Transcript
11
Welcome to Welcome to Psych 101Psych 101
22
OverviewOverviewPsychology isPsychology is::
Predominantly the study of normal functioning.Predominantly the study of normal functioning.
The relationship between mind and behaviorThe relationship between mind and behavior
Benefits:Benefits:Control and modification of behaviorControl and modification of behavior
Critical thinking about own and others’ behaviorCritical thinking about own and others’ behavior
Discovering differencesDiscovering differences
33
Definition of PsychologyDefinition of Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and The scientific study of behavior and mind…mind…
Small sub-topicsSmall sub-topics (not in def. But oh so important….)(not in def. But oh so important….)
Emphasis on scienceEmphasis on science
Controlled observation is importantControlled observation is important
Mind refers to the subjective experienceMind refers to the subjective experience
Behavior to the actions.Behavior to the actions.
44
What fields are in Psychology?What fields are in Psychology?
Clinical PsychologistsClinical Psychologists
PsychobiologyPsychobiology
Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology
Developmental Developmental PsychologyPsychology
Personality PsychologyPersonality Psychology
Forensic PsychologyForensic Psychology
55
Psychological ResearchPsychological ResearchScientific MethodScientific Method
Observe EnvironmentObserve Environment
Define the Problem Define the Problem by Detecting Regularities and Consistenciesby Detecting Regularities and Consistencies
Generate an Operational DefinitionGenerate an Operational Definition
Generate HypothesisGenerate HypothesisSpecific predictions (If-then statements) about phenomenaSpecific predictions (If-then statements) about phenomena
Run Study and Observe Run Study and Observe to ensure prediction correctto ensure prediction correct
Formulate A Theory to Explain FindingsFormulate A Theory to Explain FindingsFormal statements that explain how and why events are relatedFormal statements that explain how and why events are related
66
Different Types of StudiesDifferent Types of Studies
Naturalistic Naturalistic
ObservationObservation Clips\naturalistic obs.avi
Case StudyCase Study
Survey, Tests or Survey, Tests or
QuestionnairesQuestionnaires Clips\Testing and data calculations.wmv
ExperimentsExperiments
77
Cross Sectional VS. Longitudinal Cross Sectional VS. Longitudinal DesignDesign
88
Experimental ResearchExperimental Research
VariablesVariables Independent VariableIndependent Variable Dependent VariableDependent Variable
Control Control
GroupsGroups
(Activity)(Activity)
Random AssignmentRandom Assignment
99
ValidityValidityDoes a test measure what we Does a test measure what we
want it to measure?want it to measure?
Internal ValidityInternal Validity -The extent to -The extent to which an experiment has controlled which an experiment has controlled for confounding variables; internally for confounding variables; internally valid experiment allow for the valid experiment allow for the determination of causality.determination of causality.
1010
ReliabilityReliabilityIs the test consistent across trials?Is the test consistent across trials?
If yes then reliable.If yes then reliable.
Tests can be reliable without being valid.Tests can be reliable without being valid.
1111
StatisticsStatistics
Types of Central TendencyTypes of Central TendencyClips\Central Tendency.avi
MeanMean- Average- Average
ModeMode- Most Frequently - Most Frequently
Occurring ScoreOccurring Score
MedianMedian- Middle Point of scores- Middle Point of scores
1212
MeanMean Survey of Hand Washing in DaycareSurvey of Hand Washing in Daycare
Situation 1Situation 1 Situation 2Situation 2JackJack 44 JackJack 44SallySally 99 Sally Sally 99KimKim 44 KimKim 44JessicaJessica 55 Jessica Jessica 55TomTom 88 Tom Tom (OCD)(OCD) 2929Total 30/5 = 6Total 30/5 = 6 Total 51/5 = 10.2Total 51/5 = 10.2
Add Numbers and Divide by totalAdd Numbers and Divide by totalNo one washed 6 times -- situation 1No one washed 6 times -- situation 1Can be skewed by high/low # -- situation 2Can be skewed by high/low # -- situation 2
1313
ModeMode
Situation 1Situation 1
JackJack 44SallySally 99KimKim 44Jessica Jessica 55TomTom 88
Most Frequently occurring score = 4Most Frequently occurring score = 4Represents real scores, no unmeaning numbersRepresents real scores, no unmeaning numbers
1414
MedianMedian
Situation 1Situation 1JackJack 44 44
Sally Sally 99 44KimKim 44 55JessicaJessica 55 88TomTom 88 99Median = 5Median = 5
Middle point of scoresMiddle point of scoresEven scores-take the average of the two Even scores-take the average of the two middle scoresmiddle scores
1515
Data on GraphData on Graph
1616
Correlational ResearchCorrelational Research
A statistic that indicates whether 2 variables A statistic that indicates whether 2 variables vary together in a systematic way.vary together in a systematic way.
Correlation coefficients vary from +1.00 to -1.00Correlation coefficients vary from +1.00 to -1.00
Do not determine causality. 3Do not determine causality. 3rdrd variable factors. variable factors.
Positive CorrelationsPositive Correlations
Zero CorrelationZero Correlation
Negative CorrelationsNegative Correlations
1717
Positive CorrelationsPositive Correlations
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
# Hand Washes
# D
iap
er C
han
ges
1818
Zero CorrelationZero Correlation
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Pizza for Dinner
IQ S
co
re
1919
Negative CorrelationNegative Correlation
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
# Errors
Ho
urs
Pia
no
Pra
ctic
e
2020
Good practices in Experimental Good practices in Experimental ResearchResearch
Informed consentInformed consent
DebriefingDebriefing
ConfidentialityConfidentiality
top related