Rekayasa Perkerasan Jalan
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Rekayasa Perkerasan Jalan
Overview
Bahan perkerasan jalan• Perkerasan jalan adalah segala jenis material
konstruksi yang dihampar dan dipadatkan di atas lapisan tanah dasar
• Konstruksi perkerasan jalan:– Perkerasan lentur/flexible pavement
• Agregat, sebagai tulangan• Aspal, sebagai pengikat
– Perkerasan kaku/rigid pavement• Agregat, sebagai tulangan• Semen, sebagai pengikat
• Uji terhadap bahan:– Jenis bahan– Keadaan fisik bahan– Kualitas bahan
• Konstruksi jalan:– Tanah dasar, merupakan tanah yang dipadatkan,
baik dari hasil galian maupun timbunan.tanah dasar memberi bentuk jalan
– Lapis pondasi, terdiri dari lapisan pondasi atas dan pondasi bawah. Distribusi beban dan kekuatan struktur ditentukan pada lapisan ini
– Lapis permukaan, merupakan lapisan yang kontak langsung dengan beban (roda kendaraan). Sudah termasuk lapis aus. Lapisan ini harus kuat, juga stabil dan memiliki daya tahan yang cukup kuat.
Contoh konstruksi perkerasan lentur
Contoh konstruksi perkerasan lentur
Bahan Agregat
Siklus Batuan
Batuan Sedimen
Batuan Metamorf
Batuan Beku
Magma
Sedimentasi
PemadatanSementasiKristalisasi
Pemindahan (Transport)
ErosiPelapukan Pelapukan
Sempurna
Tanah
Metamorfosis
Pemanasan
Pendinginan
Pemilihan Agregat
• Agregat yang akan digunakan sebagai bahan perkerasan jalan tergantung dari :– tersedianya bahan setempat– mutu bahan– bentuk/jenis konstruksi yang digunakan
Pemeriksaan/penelitian laboratorium
1. Ukuran dan gradasi (size and grading)
2. Kekerasan/keausan (toughness)
3. Ketahanan terhadap pelapukan (soundness)
4. Daya pelekatan terhadap aspal (affinity for asphalt)
5. Bentuk butir (shape)
6. Susunan/bentuk permukaan (surface texture)
7. Daya absorpsi (absorption)
8. Kebersihan (cleaness)
9. Berat jenis (specific gravity)
Penggolongan Agregat Berdasarkan Gradasi
a. Agregat bergradasi pekat/rapat (dense-graded)
b. Agregat bergradasi renggang/terbuka (open graded)
c. Agregat bergradasi seragam (single size/uniform graded)
d. Agregat bergradasi halus (fine graded)
e. Agregat bergradasi celah (gap-graded)
Contoh Grafik Gradasi
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0,01 0,1 1 10 100
No. Saringan
% L
olos
Bentuk Agregat
i.Rounded; ii. Irregular; iii. Angular; iv. Flaky; v. Elongated; vi. Flaky and Elongated
Alat Uji Agregat
Aggregate Impact Machine
Aggregate Crushing Machine
Alat Uji Agregat
Los Angeles Abrasion Test
Alat Uji Agregat
Alat Pengukur Kepipihan Agregat
Alat Pengukur Kelonjongan Agregat
Bahan Aspal
Definisi:• Asphalt is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present
in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits. It is most commonly modeled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase (though there is some disagreement amongst chemists regarding its structure). In U.S. terminology, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside North America, the product is called bitumen.
Wikipedia
• Asphalt is a dark brown-to-black cement-like material obtained by petroleum refining and containing bitumens as the predominant component. Bitumen is a generic term for natural or manufactured black or dark-colored solid, semisolid, or viscous cementitious materials that are composed mainly of high-molecular weight hydrocarbons. The term includes tars and pitches derived from coal. Asphalt is used primarily for road construction and roofing materials due to its remarkable waterproofing and binding properties. The hard surfaces of roads, for example, depend on the ability of asphalt to cement together aggregates of stone and sand.
Encyclopedia of Earth
Klasifikasi Aspal Berdasarkan Sumber Dan Penggunaannya
ASPAL
Aspal Buatan(petrolueum asphalt) Asphaltic Base Crude
Oli Parafin Base Crude Oli Mixed Base Crude Oli
Aspal Keras atau Aspal Panas (AC, asphalt cement)
Aspal Cair (cut back) Rapid Curing (AC+benzene) Medium Curing
(AC+kerosene) Slow Curing (AC+minyak
berat)Aspal Emulsi (AC+air+asam/basa) Cathionic/Anionic Rapid
Setting Cathionic/Anionic Medium
Setting Cathionic/Anionic Slow Setting
Aspal Alam(Native Asphalt) Lake Asphalt (Trinidad
Lake) Rock Asphalt (Perancis,
Swiss, Pulau Buton)
0.50.50.50.51.0-Kehilangan Berat, %
99.099.099.099.099.099.0Kelarutan pada trichloroethene, %
232232232219177163Titik Nyala (C)
40506080140220Penetrasi (25C, 100 gr, 5 detik)
400350300250175125Viskositas, 135C (275F),Cs, Min
4000 80030006002000 4001000 200500100250 50Viskositas, 60C (140F), poises
AC-40AC-30AC-20AC-10AC-5AC-2.5
Nilai ViskositasBerdasarkan Nilai Viskositas
-100-100-75-50--Daktilitas setelah kehilangan berat
-40-46-50-54-58Penetrasi setelah kehilangan berat
1.5-1.3-1.0-0.8-0.8-Kehilangan berat, %
-99-99-99-99-99Kelarutan pada trichloroethele, %
-100-100-100-100-100Daktilitas (25C, 5 cm per menit)
-177-218-232-232-232Titik Nyala (Cleveland Open), C
3002001501201008570605040Penetrasi (25C, 100 gr, 5 detik)
maxminmaxMinmaxminmaxminmaxmin
200-300120-15085-10060-7040-50
Nilai Penetrasi
Berdasarkan Nilai Penetrasi
Klasifikasi Aspal Menurut AASHTO
Penyulingan Aspal Buatan
Skema AnalisisMenentukan Struktur Hidrokarbon Aspal
Pengujian-Pengujian Karakteristik Aspal1. Pengujian Penetrasi
2. Pengujian Daktilitas
3. Pengujian Titik Lembek
4. Kepekaan Aspal terhadap Perubahan Suhu
5. Pengujian Viskositas
6. Pengujian Titik Nyala dan Titik Bakar
7. Pengujian Berat Jenis
8. Hilang dalam Pemanasan
9. Penyulingan Aspal Cair
10. Kadar Air dalam Minyak Bumi dan Bahan yang Mengandung Bitumen
11. Kelekatan Aspal dalam Batuan
Alat Pengujian Aspal
Pengujian Penetrasi
Alat Pengujian Aspal
Pengujian Titik Lembek Ring and Ball
log PEN T2
log PEN = AT + K
log PEN T1
log PEN (dmm)
T (oC) T2 T1
K
A
log Viskositas (cSt)
Suhu (oC)
log (170 20)
log (280 30)
Suhu pemadatan Suhu pencampuran
Hubungan Suhu dan Viskositas Aspal
Hubungan Suhu dan log Pen Aspal
Temperature SusceptibilityPersamaan dasar:
logP = AT + K
A = (log pen T1 – log pen T2)/(T1 – T2)A = (log pen T1 – log 800)/(T1 – SP)A 0,015 sampai 0,06
Persamaan PI:
50 A = (20 – PI)/(10 + PI)
PI = (1952 – 500 log pen – 20SP)/(50log pen – SP – 120)
?
Alat Pengujian AspalAlat Pengujian Aspal
Pengujian Daktilitas Aspal
Cetakan Benda Uji dalam Pengujian Daktilitas
Alat Pengujian Aspal
Percobaan Titik Nyala dengan Alat Cleveland Open Cup
Alat Pengujian Aspal
Percobaan Hilang dalam Pemanasan dengan Alat Thin Film Oven
Alat Pengujian Aspal
Percobaan Penyulingan Aspal Cair
Jenis Aspal vs Penggunaan
AC
-40
AC
-20
AC
-10
AC
-5
AR
-8000
AR
-4000
AR
-2000
60-70
85-100
120-150
200-300
RS
-1
RS
-2
MS
-1, H
FM
S-1
MS
-2, H
FM
S-2
MS
-2h, H
FM
S-2h
HF
MS
-2s
SS
-1
CR
S-2
CM
S-2
CM
S-2h
CS
S-1
70
250
800
250
800
3000
Asphalt-Aggregate MixturesAsphalt Concrete and Hot Laid Plant Mix
Pavement Base and SurfacesHighways X X X X X7 X X X X X7 X X X X X7Airports X X X X X X X XParking Areas X X X X X X X X XDrivewas X X X X X X
Curbs X X XIndustrial Floors X X X X X XBlocks X X XGroins X X X X X XDam Facings X X X X X XCanal and Reservoar Linings X X X X X X
Cold-Laid Plant Mix 10Pavement Base and Surfaces
Open-Graded Aggregate X X X XWell-Graded Aggregate X X X X X X X X X X X
Patching, Immediate Use X X X X XPatching, Stockpile X X X X
Mixed-in-Place (Road Mix) 10Pavement Base and Surfaces X X X X X X X X
Open-Graded Aggregate X X X X X X X X XWell-Graded Aggregate X X X X X X X X
Sand X X X X X X X X XSandy Soil X X X X X X X X X XPatching, Immediate Use X X X XPatching, Stockpile
RecyclingHot-Mix X X X X X X X X XCold-Mix 10 X X X X X X X X X X X X
Asphalt-Aggregate ApplicationsSurface Treatments
Single Surface Treatment X X X X X X X XMultiple Surface Treatment X X X X X X X XAggregate Seal X X X X X X X X X XSand Seal X X X X XSlurry Seal X X X X
Asphalt ApplicationsSurface Treatments
Fog Seal X5 X2 X2 X2 X2Prime Coat X16 X1 X1 X1 X1 X1 X X XTack Coat X X2 X2 X X2 X2Dust Laying X5 X2 X2 X2 X2 X X X X XMulch X2 X2
MembraneCanal and Reservoar Linings X XEmbankment Envelopes X X X X X X
Crack FillingsAsphalt Pavements X3 X3 X3 X3Portland Cement Concrete
Pavements X4 X4 X4
1 Mixed-in Prime Only 5 Diluted with water by the manufacturer 8 Before using MC's for spray applications (other than prime coats) check with local pollution control agency2 Diluted with water 6 MS-2 only 9 Emulsifed asphalts shown are AASHTO and ASTM grades and may not include all grades produced in all geographical areas3 Slurry mix 7 For use in cold climates 10 Evaluation of emulsified asphalt-aggregate system required to determine the proper grade of emulsified asphalt to use4 Rubber asphalt compounds
Anionic
AR
-16000
Viscosity Graded-Original
AR
-1000
Cationic
SS
-1h
CR
S-1
CS
S-1h
40-50
Viscosity Graded-Residue
Penetration Graded
Type of Construction
30
3000
Medium Curing (MC) 8
Emulsified Asphalts 9 Cutback-Asphalts
Rapid Curing (RC) 8
Asphalt Cements
70
AC
-2.5
Spesifikasi Bitumen (Japan Road Association)
Penetration Grade 60 - 80 80 - 100 100 - 120 120 - 150
Penetration (25oC, 100g, 5 sec) 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120 120 – 150
Softening Point oC 44.0 – 52.0 42.0 – 50.0 40.0 – 50.0 38.0 – 48.0
Ductility (15oC) min. cm 100 100 100 100
Loss on Heating maz. % (1) 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5
Retained Penetration after Heating min. % 80 80 75 (3) 70
Penetration Ratio adfter Heating maz. % (2) 110 110 - -
Loss of Weight after Thin Film Oven Test maz. % (1) 0.6 0.6 - -
Retained Penetration after Thin Film Oven Test min. % 55 50 - -
Solubility in Carbon Tetrachloride min. % 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5
Flash Point (Cleaveland) min. oC 260 260 210 210
Specific Gravity (25oC/ 25oC) min. 1.000 1.000 - - Note : 1) In some cases, the test will be resulted in weight increase.
2) Penetration ratio after heating (%) = stirredthoroughlysampletheonheatingafternPenetratio
sampletheofstirringanywithouheatingafternPenetratio
3) It is desirable for asphalts having more than 47.5oC softening point, percentage of retained penetration exceeds 80. 4) As for asphalts of penetration grade 60 – 80 and 80 –100, it is necessary to inform the Kinematic-viscosity
measurement results at the temperature of 120oC, 140oC, 160oC and 180oC respectively. For the penetration grades 100 – 120, 120 – 150, not only the viscosity-temperature relationship the specific gravity – temperature relationship is also needed.
Karakteristik Campuran
Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 11a. Gradasi Menerus (skematis)
Ukuran Butir
Proporsi
Grafik Komulatif
Ilustrasi Gradasi
Ilustrasi Setting
- Prinsip Interlocking- Sifat Kaku- Kebutuhan Aspal Sedang
Grafik
Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 21b. Gradasi Menerus (ilustrasi visual)
Potongan campuran Bentuk Briket Marshall
Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 32a. Gradasi Senjang (skematis)
Ukuran Butir
Proporsi
Grafik Komulatif
Ilustrasi Gradasi
Ilustrasi Setting
- Prinsip Suspensi Mortar- Sifat Lentur- Kebutuhan Aspal Tinggi
Grafik Ukuran yang
hilang
Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 42b. Gradasi Senjang (ilustrasi visual)
Potongan campuran Bentuk Briket Marshall
Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 53a. Gradasi Seragam (skematis)
Ukuran Butir
Proporsi
Grafik Komulatif
Ilustrasi Gradasi
Ilustrasi Setting
- Prinsip Max Tekstur Makro- Sifat Kasar- Kebutuhan Aspal Khusus
GrafikDominasi Ukuran
Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 63b. Gradasi Seragam (ilustrasi visual)
Permukaan campuran Bentuk Briket Marshall
Rongga dalam Campuran 1
Agregat
Aspal
Rongga
Ilustrasi Umum
Berat Volume
X
Y
Vx = X/(SGagregat x air)
Vy = Y/(SGaspal x air)
Vr = Vtotal – (Vy + Vx)0
VtotalWtotal
Rongga dalam Campuran 2
Aspal
Rongga
VMA, VIM, VFB/VFA
VMA
VIM
KadarAspal
Absorbed
Agregat
VFB
Specific Gravity 1
Solid Aggregate
Water-impermeable Pores
Water-permeable Pores
Apparent & Bulk SG
Ws
Volume
Vs
0
VtotalWtotal 0
Weight
Vi
Vp
SG Apparent = Ws / ((Vs + Vi) x water)
SG Bulk = Ws / ((Vs + Vi + Vp) x water)
Specific Gravity 2Apparent, Bulk & Effective SG
Apparent SG:Rongga Permeable diisi bitumen sebanyak air yang bisa mengisinya
Bulk SG:Rongga Permeable tidak terisi bitumen sama sekali
Effective SG:Rongga Permeable terisi bitumen sebanyak bitumen yang bisa mengisinya
Specific Gravity 3
Solid Aggregate
Bitumen-impermeable Pores
Bitumen-permeable Pores
Effective SG
Ws
Volume
Vs
0
VtotalWtotal 0
Weight
Vc
Vb
SG Effective = Ws / ((Vs + Vc) x water)
SG Effective = (Apparent SG + Bulk SG)/2
Perhitungan Proporsi
Berat Agregat
Berat Campuran
Proporsi Agregat
Berat Aspal
Selisih Berat
Agregat dan
Campuran
By Weight
Berat agregat
Volume Agregat
SG Agregat
Berat aspal
By Volume
VolumeCampuran
Proporsi Agregat,
Aspal dan
Rongga
VolumeAspal
Proporsi Aspal
SG Aspal
Daur Ulang Perkerasan
Perkerasan Daur-ulang
• Perbaikan terhadap struktur perkerasan lentur pada prinsipnya mencakup: pelapisan ulang (overlaying), daur-ulang (recycling) dan rekonstruksi (reconstruction). Material dari perkerasan yang rusak (deteriorated) yang dikenal sebagai Perkerasan Aspal yang Diundang Kembali atau Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), sebagian atau seluruhnya digunakan pada konstruksi baru.
Diambil
Digelar &dipadatkan
RAPMaterial SegarAspal
+Agregat
+
1: Eksisting 2: Pengambilan 3: Pencampuran4: Penghamparan Kembali
Jenis Proses Daur-ulang
• Hot in-Place Recycling(Daur-ulang Panas di Lokasi)
• Cold in Place Recycling(Daur-ulang Dingin di Lokasi)
• Hot Central Plant Recycling (Daur-ulang Panas di Kilang)
• Cold Central Plant Recycling (Daur-ulang Dingin di Kilang)
Hot in-Place RecyclingDaur-ulang Panas di Lokasi
Sumber: Lebuhraya Malaysia (2005)
Cold in-Place RecyclingDaur-ulang Dingin di Lokasi
Sumber: EDP Consultant, USA (2006)
Hot Central Plant RecyclingDaur-ulang Panas di Kilang
Sumber: Fujian South Highway Machinery Co., Ltd., Japan (2006)
RAP Feeding
Main Unit
Surge Hopper
Drum Mixer
Cold Central Plant RecyclingDaur-ulang Dingin di Kilang
Sumber: Public Work Deparment, Malaysia (2005)
Kelebihan Perkerasan Daur-ulang
• Mempersingkat gangguan yang dirasakan pengguna
• Konservasi kebutuhan energi
• Preservasi kondisi lingkungan
• Memperkecil biaya konstruksi
• Konservasi kebutuhan material dasar (agregat dan aspal)
• Preservasi geometri perkerasan eksisting
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