shy w hv Rm II wh M.

Ag h B, Mmph w Mph Nph.

kg h p uh, w h h phh h

m Jph Nzh, h Ju. Sm h- v h Rm II w h phh h Exu

p hm g M.

wisdom and harmony

Rm u h w M, h vy g uh,

, . H ugh u h p

Egyp wm p hm hp h w

Youn r II


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20 ramses the great

. M 42 puy, w h xp

uquu p gh m wg. I w mwh k

h uyg p m Cum. My

h p w w. hy w uy phph wh h pu x

h Bk h D. Egyp v h uv w

v vyhg . I u wh py, h

y h uv wy m , h

m ph, puy w w w puh. M-

y phyy, h uv w p . I w

hugh h M x, h uv wu m

h!

Ah phph p Rm hk-

g. Vz Phhp Mxm, v u 2200 b.c., w

u g u yug m u

m um pm v . I pp

u, D h whh yu m yu. w g

h pp h h, m whm h h u, m h

h. Wh h u x yu h; y hmgy u hm m h h h p. Vy

g h g Ph, wh v

h h h . F h m h wh -

y, pug hm wh h h h p gh.

S I h g u h yu y h hhu, h

h Phh h wh yu um

h yu h y whu u. I h u

m h hu y , gwh h g h v h Phh mg h h

whm h wk hv , yg h Phh

p gy, xp Ch F. H Te Sacred

Books and Early Literature of the East.

Bu Rm h w h h,

Rm v h g hgh gvm p

h h m phh. A uh, h u h uu h y pp h vuy.


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21

I m, Rm m m phy hg

v y Phh Sh: uvvg h ug

h ug h y h gh; hg pu

u h h h u hmv y

ti dil fo tpl of r II illu po Bl of

Qd. t bl w unin poin fo youn nd inxpincd ul:I w r povd ilf cpbl of xpndin nd pocini kindo.

Youn r II


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23

C h a P t e r

in a shallow gravE on thE EdgE of thE Egyptian dEsErt, curlEd

up , y k. I w

m wv uh. Ruy hp

y p w y. I h 1800, uh -

vy w wm, py hg vh m v h N Vy m 7,000 y . A

h xv u, h w m pmv

.

cradlE of civilization

h vy h N w h u vz.

H h my vy h mp

2

sixy-vn

Kin


26/134

24 ramses the great

u hgy, vh Egyp h mh uy

quy. Nh mg vg hv hw h g

g-v uu g h v m

w h. I w wy y - u hum u. A, hy,

w h.

I h L Py p ( 3100 b.c.) v v

w m h h A v h N

Vy u m. S g u

h vy gg . Eh y ug h

mh Juy hugh Spm, h v u h v-

y , vg mu wy h upp N

D. R y hvy w uh, h w

. Vg mmu u g k. Fm

g uv p. T N w

h .

Sg p k h N h Egyp

g h vy x. Wh h w

g h u h h , wym pp h g py v, uh

T A Hym h N, y B Mu

Ramessess II: Greatest of the Pharaoh:

L h h, h ww yg uh,

py h m w; H h h y,

g mm , h g mp wh

v. Bu hm kw, h hg ,

gw wh pv, Shu h g pm

h y h u, m y h m w

mk.

T vy hum h h w

m pp wh k h wh v m m -

. T u w h u umu u u g hum kuy m h


27/134

25

x, hg, k py,

h , u h h. T w h Rm-

II, g Egyp phh.

thE chiEf dEitiEs of anciEnt timEs

I L Py p, h m R, K, Nm

g. R w h u g, h kg h g h

humk, h h y Egyp. H w p-

y h , , ; w h k; h

kh p. K w h u Egyp

myhgy. Nm w h kg Upp Egyp whmg Upp Lw Egyp m. h

g Hu m h m um

Egyp gu p , gv v

kghp. A Egyp u w w Hu, wh

y h m u Upp Lw Egyp, was h

u Egyp.

T kg w m kw h wh w.

I h , h v kg w h w, -p p

wh p wh k pj upw. A u-

, h kg, phh, w u w. Dug

h w u w.

Sm Egypg v Nm kg h F

Dyy; h m hm Nm/M. (I mp-

u h h vy h mg

v pg. Cy h um h uh g, Lw Egyp w h h, wh

Mmph Upp Egyp w h uh-

p.)

Early dynastic pEriod

Ah M u h F Dyy ( 2950

2575 b.c.) p, h y Mmph. hu gh g phh. h m h F Dyy

sixy-vn Kin


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26 ramses the great

kg w v Ay Upp Egyp. h h

kg Upp Egyp w u y. H R

Gup mm h hp w mh

h : h wh h Egyp w p

mp h; hu h m m h

hugh. Bu uh g , h m w u-

h wh hg, x jwy, pu gm, uu, p, mm h v.

ancin eypin conidd r o b f of ll od.Ofn pnd in lion, c, o flcon fo, i i id rcd nkind fo i own . r (above) i dpicd c fiin i ny nk od apopi, od of dkn.


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27

Egyp v h kg w v, g m-

m w h pp h g, h hy

w vg mg R, h u g. T vg p

hu mpg gu u g hm-v y m ymm wh vu g. A h -

, kg h v . H w

qu Sh, g h, h M, , ju,

uh p y R ugh. F xmp, Sh I

(Rm h), w h m h g kw

Sh. Cug my h m w h

hgh p. Ty w h phh, h gu

pw, pm u, ppyu h pp,

h u g, mp mg x

hp p h .

o, K e de

Egyp v h g O, kg h , w

Ay. Ev hy h m wh, hu

pp ugh u h. hy wu g hvh mummy ugh Ay v h u

O v h ju u g .

A myh h h O w k y h h

Sh. I, qu h g w O,

Au, g h h mm, pp h

y u. H hm, v O, w pw-

u h u h w w h uw v

m kg.Wh h Ey Dy p h w h F, S-

, T y wh 17 kg. I w

myhgy mg mphm. I Ah, Nm,

M w h m, N Gm p u A His-

tory of Ancient Egypt, h w h ugu h u h

-g Sk h Fyum g w h u

Mmph . . . py h h h h m- h u h Ap-u Mmph. T w

sixy-vn Kin


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28 ramses the great

L, Nkh, h vuu g h uh, Wj,

h g h h, w M p.

mee, f K Eh kgm M gy py. Dug

h g, h u h m pgv m vz-

hu , hg g, um, xp, h-

u, uu. Ahugh h uy w up

y vu mh h, v p y 3,000

y, Egyp m mky hg

. I wh h Rm Auguu C.

M g mm v v:

uug h w N w m mm

k w u. H y my gg u g h

Nu h uh u Aw, g M xp

h ph u 600 m (965.6 km). H, h N

um v g u h (w).

M w m Qu B. H h

h, Dj, mh y wm m Bhp. A g 63,M . H h m myy. Lg h h w

k y w g hug N Fyum,

uh p h g h A D. A h up-

u h u Sqq, Dj m kg.

thE pyramid agE

h O Kgm ( 25752150 b.c.), g h FuhDyy, wh h Eghh Dyy. Dug h g

, h w 26 phh wh u wh mm pw

p mu wh. hy w h ,

wh m hu p h p, k y u-

pu, x h hv.

A hg m, w m w v Bu

Hm, u m h pym. T pym, h wk m, mk h w

h ukw h kw. Dug h T hugh Sxh


31/134

29

Dy, kw h Pym Ag, Egyp v h

g kg mu pv h . T h -

u mumm h hum y u

mg m.Kg Dj h m Imhp g u

h mum ug h w. T Sp

Pym w Sqq, 10 m (16 km) uh

C. I h v u ug, m,

p. Imhp w m w h, w h uu

h Akp, hg . Pym -

u pv wk m wh h N

hu v pu ug phh ug

mpg.

I h Fuh Dyy, Kg Su u hm w g-

m uu pym wh mh . Hh,

h phh u mp k h u y,

wy, hv, w Kh A. Kh Pharaoh ri-

umphant: Te Life and imes of Ramses II.

Su Chp, kw y h m Khuu, uh G Pym Gz, h g h m h

uvv h Sv W h W. I py

pp mu , hgh 40-y u-

g, wh m h w m k g, h v-

g u w h . T h pym Gz w

uu y m m, g

m wh pg h wh mummy hm-

ugu. T g gwh wu h m u h h.

Dug h h uy b.c., Gk h Hu

v h m w y p, h wh Chp

u h h h pug m wk-

. . . . H h mp h Egyp

, mpg hm , ,

h v. H mm h pp h N Vy u h pym hm gu hm w h w-

p my. . . . O hu hu m

sixy-vn Kin


32/134


33/134

31

y, w v vy h mh y h

. I k y pp h pp mk h

uwy h vy h . T pym

w wy y ug, R Gup, qug h Gk h.

Chp u w ju wk, kwg Ez-

h Py Te Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. Ag

Py, Hu w, T Egyp h mmy

h kg h hy muh k v m h

m. B h my h kg m -

v. Oh h h h m uu wk

w v . Rh, u hy v h m-

y h v kg, ug h m hw

h.

Php h m mu Egyp mum m

h pym h Sphx. Bu , h mg

um wh y m hum . I

w h gu Gz S Py-

m. Egyp u m xp h Sy gh h pz L mp

h S m pp, g, uqu h h

m p.

I x up. A pp

p h . Iug g

, h mmmh u pj w -

up. T phh u w. N . I h FIm p ( 21251975 b.c.), h uy p

v w u h pp m. Eh

m h hm, R Gup w. A m

wh h k u, wh y h.

thE middlE Kingdom

I h M Kgm (u 2000 1800 b.c.), h w p u. Egyp m ug hv-

m u, , hu, pu wk. I

sixy-vn Kin


34/134

32 ramses the great

h mhy Fyum , g m 27,000

mg. A hw my, h phh

g y z mmy, h gh mumm-

, .

I h 1800, ggg h g h Egyp-

uh mumm , h ,

h. Wh hy h um up w my. I m, h m w whp

t sp Pyid of Kin Djo(above) w fi ucu of i kind, ndpovidd odl fo fuu oyl ob. Dind by Djo iniIop, i pyid, wll on buil f i, i uppod o bl oyl plc.


35/134

33

Sk, h g. Ty w u p-

m u m mp. I m h C g,

wh wh m (h m) . I m h C

g, I z my py k vg , N G-gph reasures of Egyptqu m h Egyp Bk

h D.

thE nEw Kingdom

O h G Ag ( 15391075 b.c.), Egyp g

jy m p y ug h Nw Kgm.

Fg , gg mum w u. I1279 b.c. h g g Rm II, S Lgh, g.

P Rm h hg my m y h

h. Eh m h pv vg h hgh. A

14 h h h w. Phh Sh h v

w u Ly. T w hm, v

Sh, wh g up mpg quh h -

. Rm j h h h ug . Kh

A. Kh w, h w py w h

g , u w gg.

Dm uu h ug g

Egyp m m, Qh Amuu Sy, Sh

p y h umm mpg, h m g h

H. Wh h h m Egyp my h-

, Rm Ph, wh hy m h

A . Ahugh hy pu h w , h u m. Kg Muw, h ggv H

vg, Phh Sh I muuy h .

Sh g k p h m u g

uh mp g Qh Amuu.

ramsEs thE royal scriBE

Bk Mmph, P Rm mp h u.H m y wh : pm,

sixy-vn Kin


36/134

34 ramses the great

v, , p pvg, m h qu

um. Hm, m, y h u,

, h h h gh yug . Ay h gv

h mp y pw, whh h h ppuymg h , h why, py Egyp g.

G-y I pm h v Rm.

Ag g, h w h m uu g h h v

. T up h y mm pp gh

uy v y . Bu g, g

h h h p h v h. Ag

pm Rm h h m w Au

Sm, w h v -y- hm

wv N wh pu h h.


37/134

35

C h a P t e r

carvEd on a fadEd siEnna mural in thE ExquisitE tEmplE of aBydos

hg h hw h m vy y

phh m Kg M Sh I. Kg Sh u h

mp h h y , h kg m

w w v-hp zg uh hable of Abydos. h h m h gu Ph-

h Sh h yug , Rm II. hy pp uy

h m p h p kg. u p-

h mp, Sh u u h w gv

h m w. A y , wh h ug h

mv h p h v . . . h h

m h h u up h y, h vuh m! . . . y wh h h , O

3rCownd

Kin of eyp


38/134

36 ramses the great

h puu hm, I w h w, Hu h

h h g h Np h xu

jugm g hm! I w wg uu gv

, Kh Pharaoh riumphant: he Lifeand imes of Ramses II.

princE rEgEnt

Sh I mu hv v h h h h, w

h , hu hv m py. h,

u y u, Sh w Rm h

p g wh h y ppg kg w.I Pharaoh riumphant: he Life and imes of Ramses II,

Kh h y , Rm p,

pp h w:

Wh my h pp h ppu, I g ju

yuh h m, h pk g m: Cu

hm pp Kg, h I my h uy wh I

y v! . . . h h h , h h (

), h h mm h ppu . . . u g

w h v m wh hm.

H uh m wh huh m h Ry Hm,

mp wh h u h P; h

m wv . . . u ugh up h Hm.

A g h , Sh gv Rm h U-m-, mg Sg Rgh R, Rm II v

Amu.Wh h w uhy, v mp gu -

m p h p g . Am-m- m h

p mp, Ah-h m

mm p. Bh w m h.

BuildEr and warrior

Wh Sh w pug w m g

h Nu hg g upp h my,


39/134

37

Rm h h wk. H uk h mgm

k m quy Aw, vw upg mg-

g u Sh h O mp, m

pmy g h p mum, uh h w mp O. h w pj h; -

qu p gmh, vmh, v-

g u h phh, h h, m,

phx; y pg v u; w-

wh xqu y mh wh g

v. h w p uhg h kg

mum.

Ah, k mhm, wk u mpx

p. Cpv v wk gg hug

h g u. Du h my y k

u h pm g, Rm h vg u

hu wk h m. Sm m h

v.

marriagE, family, and warfarEI h p, Rm m h y w, N, wh

p h . H y w, I, gv

h y. h w m ugh,

uy m h hm. Kg Sh m

gh z h. I m, my

y. h wh uvv py mj

m Egyp hy. A Rm y hh mm h h my. Rm h

Sh h pp h .

Dug h hh y Sh g, Rm, wh

w u 20 y , pp my mpg

qu m v w Nu (w Su). Ay

hwg g h h h v

w k hm, w h w yug , h

h, mp hm. By, h hg h h

h h . H w h, u-y- w

r Cownd Kin of eyp


40/134

38 ramses the great

p Amuhwm, Rm uh , h-y- Khmw, w, g puy h h.

H w h u v h h

Nfi (above), du of eypin nobiliy, w fvod wif of r II. t fi of i wiv o povidr II wi on, Nfi w known cif qunof .


41/134

39

h hg. Aw, Rm m k mp

u B -W mmm h my umph. T

qu w mz w w py

mg vy. I hw Rm pg h p w: g g u, m p, wp, m

w m. Ah hw hm g h

xqu h-w h, m uh wh w

w, quv h w, p h , hu

Nu h wk.

I h y w g, Rm wh

my k y Sh p, mx gup g

m h M . Amp y

h m, wh py Egyp, hy

h , y vg, k hu

m. Fm h mmm Egyp

uph h y , P Rm w m

h h uupuu mug. H m p

h h hp u wh m- -

h muh h N. N xpg y , h my u h . Sup y h mv

Egyp , hy w pp -u .

Ovwhm h , hy w k w

pu p h Egyp my. T m-

m v.

magic of osiris

I h xh y h g, Kg Sh uy .P Rm m h u mh Egyp.

H w 22, h y 1279 b.c. Rm w ug h g

Hmh, h gh h h. A

h m, Rm I Sh w mpy hgh gvm

. Ahugh Sh w vuy kg wh Rm II

w w g, h m h Hm-

h. Cy h u h w p w -g h u h u wh h

h w v. Oy , wh Rm II u , h

r Cownd Kin of eyp


42/134

40 ramses the great

v h myh h h h v kg h h

gmz u h Eghh Dyy.

Ag Egyp , mumm

w y u p h -. B Rm , h w 70 y pp

Kg Sh mummy u. Wh p h u

w g m, hw p h v phh,

h y m h h gw, wm

Ancient Egyptians believed that mummication guaranteed a sae pas-

sage to the aterlie. The more elaborate preparations were or royalty,

their amilies, high priests, and others o wealthy stature. The process

was perormed by embalmers and took 70 days. The body was rst

cleansed and puried, and then the inner organsthe liver, intestines,

lungs, and stomachwere removed. To prevent decay, the organs were

placed in natron, a compound o sodium carbonate and sodium bicar-

bonate used to dry out the corpse. The organs were then wrapped in

linen strips and placed in our canopic jars. The body cavity was stued

with additional natron. The embalmers believed the heart was the cen-

ter o a person and the central point o intelligence. It was placed on a

scale. Forty-two gods weighed the heart against a eather. I the scales

balanced, the deceased could enter the underworld and enjoy a peace-

ul aterlie in the kingdom o Osiris; i the scales tilted, the goddess,

Devourer o the Dead, would eat the heart and the deceased would die

a second, permanent death.

The brain and surrounding tissue were next. The embalmer inserted

a hooked instrument through the nostrils and pulled out bits o brain

tissue, a delicate procedure perormed with extreme care so as not to

disgure the ace. The brain was considered unimportant. The body

Mummfcaton


43/134

41

w h h w. Imp u w pu

h. Rm, hwv, u h y umm p

Av wu m h w y Pm h p

Egyp.Fy, umm, y hp

h Vy h Kg. T g u h,

w wm y k p m wh

ug u k h g g g w- up h

was then placed on a table, elevated at one end, so body fuids could

drain. It was covered with natron to remove the moisture so it could

slowly dry out. This process took about 40 days.

Ater the body was suciently dried and appeared sunken, the natron

was removed and the body was washed. To make the body more lielike,pieces o linen were inserted in sunken parts and alse eyes were placed

in the eye cavities. The body was then wrapped in hundreds o yards o

linen. Each appendage was wrapped individually. Oten a mask o the

deceaseds likeness was placed on the ace and wrapped separately.

Throughout the process o wrapping, the mummy was coated with resin.

Good-luck amulets and prayers o wisdom were tucked between the lay-

ers. When nished, the mummy was wrapped in a shroud.

To complete the procedure, a priest used a special instrument to

touch parts o the body to open its senses or the aterlie. This was

called Opening o the Mouth. This allowed the ba and the ka (the soul

and the vital essence) to travel to the next world. Finally the body was

sealed in a con or sarcophagus (a stone con) and placed in the

burial chamber. The interior o the con might have been brightly dec-

orated with images o underworld gods. The outside was ablaze with

colorul hieroglyphics to help the person in the kingdom o Osiris.

r Cownd Kin of eyp


44/134

42 ramses the great

g uh w, w Ch Jq Te Eternal

emple. T g y w uy h g wh N

Rm h .

Wh h hp v Ay, Rm, p-h k g , h wy h h m.

wv hgh p h g , w y p-

v wh g p uhg. Sh

g wh h h-hu m w . T

g uu g Rm II w u g.

ramsEs spiritual Baptism

Sx y h h, Sh h k h Ay-

h g m O h

h my h Kg h D. Rm h h

puy h m mpx p hugh w

hypy h h uy. h h hgh

p O wh h yug p h . hy

h hm hugh mv L g ,

h v u. A u M hhp h phh h g. Wv

k wh h u uqu wh

u m y h u . I h

h w wh h mm k. I h Gy

L hy p h uuy gv uh h

pvu 67 phh. A z mu g, p u g,

hw yug Rm pg h w u. Bh h

mp, u y my, w h m O.

Ty y ugu k p, p h

pgwy, vu h upp y mv m-

h p. I h w mu uu

y h u w. Sh xp h h

mu p h mg O m h gy

h . T w ymz h N, , h


45/134

43

w. H u Rm mm hm h

h h p wu p y h v w,

h wu w gh m h whh h h gg , w Ch Jq Te Son of Light.

I h myh u u, Rm k m h v-

u wh h gw m h mu. A

jk-mk p, pg Au, p h ,

h h yug p . I h gu Hu,

g h ky h S Lgh, Rm h

k h v Au. A , xhu m h pu

Wn Oii (above center) w killd, w n o ulov undwold wi i fllow od, anubi (above left).to y wcd ov dd, wil Oii on, hou,bc pon od of livin po. ti dil fo ncin eypin sl of Nni ow dcd doinOii nd anubi.

r Cownd Kin of eyp


46/134

44 ramses the great

my, h p. A u h u pm

O, h p h u h p wh h v

hm wh pu gh v w h

p kg.O y py u : h w h g

y h mm h u kg.

H g , m h uw pug vg

m h u N . Au 2000 b.c., w v

h vy m h, ju kg, m -

wh O. T vg kg w Hu. Tu

O Hu w h .

thE coronation of ramsEs ii

O h v h , Rm N py

h mp Kk. h h pm uph h w

M, h g uh, , . H w gh-

y hugh h h g wm v

h w h g.

Ey h x mg, Rm w h wh ugu k wh g. T p

hug u h h, h mm y py

h u pw. Nx hy h jw wh x

h k, pp w p h

w upp m, wh w pu h .

H w gv wh u k w h m. L, hy

g sia u h h uv

g. H g.T p w w h h, h w

h wh w Upp Lw Egyp. Rm w

up h y h, upu mhgy

v wh g . T qu mh, py h

g I, w w hm , My Yu Mjy

k w u k h p h h h vg.

T, y Ch Jq Te Son of Light, h hh v y :


47/134

45

Sg Bu, Bv M,

P Egyp, H Wh B up Fg ,

Rh Am, Pwu V,

Ch h G Lgh, Pwu H Ru,R-Bg-Hm: S Lgh.

Aw h qu mh k N k h

p Rm qu Egyp. A g h u-

h , Kg Rm w wh w h-

pum N h h g y w.

r Cownd Kin of eyp


48/134

46

C h a P t e r

thE mighty nilE is thE longEst rivEr in thE world at 4,187 milEs

(6,738.3 km) g, 1,000 m (1,609.3 km) g h Bz

Amz Rv. F m h 5,000 y, h v h p-

v vh h N Vy h .

Php h Gk h Hu wh h G h N.

Egyp u h h h A-

. I gy g . I h

wh g uy A u h z x

C. Su Egyp h uh; Ly h

w; h M S h h; I, h Gu

Aq, h R S h .

4

Dily Lif in

ancin eyp


49/134

47

Hp w g y h N. I py m,

h v w Hp pp v h wk h

phh. Bu, h y wh h v vw

k, Hp w p uv pw. A u h h N w hugh h h

h hv y u Egyp u h

gu w w mu h Au (Eph-

) I-Rk (Ph).

A h yy m pph, h vy gw

gy xu. Ty u Hp u h

vg h. Wh h v vw k

h , hy hw mu h w

py h u wu hgh w.

I h w ugh w h vk, hy

v h g w gy u w. W

u h , h p , m pp h .

M pp hv u h N mg, kg,

g, pg v u mm-

g g . Dwm u pv yg. vg upm, w h pvg

w m kp y . A hu y

Rm II, Pp I u h mj hppg . W,

m wh w w, qu ghg

. kp h h Nu p h N h,

h Egyp y p h k h

Aw.

T v pv h k p. Gg w m y qu h u

pym mp. L h w w z

hp u hu hug k g k wv.

a nilomEtEr to mEasurE watEr dEpth

S mp w h h N Egyp h

y hy g kp h v . S

Dily Lif in ancin eyp


50/134

48 ramses the great

m, h Rwh C h g

p, , , h y p, h

Nm. h uuu g um w v

u (h y u, m 52 m, w h

h Egyp mug ym). h Nm w

h m qu - h. I mu

In ncin eyp, nilo w dvlopd o u dp of Nil riv. Uin i y, officil w bl o pdic c ion vnd xd c ccodin o i cop. t nilo ill locd ineyp, includin on elpnin Ilnd (above), bu ul du o don Nil riv.


51/134

49

h x h N u m p u

u. A h x m ( u) mgh u

h hhp; gh m p pu hv.

h Nm hu pv h phh wy uh mu x mp. mp u g h N

h h w h v mu h w

v.

T u h N h Kg Rv Buu.

T N v hugh A hg

h M S. I w hugh u kV,

Kyg, A, N. Ag h wy y mp-

u uh h Bu N, h Wh N, h

A. A C, h v w h

, g g g h muh h N. A u-

Upp Lw Egyp, Kg M h ug m

m h w,

, h, k, v. Hu wwy p

h wh w m u, h R Dm-

. Sxy p Egyp h . F w Bk L, whh h, k .

thE vast sahara dEsErt

Suh C h N Vy u g, -

, m. Bw h N Rv h R S

h w-u A E D, .

Fz h m m y g. Vy w w v. D w h

R L.

w-h Egyp p h W D, h g

Sh. I h h A m h A

h N Vy. Shg u pp mv wh

up w. I ph g

. F hu y, pp hv u h hp gw pm w h vk. Dym



52/134

50 ramses the great

mpu hgh 120 g Fhh (48.8

g Cu), gh w zg, vmu

k, p, z h v-hgg .

Jugg y h uu h up N, m why pp Hp uvv.

T S Pu w m w

Egyp h M E. I w y h M-

h h, h Gu Aq h , h Suz

h w. I w h h Rm II, k h h, Sh I,

m pu uqu pp, u h -

p g u p mvm g .

anciEnt pEoplE

A Egyp v hv g h

h pp kw h Hm. hy w

Hm, h yug h Nh h

, h g pk h Hm gug. h F-

h (m A u) hv h

u Egyp h pp vz. hy v m vg g h vk. h hu w m

u wh hpp w m

h h. Pm v h pv p-

m h xm m. Wh uy m h,

h x, k, hy m h h p

y, , , g y, x

m . hy kp g, hp, w u;

m y v p ; h

w w. Mu, gh m h mh, w u

mp . Wh m vu h N h, hy

ghwgh v k m m ppyu. A m

p g m, g h w, hg g p

h v v h.

F, , , g hg, ph u

gv uy u y h h mh gu. T pv h wh mu.

Gk h Hu k p uh w,


53/134

51

Ty v g whh hy y-

. Ty m h vg m y, hy h

v h uy, h w, u- pv

. F w v py w p whuk xqu h.

T u w h w, mm

m, wh y w h W S

. Ty v mv h m

k hp m u pu. Ty

m , h m upp u mk.

Fm m h hy m , p, h h.

T h h w hk. Ahugh u

pmv gy , h wm u gg

u h h hu. I m, hy w

pu kw pu m h

m, pg v, h.

Nu pp m m h Su v g

h N Vy Aw. Lk h Fh, hy m h

hm m v mu w . T vh mm h hk pm h gw g h v-

g. T pm uh hm wh m

m mkg p. Nu w v wh

mp Egyp. I u, h w g p

ug whh Egyp phh, uh Rm II,

x m h Nu. I m , h

Nu w hghy k h w wh

ugh g h mpg m. k p-

, hy w v h k h

g Rm g py gwy.

Dug h M Kgm, Sm-pkg pp

m h hm Egyp. Ty wk v mm-

Egyp huh, pg wy h

w m. Phh h mmg

pp wh w y . My m p w: C, Am, Hu. Oh m v

h v mp gu. I hy w u, hy mgh



54/134

52 ramses the great

Orchards and vineyards abounded with beauty, ragrance, and

nourishment. Palace walls and ceilings were painted with oerings

o fowers. Lovers oered their beloved fowers; victorious kings

received nosegays. Flowers were the symbol o lie, the beginning

o creation. The lotus fower was the rst blossom to emerge rom

the primordial waters. Harsomtus (another orm o the god Horus)

emerged in the orm o a child or a snake rom the lotus bloom. Utowas identied with the papyrus. Gods were thought to be in fowers

and it was believed that their ragrance emanated rom the divine.

Wreaths contained branches o twigs chosen or resh greenery and

soothing ragrance.

Pliny the Elder (a.d. 2379), Roman historian and scientist killed in

the eruption o Vesuvius, described the excellent growing conditions

in Egypt as suited or a horticulturalist. In Naturalis Historia he wrote, In

Egypt the leguminous plants appear as early as the third day ater they

are sown.Farmers adapted early to the seasonal foods, the heat that ollowed,

and climate conditions suitable or cultivating their crops. As trade with

Asia and the Mediterranean islands expanded, oreign seeds and roots

were introduced and a larger selection o vegetables and herbs broad-

ened the Egyptian menu. Radish, sesame, lentils, chickpeas, lettuce,

grapes, cucumbers, gourds, and herbs such as mustard, dill, cinnamon,

rosemary, garlic, and cumin now fourished in elds and markets. New

favors and exotic dishes livened the palates o the wealthy. Egypts

three seasons provided an abundance o wild fowers: poppies, lupine,iris, daises, and heliotrope. Botanist Percy Newberry collected ancient

seed in Egypt when he accompanied the amed archaeologist Flinders

Ancents Loved Ther Flowers

wk gvm pm. T hugy hm

mmg m mpuy v.T Apu w hugh p, pp

wh y mx wh h m h B. T


55/134

53Dily Lif in ancin eyp

Petrie. In the nineteenth century seed rom many horticultural expedi-

tions were introduced in Europe.

Ramses royal table might have included roast quail seasoned with

dill and mustard, Nile perch with rosemary, honey cakes with sesame

seeds, bread seasoned with cinnamon and raisins, and grape wine fa-

vored with anise and coriander. Banquet guests dressed in ne linens.

Men and women wore perume and lined their eyes with green orblack makeup. Women powdered their cheeks, wore ropes o beads,

painted their nails, and used red lipstick. Musicians, dancers, and acro-

bats provided entertainment.

Those who had gardens adjacent to their homes grew a variety

o vegetables and ruit such as pomegranates, gs, and dates. This

type o cultivation was more dicult than the armers whose gardens

lay along the Nile, or oten the orchards and vineyards were on high

ground, and water had to be drawn rom the river and carried or carted

to the garden and irrigated by hand.

The gardener carries a yoke,

His shoulders are bent as with age:

Theres a swelling on his neck

And it esters,

In the morning he waters vegetables,

The evenings he spends with the herbs,

While at noon he has toiled in the orchard.

He works himsel to deathMore than all other proessions.

K.A. Kitchen, rom M. LichtheimsAncient Egyptian Literature

pp w py Hw gup m I.

T h, J Jph, h m Egyp p h m. Ag Exu 1:1314, S hy

m h pp I v wh g, m h v


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54 ramses the great

wh h v, m k, k

wk h .

pyramids dictatEd to social positionI Egyp g pym, phh u h uy

uj. Nx w gvm , h p,

wh u h phh . M m m

m jy hgh quy . S g w

p pp y v, h p w hg h

mp, u, m h u.

Nx w h , wh u w h

p p y. T j w m-

h gvm, p, hgh-kg , h

wg py. A h m h , pp,

p, mwk, p, up, v.

A h m h pym w h p m-

wk wh uv h h Egyp. Dug

h h, y m umm, wh hy m, hy

wk h phh ug pj.

thE BEautiful fEast of opEt

O h h wy w kg

Egyp pp w h Op Fv, vh u

my h 27 y. I g h gg

h N h-mh . m h ,

- u w u. F vu pu-

p, Egyp u h : h u, /, v. I ph m, h u h

12 mh 345 y. I w uyhz wh h y

, whh 365 y. h u w

ju y g hh u mh vy h y

. A - u w u m

h v .

T w Op m hm hu m h j h hy uy Amu-R


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55

Lux h m hm Amp III mp.

T m w mu h g-

Mu C h u h pmv w.

T v h h h g Amu-R. Rg h g h gw wy wg h g-

uu y mp u. Fh gy w .

mph h, p w m u h w

p h pu u pw h u h

uug h m. Amum-R w kg h g

p phh. Rm wh h g R.

P h , p h pkg

g qu Amu Kk wh w. Ty h

h g u h u

wh , p, mu g v, h

pu gm. T g w h h p

m qu. I w h h h hu

p g h juy Lux. Ampyg h

h w qu w h w, h g Mu, h

, K. A hp y Rm h y m-y h g y g . T p w -

w y g, p, , g, ,

umm, mu, h h mp.

Buuy yu h h, O Am-R, wh yu

h g Uh!

A h pp gv yu p, h wh vy.

F yu S H yu Lux.My yu g hm Ey Kg h w ,

Evg pu y.

My yu p hm wh , y m,

My yu g hm pp gy h Jyu Ru . . .

Kh A. Kh, Pharaoh riumphant

A vg Lux, h w mv hmp. Ty w g y hg y, p,



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56 ramses the great

aun-r w cobinion of wo dii, loclod aun nd kin of od, r. mo dpic-

ion of aun-r, uc ein-Dynyildd ilv u (above), ow aun cownd bydoubl f nd ol dic, ybol of r.


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57

p wh w, g,

.

Rm w pu wh w, pum, p

Amu-R. H p h . Ph p h w y w, wh, h h. I

h uy, h m g h g,

vz h g, p, h g vz h kg.

Aw w m gy vh uhm.

A pu mp h Op p w

h w Lux. I hw p

guy ug v j h

x uj. Hmy v uy um

w myh gu m pwg wh hum m

h p m k.



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58

C h a P t e r

ramsEs succEEdEd his fathEr, sEthos i, on thE thronE in EithEr

1304 1279 b.c., pg hw h Sh h

Ppyu E p. (Sh p Su, h

Dg S. h Ppyu E w y m ppyu. U

h um Egypg u h p phh.)

N h Rm w kg Egyp

h h g g -hg p h

g. Ukw h yug phh, myh Egyp

g h y h gy wh g v pw

sekhem.

H [Rm] g w y h m gu h kw, w N Gm. Ov u

5

m Build


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59

xy-v y h v h N Vy wh mum

mk N E hy.

H xy py w h pmy u

p mm w h g NE mp.

Sh h h uy v p pp-

y, hugh h w m u um. H h

h mp pv p w g

h u Buu F h N Vy. A Ay,

h h Egyp, h u mg-

mp h g Owh h guh

Ay gv h hypy h. My h mv

ug pj m m qu m h S

Nu, pp-mg W Ah W

M h E D. H Nu pv

wk hp v , h w h kg

h u Ly g h w h

. L h w v hv mv y

m. Pvu my wh h H hu g p gm.

U h h ug, Rm g xp h

p Egyp mhy h u p-

pwu vg. Nw h w y mpm

h w , h h mp h h

mp Kk. I w h h ,

h w phh wu g h w m. T, , w

Rm g.Rm y u; h k mhm,

hmy, ; h y py

h pu pp M h h v xp.

Wh h h h pp v mpg g

h Sh p ( h S Pp)

qu Nu. T mpg hgh h -

m k. H h h gAmu-R u h xp y qu.

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60 ramses the great

S, 22 y g, Rm w yug, m k-

mh wh h h hw h

uu. Pp h gvm qu h hp

jugm, w h y u h v kgm Egyp. Nvh, Rm yuhu pmm m-

pp uwgh y m m.

T y u w mu u-

g pgm. Nx, h p qu Egyp v mp.

Nu w u Egyp , u h wk H

h k m Sy k, h v

P w up.

B , Rm mk g m u.

Amp y h y my gy

hp, h mm g h Egyp pp. E wh

h kgm h h h, Rm h g N

h w gg h vg w h pp. A T h

p h p h wy pp hgh p Amu. H

juy hw h v u v h x vg

h x. By h , h w Au Sm,wh h wu u h m mu mp

Egyp. Eh m h w h y h p.

Wh h h , Rm, hm

k, u w, g m, wh h

uu y w h , mu hv uy h

h w h Egyp.

Sgy mu pj quky um h

w kg y. B h ppm h hgh p Amu, h h vz, P, wh w kwg

u v Sh g. A vz, h h pw

y h phh. N- w Rm h

h u. H w hg wh h gvm wh

g x. x w u g m

up w v g, w, h, v,

v .


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61

worKErs villagE

Nx, Rm mm m, m, up-

, puh w wh h g Hypy H

Cum Kk. H h h h u- h w mm mp, h Rmum, h w

k h (w Lux). H muuy w p

hug u wg k v wh h

kg h h g. h p

p h k p h gu whh h u g

h uv. w k w g h

h Lux mp. y, y m. I 1836,Ph Mhmm A gv h h k h kg

F. I w h P C, P. h h

h g h yu , h

p, y B Mu Ramessess II:

Greatest of the Pharaohs. h u Rm, wh

, ymy hw hm mpg h w h

p h qu h g m.

B h h, Kg Sh h gu p w

mp Akh h Nu. Ag

Kh A. Kh, [H] w h u h kg

h vg mg Rm II . . . h g g, L Nu.

H w wh h u Amu R. T u w

h whp h kg, u h

h gh h p.

hu h hu m hm h w hu - -

mmuy kw h wk vg. T m

w hwy w h Vy h Kg D

-M. Vg ug m v h mu h

h mum. M h x, wh u

1,200 wkm, ug Rm g. Img h p p

u hug v wh w hu y u

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63

uu y w. Rh h w- h-

m hu, hwv, h w m hu, m k

w-m pm. A wk hu u y

vy y. Bu h w h hu mum, m m w hu w u

h m wh wk y wh wk. Cpv

v m hu. H hp u gu j

h mmuy. T ump ,

uh w wh ugh w h vg, w

mg y h h h uy.

Hu w g wk kpg wh h

p w h u fu. Ty

w g w, wh whwh m

mm u pp. F w uv, php u

h uv muu . A h h m

pm. Bh h pm w h

g h ph. T p-

kg m v kg , kg

ugh, m m. S huh uh-g w m m uh gh m h v.

T w hm x . Wh wkm ,

h ww h gh h hm.

T hu, , w m h u Gz

ug h Fuh Dyy. Phh Khuu u ug h

O Kgm. H kw h u h G Py-

m. Khuu m u h wk vg

gz my 20,000 wk. T pym k

m h 20 y mp.

Lv pm u xv wk vg h

uk h Vy Kg v m -

v ph muh h h y p.

T Fw Sg;

h yu v pmg w m:I w m hg .

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65

human sacrificEs

m hgyph hw m xy v

h h kg. Fu hu y

Rm u h m, Kg Ah h Ay.Ag N Ggph reasures of Egypt, g

h Ah w k y gg hpppmu. O h y

h u, x p gv w ug u h m. I

v, , x pp w p

u g wh w h . O w

related to pyramid builders; General Sisenet, a detective yarn that

took place during the reign o Pepi II; and Capture o Joppa, perhaps

reminiscent o the story o Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves. Egyptian

authors Hardjede and Imhotep wrote antasy, romantic, or adven-

ture storiesTale of Two Brothers, Ghost Story, and The Foredoomed

Princeon papyrus manuscripts. Animal tales, orever popular, sug-

gested the source o Aesops tale o the lion and rat called the Myth

of the Eye and the Sun.

Dolls made o wood had hair o clay beads strung on twine. There

were toy mice or toddlers. Made o wood, the toy mouse had a string

tted to its tail, so when a child pulled the string the tail went up and

down. There were spinning tops molded o powered quartz and then

glazed. A vigorous twist o the ngers, or a tug on a papyrus string

wrapped around it, made the top spin. Board games were another

popular sport. Senet, still played today, symbolized a struggle between

orces o evil and the godly kingdom o Osiris; was this a orerunner o

computer games? There was also a board game called Snake, some-

what like Chinese checkers, except the board o squares was carved

into the wooden back o a coiled serpent. The object was to move a

stone (not a marble) around the squares on the snakes body and jump

your partners stone to reach the snakes head rst.

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66 ramses the great

h, u u v, m y wh vy

y p . Ny w h hy

gv u h w. A h mx h u,

v w p p u p.Wh Ah y w w k- u hm-

, y gup u v k p

j h kg h x w.

rEpairs and nEw construction

Wh Rm v h h m mp h

m kg w u u, h mm hwk uh hm: H Mjy h

gv h Ch Wk. H g , wk-

m, up . . . vy g m u h h

mp, wh w u h my, w

Kh A. Kh.

Wk mmy g h h uu mp

wh v h. H m p g

mu hm Sh, w u

v h p w py v h w.

Uk Sh m, wh xqu h wk,

Rm mum pp hv muh g

hw. Php h hugh m w h . T

w m u.

vallEy of thE quEEnsO h w k h N, h v m h, w

h Vy h Qu. Egypg m h p-

u gh k-u m. I ggg

hk h m, m, y u h

mg . Y, m, mp, m h w

u v mummy hm, pym h Egyp-

p hu y Rm II.


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67

Wh h w w kg, y Rm g

p h w u m, u h h y

qu, N. S hv h m uu hv y wv, w u mz

ug hughu h m. N pp

wh gw, wh x mhy u h k,

g h w, h g vuu w wh

w h uy xg m h k. A m g

uqu , h hugh h , mk h

yy. Ah z hw h whppg h mum-

In 2006, innionl officil w oud wn y dicovd Fnc pon yin o ll bi of i nd clo fo uyof r II (above). tou o b f fo v obb, uy only lf eypin muu in Cio onc, o bd fo funl infcion in Fnc.

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68 ramses the great

m y O. Equy ug, h p h

g mk h g Hh. I , h g-

Nphhy I wh hwk-k v h qu

mummy, py O. mh N ,Rm pk g phgu. Bg h y

w, pg m h Bk h D mz w,

h v N w xp: F h wh

v h. My v uqu v h, h

h m uu wm v. Ju y pg, h h

wy my h. Jmmy Du pu h m

www.ugyp./u.

T Vy h Qu w y wv ph-

h, u p p, mm y.

Egyp -S-Nu, h P Ch h

Phh. Oh my mm m w Nwy,

Rm ugh; Qu Mmu, ugh wh N-

: Qu Bh, ugh Rm I;

v g.

Lg N h, h g w h vy. P Amhkhph, Rm III,

w u y wh h . S hw h h

pg hm h g, ug Au, h jk-h

g h . A pmu y w u h m.

H v hv g h mh, wh h

m up g h h y h.

vallEy of thE Kings

Nh h Vy h Qu, h w k

h N, w h ugg, -wp Vy h Kg.

I pp gu hw, p mg

mu y . Egyp mg h u

h uw, m h , k h

w hz h h p hpg j h -

g u vg juy w u h x


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69

mg. Eh m y .

Rk-hw h w g g h

h phh phgu. W wg

m h Book of Him Who is in the Underworld, h Book of theGates, h Suns Journey in the Underworld, h Praising of Ra,

h Book of the Opening of the Mouth. x w m-

p wh u m, p, v uw

g. Myh h h u g R hugh h 12

g h uw. wv v p h

12 hu gh, whh R, h m, ugh gh

. Sv h g w k u wh

yw .

T kg u h vy w Tum I, h

Qu Hhpu, Tum III, u 1501 b.c. F

500 y h, h u Egyp w u h

vy. T m hv um. Rm II

um KV7. A y g wh, KV7

w mpy p. I p uwy

h m. Rm mummy w u mv h m Sh 1. I w h u wh h mh

h mu h h D -Bh. T w v-

1871, h y mumm w g mv

muum T. T mummy w py h Egyp-

Muum C, h pv.

piramsEs, a nEw capital

Rm h g p Pm (Rm hu),

h g y p ( m-y Q). h p

Mmph, h uu hgy, m

h w gvm. mk wy h p

pw , h xp Av, h p h. h

y w gy u h g h -

S h pv P Sy.

Bu , Pm m h m mp

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70 ramses the great

my Egyp. I

g p vuy v Mmph. Rm

v w h Upp Egyp,

Aw, p h mum pj u vg wh v. Dp h hu wk-

, w w p wk pp x

xp.

By h y h g, h w gz h

hu y, g mgm k, hm

y pp. Rm w v y h y y

h m p ph wkmhp,

hp g hm p. Whv h v, h

gh gv.


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71

C h a P t e r

ramsEs plans for thE grEat twin tEmplEs BElow aswan at aBu

Sm y pg. A y g, k mk

m wk . S, wu 20 y

h mp wu mp h g

Amu-R, Ph, R Hkh, Rm hm.O hug pj w h u u h phh

wh h u w Upp Lw Egyp up

h mp . Av h u w z

22 , whp h u, Hkh hg

hgyph h gh h h (M, g

uh ju) h . Rm u

hm, N, h qu mh, v p.

6

m

si


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72 ramses the great

Wh Pm w y , h phh

h y h pp h hu

wh m h w p. D w

hu u h vh, u- ug Pm h uqu Cy. A k u-

g h v p ym, pm, ,

wg mk. Shwy g u m

u-g p hghgh wh ppyu

m u. Ry h why, g -

wh h ppu u, v h p h

hm. N gv h h ugh. I

Rm yug hw k h kghp. T

y hm w wh w . A Qu Mh uy

pp v wh h gwg my h

mg p h pk wh g, uqu, p

zu.

T u hv w pu, h pp w hy

. T p mhy, p v vy gp

w h v . Rm hugu pj pv m wk

p pp. Fv yy

v u h pp, ppy hmy pp

uppm wh my. Wh uh mpg g m h g,

Rm mk hg h m. T Sg

Rgh R, p wh R h u g, h

Usi-ma-re Stepenre, Ch R. Sg Rgh RCh y R m hhgy u pu

m.

unrEsolvEd affairs

Rm w k h uv pm h

mhy. Whh h h p wh h h

muu ggv p wh h H u. Wh kw h Rm h gw w w


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73

r II njoyd izbl : h bod80 on nd 60 du. so of i on wind fo fuu kinip, wil du ookov i o dui f in od. t u of Bin-an (above), du

of r II, cvd ino u of po tpl of aun in Knk, eyp.

m si


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74 ramses the great

qu h u h h u g k h

Egyp y pvu phh. u h

mpg u qup my h g. h

w h p h u Nu, u m h w w , vy p kg h

. I h h y h g, Rm m p

umm h u u hw g up w.

Nw, h y . . . H Mjy w g h

um h, wg h h pum . . . hk-

g u h wh g u u, m-

g p ggg w . . . Rm wh w k

mg. T u p, Yu k R h yu hv

whv yu h m p. I yu

mhg vgh m h w hpp[] mm-

y! g Kh A. Kh.

S wh h p, Rm uvy h

Nu. H mm w pp h u

Akuy. A Hp h wg Rm pp, h

g h N p. Ovgh, w guh h 12u, m h 20 (6 m) w gu. N

my y Rm hp, up y

Hp mm hp, hy w vh . I h

h w w, W Ak, h u m h

w, Rm II v .

I h uh y h g, Rm h Egyp

my h, y w h ,

S Pp h pvy, Sy. Ty ju-y hw g h Ph . C (P-

Ph), Amuu, Sy m v u

z w h wg mp. Wh hy h y,

hy v v w k Amuu (

m-y L) h vy Qh. Sup

y h uxp Egyp u, H y v

P Bh w u Amuu. pv


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75

y uh y, h u h y. Bh

m u-pyg v Egyp. C wh h

qu, my p, muh H y,

Rm p qu h H Qh h w-g y. Up h u Pm, h vu

w v h w h mj mp.

thE BattlE of qadEsh

hkg h H gh h -

m Egyp my, Rm mu h mj

mpg. Dy gh h my wkhp pu

h, p, x. hu w h

u py h. H u w

w, g gu, w p m m

gu. Ah p h mkmhp, kg

y ump. Cm w u h--

h w, h h v xv

my g. Mg hp w u v y

h g vk. Cp g juy p hug , Rm m h hp m

hghy pz L.

Wh mv pp mp, Rm h

g g uy y wg w g h v. T

Egyp m Pm wh w m, h,

y m, 20,000 m h. Ty w

v 5,000 m h, hy mh u

h Egyp u g g: Amu, R, Ph,

Sh.

Ukw Rm, h H kg, Muw, w

g. Dug h p y h h ugh

gh m my. S A G, Te Kadesh

Inscriptions of Ramesses II, h my h g

h h . . . . Ty v h mu-

h vy w k u h muu.

m si


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76 ramses the great

N hu m 2,500 h. H vw h

wh Rm h my u, h H my wu

uh hm.

Ov -u wh h hug w-qupp my, wh mg m m h

u, Rm ukwgy mh w muh.

Bh hm w h my , v h yug ,

mm h y my, huh u, y-

gu wh w py h .

Egyptian combat orces rst appeared around 3000 b.c. When the

pharaohs began to engage in military campaigns in Syria, Palestine,

and Nubia, an army was mobilized. Like armies o today, they were

commanded by generals, and were made up o ocers o lesser rank,

oot soldiers, and scribes who wrote dispatches and kept records o

the campaigns. There were inantry and charioteers, and even homing

pigeons to carry critical messages between camps.

For switer movement, wooden chariots were ashioned with wheels

made with six spokes. They were usually manned by two soldiers and

pulled by two horses. Ramses royal chariot was painted in bold colors o

blue, green, and orange, and gilded with gold betting the king. The pur-

pose o a chariot was that o a mobile ring platorm rom which standing

archers could attack with bow and arrows, and its wheels could trample

enemy soldiers. The kings chariot was ollowed by two an bearers.

Ancient combat was vicious, hand-to-hand, and bloody. Inantry

soldiers carried both a spear and a battleaxe. Shields were originally

made o wood rather than heavy armor. In recent discoveries at an

Ancent Weapons


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77

U, h H my w Rm h v-

p. Wh h k w g h my, h hug

my h h Muw h mu wp

w y h v. T g h,h hu hhg h, h zg w p

h k-w h. I h , h h v w

g h O Rv. I w v, h H u

uh Rm. S g w h gy ugh my

w h h phh my wk mp

ancient Egyptian armory workshop, it appeared that later cratsmen

used stone molds to produce Hittite-style shields or the army.There were numerous styles o fint heads inserted into the tips o

reed shat arrows. Some were horseshoe shaped and were designed to

wound the enemy; others were sharp and triangular and were meant

to kill the victim outright. The rst arrowheads were made o fint or

hardwood. Later, bronze was used.

Egyptian daggers looked rightening and were certainly deadly

weapons. Long, tapered copper blades were decorated with narrow

stripes with a wide handle. An ivory or bone pommel at the top o the

dagger was made to t into the palm o a hand. Daggers were held inthe belt o a kilt or in a wooden sheath overlaid with gold. There were

various sizes and lengths o swords with handles smoother than dag-

gers and much longer blades. Foot soldiers carried lances and javelins.

Ater stinging the enemy, a phrase reerring to distinguishing one-

sel in battle, a soldier was awarded a gold medal shaped like a fy and

also received other gits o gratitude.

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78 ramses the great

. I mm , Rm u hp m

Amu.

I u Amu m wh I hm,

H gv m h h I j.

H m h y:

Fw, I m wh yu,

I, yu h, my h wh yu,

I pv v hu hu m,

I m vy, v vu!

S A G

I wh Amu p gh, Rm p

h g h h u h w

v h h . H z h wp, up h

h, h m, wh h p g h,

hg g p; x m h k h y. L

w h Rm g-hy hg h my

: T 2,500 p hy, wh m I w,m hp p my h, xp m

h w h Rmum.

Sg Rm uguy k k h my, h

p h hg j h puu. Hp v

wh h h v h h uh v u.

By gh, Rm h w h ugh

hu H v my h v. y

h um my , Rm g h

p p k.

Pg mpy wp u h H my h x

mg, Rm w up wh w m m Kg

Muw kg u. Rm u mk p

gm h m. A w, h

H h pvuy h y h Ay. Rm

w wh Ly ug. A gmwu hv w.


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79

Ounubd nd und i, r II ld eypin y in hii blof Qd. Wi ivl of infocn, youn po w bl o df i ny. Docu-nd on on bl (above), pc pc wl fod by bo kindo.

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80 ramses the great

Ag NM, T B Qh ( N

M) h m mu m quy.

Muh h w u Rm hm. S h

h uy, h mp mpx Rmum Lux,w Guh h , h kw y h m.

Rm mm h vy

h p g u. W py

hw Rm umph hg. Ly p-

p mz h w h u h H-

. H p w p h . A k v

m kg my . A 14 Rm

yug pp m p h . Ag

S A G, T u h H w uqu

phm Egyp u.

Nm Rm ugh pp wh

h m. T Gk h Du Su m-

v Phh gg mu mp u

h Qh. C h, uh N

Gm, m h Rm vy w hg h . Hh mpy mg u h my. Ezh Py w,

Bu, uh h B Qh w vy . Rm

h wk p, h um h my, h

pu Qh h h h H -

vy, v hm h h w g.

Cvy v h um h u

hugh h g. P Rm II g

y vu w wh u Egyp wh h,

w hu h m, u gg u

hm. I 1881, Py Byh Shy puh Ozyman-

dias, gy v Rm h G.

Ozymandias

I m v m qu

Wh : w v uk g S h . N hm h ,


83/134

81

H uk, h vg , wh w

A wk p mm

h up w h p

Whh y uvv, mp h hg.T h h mk hm h h h .

A h p h w pp:

My m Ozym, kg kg:

Lk my wk, y mghy, p!

Nhg m: u h y

O h wk, u ,

T v h wy.

T p Gk p

Rm h m, U-m- Sp. I pph h

p h u u Rm

Rmum. Cmp y Du Suu , Kg

Kg m I, Oym. I y wu kw hw g I m

wh I , hm up my wk.

Iy, h g hy,

Rm my u Pm, Muw p

Bh. T Rm h m Egyp u

h H.

m si


84/134

82

C h a P t e r

aftEr thE BattlE of qadEsh, ramsEs continuEd to campaign Each

y g h H Sy P. H Egyp

my pu w h w pu y h H,

h k g y h Egyp. Rm y pu

h up, wh Egyp h 120

y. I h ghh h y h g, h g

pu Qh. Bu v h y h m h ugh

. hu v

u ju, vg w w y -

u. I w w h Sy , Rm mpg

uh h Nu. G h phh

x pvk h vu vy, m kmh

7

Fild of

endvo


85/134

83

up. Wy ug v, Rm qu

h pm . Ug h g

my, h mpg w w u. Rm v-

uy u hm wh 7,000 p muh y.Nu w v v g.

mEdicinE and surgEry

h w, u, my wh m h

wu. My u p , h

w ju h k wkhp. Wm

h m vy ,

ug hh. h w phm p

m 3,500 y g. h w, hwv, my -

m, , m, u, pu.

Imhp w k phy wh w

h Egyp g hg. A Egyp gv h w

m x, h Ppyu E, m h

Gm Egypg Gg E. H puh 1873

m A wh m hv u p u- T. T ppyu v hv w

h xh uy b.c. I m 800 p

v 700 ug, ug , wmw, pppm,

h, myh, hmp, g, , mk. T

ppyu ugg m .

T Ppyu E h p h h

py u m . T w

kw h h uppy m h h h g.

Ag D. Smh M. A, p gy

Ax Uvy C, T kwg u y

hv g hugh xp. D. A p

u h h p xm u y w m

p u y phy.

I h ghh uy b.c., h Gk p Hm gz

Egyp m w, I Egyp, h m

Fild of endvo


86/134

84 ramses the great

m k m h y hum k. A g

Hu, Kg Cyu P qu Ahm II h

wy-xh Dyy hm h m ku Egyp-

y . T Khu Gygy Ppyu k 1825 b.c. mh gg pgy

g h x u, hh, wm,

m ug p, h W T H-

y Hu.

T Ew Smh Ppyu w hy wh u-

gy. I 48 ug h h, k, hu,

, h. I u v kwg g -

u h u y hv qu wh -

u, uh wh ug h pym.

Mu my w p v wu

kp hm m mg . Tu y ,

m v h mu m -

mgm, , ug h pu

ug.

G u w g g hh, w -, k p wm. Hu w

h g w p h py-

m u u x p p

.

Mu h gz m m

mmm. I m, Sinapis, Egyp g. Gu

mx wh w w u xv v

g. Hmm p m h w pp mu. T mu w u g

m.

Fv hu y g, Egyp u g

, hg , g pum, g ky

mp, gv h. Rmy

hv gh h mmy, m up ,

v m h, h y g.


87/134

85

Fx, gw m h, w u v,

ugh, , p, pu

u.

Dug mpg g , gh

. Up ug hm hy p hm h g-

m, hy w u m y

Egyp hm.

Clbin i nw pc n wi hii, wll i vicoy Qd, r II oilizd ilf i g tpl abu sibl.Cvd ou of on, in u of r II (above) o n 20 i.

Fild of endvo


88/134

86 ramses the great

V wu ju w y vu mh-

g h ppyu, D. A, wh

w hugh u u u

v g, v puhm, mg pu.

Egyptian priests were powerul and were believed to have an intimate

relationship with the gods as well as the pharaohs; their methods were

unquestioned. High priests were responsible or the numerous secret

rituals that took place in the temples sanctuaries. They held titles to

indicate their rank, such as Gods Servant . Lower-level priests were

called Pure Ones or Gods Fathers. They served on a rotating system

and were responsible or maintaining temple property and keeping

administrative records.

Sacred rituals began with a procession o bald prieststheir heads

shaved to ensure cleanlinessentering the secret rooms, carrying

incenses and oil lamps, and scattering puried water rom the temples

sacred lake. Water mixed with natron was carried in sacred buckets

decorated with carved images o gods or crescents and ull moons

worshiped by baboons. The water was used to pour over an oer-

ing or ritual washing beore and ater eating at temple estivals or

religious rituals. The tray to hold the incense was shaped like an out-

stretched arm with a fat hand that held a cup o ragrances. There

were bronze incense burners, too, that allowed the aroma to rise with

the smoke. The pleasing scents drited in the temples cool air to attract

the attention o the gods and to puriy the atmosphere. Another priest

might carry a standard, such as a supporting pole inscribed with the

emblem o papyrus plants topped with the alcon god, Horus. Horus

wore the combined crowns o Upper and Lower Egypt that identied

him with the king.

Sacred Rtuals


89/134

87

D, hwv, w w h h w h

y , my h m pu -

m y h kwg m-

u.

As priests approached a shrine, they might have chanted, I am a

pure one. Then careully they broke the clay seal on the door. Inside

was revealed a golden statue o a god. Beore making an oering o

ood, they decorated the statue with semiprecious gems. As they let,

one priest silently swept the foor so no crumbs would leave a trace o

their presence.

Deniu-en-Khons was a priestess who also made oerings to the

gods. She might have oered a mirror, its ace carved with the head

o Hathor with a background o religious symbols, or a palace scene

with the royal queen sitting on her throne. Hathors head adorned the

ivory handle. The beautiully painted mirrors and cosmetic pallets were

placed in temples or the gods use. Other objects oered may have

included a bronze plaque showing a priest oering loaves o bread

and a delicately crated vase o liquid. At the ront o the plaque was a

hole where the holy liquid could drain away.

There were elaborate morning and evening hymns to awake or take

leave o the gods and books o spells and recitations or special rites.

Inscribed with the sacred scenes were greetings by priests or the temple

choir; such religious words o praise have come down through the ages.

Certain sacred animals were attributed to the gods, such as the ibis

and baboon or Thoth, god o wisdom and magic; the cat o Bast;

the ram o Khnum; Sobek the crocodile, or Horus the alcon-headed

god o day. The rog-headed Heqet was the goddess o birth. During

Ramses long reign, there were sacred beasts likeApis, the bull; Ptah at

Memphis; and the Mnevis bull at Heliopolis. Such were the sacred and

mystical belies o ancient Egyptians.

Fild of endvo


90/134

88 ramses the great

awEsomE aBu simBEl

Rm vy v h H h

mz mp p v. mp

p u h h. h m w h y h Lux mp py , h x

u, . Wh w , Rm,

mu, u y w pj. h m

h y w uh Nu h mm mp.

w g u pkh u h w k

h N h Akh. H, w hug u w

v u h k 160 (48.7 m) h mu.h u gu h phh, v 65 (19.8 m)

hgh, w u h h G mp

Rm II.

A w hu y wy, u h h u, w

h p mp h g Hh

Qu N. I w mk y x g u Rm

N wh m u h h. A gh

p u h k gv h hm, whh

h w pg h Bk h D. Lk h

mum h Vy h Qu, h k u -

g h gv h pp hv pk wh my

g v-p . Bh w h u hm

wh m w m h Bk h D g

h g pg h kgm O. I

w mg h h h u p hughh .

M wk w h Hypy H Kk wh

h p g u h 100 m

u p h. A k g h h

k. Dug v, mg h g h g g

h u w. Rm u mp

mp, wh m h phh m, whhh pu w wy h w u. H hg


91/134

89

up m wh m g k m

Akh umg Cy h Hz u mp

h v.

I h h y h g, ugh w ugh h w wy wy m y ghg, Rm

u p gm wh h w H

kg, Hu III.

prEludE to pEacE

H my, Muw, h . F v y, Uh-

hu, Muw y u, g h Hg kg. I h h, h u Hu, hgh p

kg, h m mu . A wg

g Uh-hu, Hu m kg. H pm -

ug wh ghg u, xp Egyp.

I h mm, h h k h phw, Kg Hu h

hm h h Sy h . Bu Uh-hu

pp wy Egyp.

Agy h h h um y h phw, wh w

vy p y h Egyp, Hu h.

Supp Rm k Uh-hu gm h h

H h? Hu, w wh By, m

h yug m u. Rm u. Bh h

g mz w.

T h g h h, hwv, w mp

y u . Hg my w vwhm y hAy my hy . Ay w h

g h Euph Rv h Sy pv.

Hu w w wh h uh. Wh

hu h u u h gh v

?

Hu mu hv gv h pm

hugh. Fy h wy y ku p g wh Egyp. F my mh, vy

Fild of endvo


92/134

90 ramses the great

juy k h w h w p, m A-

h ug w p Pm, g m

. A p y m y gg.


93/134

91

C h a P t e r

thE trEaty BEtwEEn thE Egyptians and thE hittitEs was thE

p y hy. Dpm

g v w y vy v w

h w u -mh juy h wy. I

h w wh Sy mk mw h Egyp Sy . Egyp gu-

h H h gh u h Ph h, h

p wh w L. h H

g w Egyp pg, whu ,

h h Ug, h Sy p h

M .

Sg m y h py 1259 b.c., y uh mp h

8

t

Pc ty


94/134

92 ramses the great

h pu hg h U N h-

qu. Akwg y Rm II, kg Egyp, H-

u III, h H mp, w h -- y.

T Egyp v w p w , hKk mp Amu h h h Rmum. T

y u x u p pp

pv h g p. Tughu h m-

Rm 67 y kghp, h w u h

uh wh h. P k w g

w h w y m, hugh 26

Hu 13 h w, Puukhp. P v

h y w kp h p, Egyp

hgyph, h h Akk, ug um p.

Bh v uvv.

T mjy h x xp h H v-

m h Egyp m ug p. T Egyp

v m h v. T y w p h

Egyp h m v pqu. T y

18 : p, h h h u p-v g wh m p, mp

h. Egyp p h w Sy u

m h wu h Qh Amuu.

I u h , h pu w h w u

wh m w Egyp

Sy . T pvg h m h

uy. T gm muu- p h

v h h mp hu k y h py, h v . A p

h p ug pv h hy hu

hm; h u h x y.

T w h u, hu h y -

k. Fwg xp m h p y, Peace

reaty Between Egypt and the Hittite, y D. Smh M. A:

Rm, h g kg, h kg h uy Egyp,h v k h uy H k p


95/134


96/134

94 ramses the great

y D. Smh M. A Peace reaty Between Egypt and

the Hittite:

I h, my h yu hv w k my p

h g p y h x

In n p o bli pc bwn i wo kindo,r II nd Kin huil III of hii kindo co-

pondd ully by l cvd ino on bl (above).t wo finlizd pc y f r II id onof huil du.


97/134

95

w h G Kg Egyp h G Kg

H, h h. R hu w wh h yu

yu k, my R u h p gh

h g y w h G Kg Egyp hG Kg H, h h, v.

othEr pEacE trEatiEs

Numu p hv mp g

h. h y P (1815) w g Np

h B W. h y V (1919)

my h F W W. h y pyh m u p h m h

m h N Sm Gmy

h vu uk h S W W. Oh gu

h h u w h h hh

m Gmy h g wh Ru wh h y

B-Lvk. Gmy w py h v h

p py g h w, h hh Gm mm h y

u uh mv m Gmy. h

v whh h y V m g

h w hw h u vv mkg

p gm. h y h Lgu N

w mj g U S P Ww W-

. I w g y h Bg h : h U S,

F, G B. m g w h u

w h V Cv h Lw ,

1969. Numu u u p y,

uuy p hvy h u h -

g u. Sm mgh m g

, uh h y V; p vg

uu pu; m ppg

u u; g u p ug; -

g xg whp m wh h Rm/

t Pc ty


98/134


99/134

97

p. T K W w xmp w h w

up wh - u w v wh y.

T y (1494), w Sp Pu-

g, g um h vv u m-

Jericho sets the day o 1250 b.c. So the Exodus may have taken place

in the early part o the thirteenth century b.c.

Various scholars have placed Moses in close relationship with

Pharaoh Ramses II and as the son o Queen Hatshepsut, who later

assumed the Egyptian throne. Moses received his Egyptian education

(Acts 7:22) to represent his community in the government. His educa-

tion at the court (Exodus 2:10 11) may be interpreted as he beneted

rom the education provided to uture Egyptian state employees. Thus,he would have been with his own people during the reign o Sethos I,

the time ortications were built in the eastern delta and oundations

were built or the uture city o Piramses (Exodus 1:11). Thereore they

set taskmasters over them to afict them with heavy burdens; and they

built or Pharaoh store-cities, Pithom and Raamses.

It is oten speculated that Jewish captives worked on the construc-

tion o Piramses, wrote Bernadette Menu. Was this biblical spelling

meant to be Piramses?

Mosess murder o the guard, his fight to the land o Midian, hismarriage, his acceptance o Gods revelation, the encounter with the

Burning Bush, and his return to Egypt take the dates to the rst years o

Ramses IIs reign. The book o Exodus has lengthy descriptive dialogue

between Moses and a pharaoh.

I one is to set aside the Old Testaments chronological dates, the

Exodus could be placed around 1290 b.c. rather than 1441 b.c. This

would suggest the pharaoh o the Exodus was Ramses II.

t Pc ty


100/134

98 ramses the great

Nfi, il pn of r II, nd i nd plyd ino ol in dvlopin pc nwi hii kindo. In ppciion of bilii,r II buil ll, lvi pl abu sibl. ti

Ninn-Dyny u of wo nd n oi pnip.


101/134

99

. Ju mh Chph Cumu u Eup

m h m vyg h Nw W, h Sph- Pp

Ax VI gv Sp h h qu m

v wy v g h w. H h v w m 100 gu ( gu 3

m 4.8 km) w h Cp V I wu g

Sp. Nw v h wu g

Pug. H uh p h y u h

Ch p wu m u h m

. Yu mg h u h y.

Kg Jh II Pug g wh Kg F

Qu I Sp mv h h w; h

pp x u h g mg Sph

u A. O Ju 7, 1494, Sp Pug g

y mv h 270 gu, 370 gu w

Cp V. T w ( ppxmy 46 37')

gv Pug m Suh Am pv h u-

y um v m h I O. Du

pm mg gu, w v hu y h u uy m. Pug

Sp kp h h . Pug up z-

g Bz, I, Mu A.

conclusion of thE ramsEs/hittitE pEacE trEaty

P u ug h x 46 g y Rm kg-

hp. Wh h kg M A M mp m

wh Egyp g h H, Rm u y-g, y h y w h G Kg Egyp

h Kg H, w R hu. h y w

p u h h H Emp u 1150 b.c.

B Mu v, T phh hu mg-

y u h um g h

h g. A p ppy, v pu, -

w h w, Egyp xp w-g,u h h Rm II.

t Pc ty


102/134

100

C h a P t e r

dEspitE thE rEadinEss of Both EmpirEs to aBidE By thE pEacE trEaty,

p 10 y h gm u h

H p, Uh-hu, m p yum

Egyp. Kg Hu py qu h u,

Rm u, ppyg h y p. Amy,hwv, mmu w h w u-

, Rm h Egyp my m g h g

vy. A v h uy h w Rm h G!

A pu wm hm hm: y hy

k, h, m, w g pmg, y

pp h hu wh m h

umph. Rhm w vg vy- u wh h phh h g. A,

9

Nifll


103/134

101

hm , mu wh h w m u-

m, u g , uqu w hw

h y wh ju uu m. I mp, h

u h g w wh, , pum, , , w, m w. Rm h, V-

y T Mu I P, u pu h h

h B Qh, w x h m Rkhm,

vz u Kg Tum III. Gmh mh h

kg hm g wh w mu g h. I w

h m Egyp, wh u

mp umu mum, , ppyu.

Ty-v hu y , Ch Jq gy

w h phh, H pm hm h u; h

pwu u, h p Egyp qu g

, h kg ug v, h h v

gh. H w Rm. I g w, wg v m

g-mm k, hg w h h

w h gh, h h pm y-

mm h . . . h Nu wh h zg m, hkp p wh h h. Rm uy m h mg

. H w h um xp wh phh

hu .

Y y, h mp Rm h G p p-

uy wh m ugh, w uup

uy pu. A h B Qh, h pm

, p w-

w. Rm h u h N, h u , m h g x, hp,

g. G pu pp pm h

pm. H u h p h hgh p,

wh h g muh pw v h y, p hm

pp m Egyp v. A m z

u u m hw Rm hg h hk

p, m hph k. I w ym h u vgy kg.

Nifll


104/134

102 ramses the great

thE sEd fEstival

h S Fv h h g M, wh gv

Rm h y y h v wk h g

wh h gv hm pw. y, h NwY m m h kg y pw w

hm h pp Egyp, hm m-

uh h h m h

p h g y h uv. h g p

y gg hm h v h hm g M

h .

Rm S Fv w h h hh y h g. A y gy v, h y h v

h vy wh -gvg pw h juv h

pu uu hv.

ramsEs royal family

I h wy- y h g, y Qu Mh

uy p h . Rm h pp uu

m h h Vy h Qu. A mpv

my gz h my y v y

w g y mh.

Gu h hu u wh Rm w wy

m h p, h h , Qu N, h h

x p. I h g u hm h u

u, h gv, gv h p. Sh

upv h g y huh g h whyug wm v u , wvg, mu.

Eg mp, N g Rm

pu m. w h , , h

yug , Hm, um h p wv

h kg, w h .

Rm h ugh Egyp m h,

h m y h, gh. H g hm gu wh

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