Rahman et al. (2011)...Biological processing (2) Anuraga Jayanegara Outline A. Silage B. Microbial treatment C. Enzyme treatment D. Probiotics and prebiotics Department of Nutrition
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Bio
log
ica
l p
roce
ssin
g (
2)
An
ura
ga
Ja
ya
ne
ga
ra
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Ou
tlin
e
A.
Sil
ag
e
B.
Mic
rob
ial tr
ea
tme
nt
C.
En
zym
e t
rea
tme
nt
D.
Pro
bio
tics
an
d p
reb
ioti
cs
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
B.
Mic
rob
ial
tre
atm
en
t
Usi
ng
mic
rob
es
such
as
fun
gi
an
d b
act
eri
a f
or
tre
ati
ng
va
rio
us
kin
ds
of
fee
ds/
fee
dst
uff
s
Mo
st c
om
mo
nly
use
d m
icro
be
s:
-V
ari
ou
s sp
eci
es
of
fun
gi
-->
de
gra
din
g f
ibe
r co
mp
on
en
ts
-La
ctic
aci
d b
act
eri
a -
-> s
ila
ge
ad
dit
ive
s
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Ra
hm
an
et
al.
(2
01
1)
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gyB
. E
nzy
me
tre
atm
en
t
En
zym
es
En
zym
es
are
pro
tein
s (g
lob
ula
r) t
ha
t ca
taly
ze (
incr
ea
se t
he
ra
tes
of)
ch
em
ica
l
rea
ctio
ns
Wo
rk b
y l
ow
eri
ng
th
e a
ctiv
ati
on
en
erg
y (
Ea
), t
hu
s d
ram
ati
call
y i
ncr
ea
sin
g t
he
ra
te
of
the
re
act
ion
-->
mil
lio
n t
ime
s fa
ste
r th
an
th
ose
of
com
pa
rab
le u
nca
taly
zed
rea
ctio
ns
Inh
ibit
ors
:m
ole
cule
s th
at
de
cre
ase
en
zym
e a
ctiv
ity
(e
.g.,
dru
gs
an
d p
ois
on
s)
Act
iva
tors
:m
ole
cule
s th
at
incr
ea
se e
nzy
me
act
ivit
y
Aff
ect
ed
by
te
mp
era
ture
, p
H,
an
d s
ub
stra
te c
on
cen
tra
tio
n
Act
ive
sit
e:
the
re
gio
n i
n e
nzy
me
th
at
cata
lyze
re
act
ion
, b
ind
s th
e s
ub
stra
te,
an
d
rele
ase
th
e p
rod
uct
De
na
tura
tio
n:
dis
rup
t th
e t
hre
e-d
ime
nsi
on
al
stru
ctu
re o
f e
nzy
me
(b
y h
ea
tin
g o
r
che
mic
al
de
na
tura
nts
)
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Cri
teri
a f
or
succ
ess
ful
ap
pli
cati
on
of
en
zym
es
to a
nim
al
fee
ds:
1.
En
zym
e s
tab
ilit
y in
th
e a
nim
al
2.
En
zym
e s
tab
ilit
y in
th
e f
ee
d
3.
En
zym
e s
tab
ilit
y d
uri
ng
an
d a
fte
r p
roce
ssin
g
4.
Inte
ract
ion
be
twe
en
th
e s
ub
stra
te a
nd
th
e e
nzy
me
5.
Ab
ilit
y o
f th
e a
nim
al to
uti
lize
th
e r
ea
ctio
n p
rod
uct
of
the
en
zym
e
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Wh
y u
se e
nzy
me
s in
an
ima
l fe
ed
?
1.
Imp
rovin
g e
ffic
ien
cy a
nd
re
du
cin
g c
ost
-->
bre
ak
do
wn
of
an
ti-
nu
trie
nts
, d
ige
st f
ee
d m
ore
eff
icie
ntl
y,
mo
re p
rod
uct
pe
r u
nit
of
fee
d
2.
Be
tte
r e
nvir
on
me
nt
-->
im
pro
vin
g d
ige
stio
n a
nd
ab
sorp
tio
n,
red
uci
ng
ma
nu
re,
low
eri
ng
P a
nd
N e
xcre
tio
n
3.
He
lpin
g t
o m
ain
tain
gu
t h
ea
lth
-->
im
pro
vin
g n
utr
ien
t
dig
est
ibil
ity
, le
ss n
utr
ien
ts a
va
ila
ble
fo
r th
e p
ote
nti
al
gro
wth
of
dis
ea
se-c
au
sin
g b
act
eri
a
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Wh
at
typ
es
of
en
zym
es
are
use
d i
n a
nim
al
nu
trit
ion
?
1.
C
arb
oh
yd
rase
s
Bre
ak
do
wn
ca
rbo
hyd
rate
s in
to s
imp
le s
ug
ars
(a)
Fib
re-d
eg
rad
ing
en
zym
es
Fib
re:
no
n-s
tarc
h p
oly
sacc
ha
rid
es
Ty
pe
s o
f fi
bre
: so
lub
le,
inso
lub
le
An
ti-n
utr
itio
na
l p
rop
ert
ies
of
fib
re:
(1)
Nu
trie
nts
(st
arc
h a
nd
pro
tein
) a
re t
rap
pe
d w
ith
in t
he
in
solu
ble
fib
rou
s ce
ll
wa
lls
(2)
So
lub
le f
ibre
dis
solv
es
in g
ut,
fo
rmin
g v
isco
us
ge
ls t
ha
t tr
ap
nu
trie
nts
an
d s
low
do
wn
th
e r
ate
s o
f d
ige
stio
n a
nd
pa
ssa
ge
of
fee
d t
hro
ug
h t
he
gu
t
(3)
Fib
re c
an
ho
ld w
ate
r a
nd
tra
p w
ate
r-so
lub
le n
utr
ien
ts
(4)
Fib
re c
rea
tes
bu
lk i
n t
he
gu
t, s
low
s d
ow
n t
he
mo
ve
me
nt
of
fee
d,
red
uce
s fe
ed
inta
ke
an
d g
row
th
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Ma
in f
ibre
-de
gra
din
g e
nzy
me
s:
(1)
Xy
lan
ase
-->
bre
ak
do
wn
ara
bin
oxy
lan
s (p
reva
len
t in
gra
ins
an
d t
he
ir b
y-
pro
du
cts)
(2) β
-glu
can
ase
s --
> b
rea
k d
ow
n β
-glu
can
s (p
reva
len
t in
ba
rle
y a
nd
oa
ts a
nd
the
ir b
y-p
rod
uct
s)
(3) β
-ma
nn
an
ase
, p
ect
ina
se, α
-ga
lact
osi
da
se
(b)
Sta
rch
-de
gra
din
g e
nzy
me
s
De
gre
e o
f st
arc
h d
ige
stib
ilit
y d
ep
en
ds
on
:
(1)
Leve
ls o
f re
sist
an
t st
arc
h
(2)
Sta
rch
gra
nu
le s
ize
(3)
Sta
rch
co
mp
osi
tio
n
(4)
Sta
rch
en
cap
sula
tio
n
Am
yla
ses
bre
ak
do
wn
sta
rch
in
gra
ins,
gra
in b
y-p
rod
uct
s a
nd
so
me
ve
ge
tab
le
pro
tein
s
Am
yla
ses
all
ow
mo
no
ga
stri
cs t
o e
xtra
ct m
ore
en
erg
y f
rom
fe
ed
s, e
spe
cia
lly
for
yo
un
g a
nim
als
wh
ere
th
e d
ige
stiv
e s
yst
em
s a
re s
till
im
ma
ture
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
2.
Pro
tea
ses
Bre
ak
do
wn
sto
rag
e p
rote
ins
an
d p
rote
ina
ceo
us
an
ti-n
utr
ien
ts (
such
as
try
psi
n
inh
ibit
ors
an
d l
ect
ins)
Sto
rag
e p
rote
ins:
pro
tein
s g
en
era
ted
ma
inly
du
rin
g s
ee
d p
rod
uct
ion
an
d s
tore
d i
n
the
se
ed
to
pro
vid
e a
nit
rog
en
so
urc
e f
or
the
de
ve
lop
ing
em
bry
o d
uri
ng
ge
rmin
ati
on
Try
psi
n i
nh
ibit
ors
:in
hib
it d
ige
stio
n,
blo
ck t
he
en
zym
e t
ryp
sin
(se
cre
ted
by
th
e
pa
ncr
ea
s a
nd
he
lps
to b
rea
k d
ow
n p
rote
in i
n s
ma
ll i
nte
stin
e)
Lect
ins:
sug
ar-
bin
din
g p
rote
ins
tha
t re
du
ce d
ige
stib
ilit
y
3.
Ph
yta
ses
Ph
osp
ho
rus
(P)
is i
mp
ort
an
t fo
r b
on
e d
eve
lop
me
nt
an
d m
eta
bo
lic
pro
cess
es
Mo
st o
f P
in
pla
nt-
de
rive
d i
ng
red
ien
ts i
s in
th
e f
orm
of
ph
yta
te
Ph
yta
te f
orm
s co
mp
lexe
s w
ith
min
era
ls,
pro
tein
s a
nd
sta
rch
, m
ak
ing
th
em
un
ava
ila
ble
fo
r a
bso
rpti
on
Su
pp
lem
en
tin
g t
he
fe
ed
wit
h p
hy
tase
re
lea
ses
ph
yta
te-b
ou
nd
min
era
ls,
pro
tein
s
an
d s
tarc
h
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Wh
y u
se f
ee
d e
nzy
me
s in
ru
min
an
t d
iets
?
(1)
To
de
cre
ase
th
e c
ost
of
pro
du
cin
g m
ea
t a
nd
mil
k
(2)
To
im
pro
ve
fe
ed
co
nve
rsio
n e
ffic
ien
cy a
nd
an
ima
l p
erf
orm
an
ce
(3)
To
im
pro
ve
fib
re d
ige
stib
ilit
y
Mo
de
of
act
ion
En
zym
e a
dd
itiv
es
are
re
lati
ve
ly s
tab
le i
n t
he
ru
min
al
en
vir
on
me
nt
esp
eci
all
y
wh
en
ad
min
iste
red
via
th
e f
ee
d -
-> c
on
dit
ion
s in
th
e r
um
en
aft
er
fee
din
g:
red
uce
d p
rote
oly
tic
act
ivit
y a
nd
lo
we
r p
H;
the
pre
sen
ce o
f fe
ed
su
bst
rate
he
lps
de
cre
ase
th
e s
en
siti
vit
y o
f e
nzy
me
s to
in
act
iva
tio
n
En
zym
e a
dd
itiv
es
sup
ply
ab
ou
t 5
-15
% o
f e
nzy
mic
act
ivit
ies
no
rma
lly
pre
sen
t in
the
ru
me
n
Init
iate
hy
dro
lysi
s o
f th
e f
ibre
-->
in
cre
ase
s th
e s
urf
ace
are
a -
-> s
tim
ula
te
ad
he
sio
n t
o f
ibre
an
d c
olo
niz
ati
on
of
rum
ina
l m
icro
be
s
Re
spo
nse
s to
fib
roly
tic
en
zym
es
are
gre
ate
st w
he
n d
ige
stib
le e
ne
rgy
is
the
fir
st
lim
itin
g f
act
or
in t
he
die
t
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
An
ima
l re
spo
nse
s to
en
zym
e a
dd
itiv
es
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
D.
Pro
bio
tics
an
d p
reb
ioti
cs
Ga
stro
-in
test
ina
l tr
act
(G
IT)
of
do
me
stic
an
ima
ls h
arb
ou
rs d
en
se a
nd
com
ple
x m
icro
bia
l co
mm
un
itie
s; c
om
po
sed
of
ba
cte
ria
, p
roto
zoa
, fu
ng
i,
arc
ha
ea
, a
nd
vir
use
s
Be
ne
fici
al
eff
ect
s o
f G
IT m
icro
bia
l co
mm
un
itie
s:
(1)
Inv
olv
ed
in
dig
est
ion
an
d f
erm
en
tati
on
of
pla
nt
po
lym
ers
(2)
Sy
nth
esi
s o
f v
ita
min
s
(3)
Bio
con
ve
rsio
n o
f to
xic
com
po
un
ds
to n
on
to
xic
resi
du
es
(4)
Sti
mu
lati
on
of
the
im
mu
ne
sy
ste
m
(5)
Ma
inte
na
nce
of
gu
t p
eri
sta
lsis
an
d in
test
ina
l m
uco
sa i
nte
gri
ty
(6)
Pla
ys
a b
arr
ier
role
ag
ain
st c
olo
nis
ati
on
by
pa
tho
ge
ns
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Fa
cto
rs a
ffe
ctin
g c
om
po
siti
on
an
d f
un
ctio
ns
of
gu
t m
icro
bio
ta:
(1)
Fe
ed
ing
pra
ctic
es
(2)
Co
mp
osi
tio
n o
f a
nim
al
die
ts
(3)
Fa
rm m
an
ag
em
en
t
(4)
Pro
du
ctiv
ity
co
nst
rain
ts
So
me
exa
mp
les:
-A
n a
bru
pt
shif
t fr
om
fo
rag
e-b
ase
d t
o h
igh
re
ad
ily
-fe
rme
nta
ble
die
t --
>
incr
ea
se r
isk
of
rum
ina
l a
cid
osi
s
-W
ea
nin
g -
-> i
mm
atu
re g
ut
mic
rob
iota
ha
s to
fa
ce a
n a
bru
pt
cha
ng
e i
n
die
t --
> i
ncr
ea
se t
he
su
sce
pti
bil
ity
of
the
yo
un
g a
nim
als
to
pa
tho
ge
n
colo
nis
ati
on
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Po
ssib
ilit
y t
o u
se f
ee
d s
up
ple
me
nts
to
ach
iev
e b
ett
er
an
ima
l h
ea
lth
,
we
lfa
re a
nd
pro
du
ctiv
ity
th
rou
gh
ma
nip
ula
tio
n o
f th
e G
IT m
icro
bia
l
eco
syst
em
Gro
wth
-pro
mo
tin
g a
nti
bio
tics
-->
sa
fety
co
nce
rns:
an
tib
ioti
c re
sist
an
ce i
n
en
vir
on
me
nt,
pe
rsis
ten
ce o
f ch
em
ica
l re
sid
ue
s in
an
ima
l p
rod
uct
s--
>
mo
re n
atu
ral
pro
du
cts:
pro
bio
tics
De
fin
itio
n:
A s
ou
rce
of
liv
e (
via
ble
) n
atu
rall
y o
ccu
rrin
g m
icro
org
an
ism
s th
at
can
be
ne
fici
all
y a
ffe
ct t
he
ba
lan
ce o
f G
IT m
icro
bio
ta
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Pro
bio
tics
id
ea
lly
:
(1)
Via
ble
an
d c
ap
ab
le o
f g
row
ing
in
th
e i
nte
stin
al
tra
ct
(2)
Ab
le t
o s
urv
ive
pa
ssa
ge
th
rou
gh
th
e h
igh
ly a
cid
sto
ma
ch
(3)
Re
sist
an
t to
bil
e i
f th
ey
are
to
su
rviv
e i
n t
he
in
test
ine
(4)
Ca
pa
ble
of
com
pe
tin
g w
ith
exi
stin
g g
ut
mic
rofl
ora
an
d h
ost
-sp
eci
fic
(5)
Ca
pa
ble
of
pro
du
cin
g t
he
de
sire
d e
ffe
ct i
n t
he
ho
st a
nim
al,
su
ch a
s
inh
ibit
ing
gro
wth
of
pa
tho
ge
ns
an
d p
rov
idin
g d
ige
stiv
e e
nzy
me
s
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
ma
rke
ted
pro
du
cts
for
rum
ina
nts
-->
liv
e y
ea
st
(Sa
cch
aro
myce
s ce
revis
iae
) p
rep
ara
tio
ns
Eff
ect
s o
f li
ve
ye
ast
s:
-In
cre
ase
DM
I a
nd
mil
k p
rod
uct
ion
(d
air
y)
-In
cre
ase
AD
G,
fin
al
we
igh
t, i
nta
ke
, fe
ed
to
ga
in r
ati
o (
be
ef)
-G
rea
ter
tota
l cu
ltu
rab
le r
um
ina
l b
act
eri
al
po
pu
lati
on
de
nsi
tie
s
-S
tim
ula
ted
gro
wth
an
d f
ibre
-de
gra
din
g a
ctiv
itie
s o
f ce
llu
loly
tic
mic
roo
rga
nis
ms
-->
in
cre
ase
fib
re d
ige
stib
ilit
y
-S
tab
ilis
es
rum
ina
l p
H a
nd
de
cre
ase
s th
e r
isk
of
aci
do
sis
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Pro
bio
tics
an
d r
um
ina
l a
cid
osi
s
-La
ctic
aci
d o
ve
rlo
ad
-->
de
cre
ase
an
ima
l p
erf
orm
an
ce,
he
alt
h p
rob
lem
-Li
ve
ye
ast
-->
in
flu
en
ce t
he
ba
lan
ce o
f la
cta
te-m
eta
bo
lisi
ng
ba
cte
ria
-->
lim
itin
g l
act
ate
pro
du
ctio
n f
rom
Str
ep
toco
ccu
s b
ovis
an
d f
av
ou
rin
g l
act
ate
up
tak
e b
y M
eg
asp
ha
era
els
de
nii
or
Se
len
om
on
as
rum
ina
nti
um
-S
. ce
revis
iae
pre
ve
nts
pH
de
cre
ase
by
sti
mu
lati
ng
ce
rta
in p
op
ula
tio
ns
of
cili
ate
pro
tozo
a -
-> r
ap
idly
en
gu
lf s
tarc
h a
nd
eff
ect
ive
ly c
om
pe
te w
ith
am
ilo
lyti
c, l
act
ate
-pro
du
cin
g b
act
eri
a
-B
act
eri
al
pro
bio
tics
-->
M.
els
de
nii
an
d P
rop
ion
iba
cte
riu
msp
p.
uti
lise
lact
ate
as
an
en
erg
y s
ou
rce
-->
co
uld
be
ad
min
iste
red
as
dir
ect
-fe
d
mic
rob
ials
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Pro
bio
tics
an
d p
ath
og
en
s
-P
ath
og
en
s: E
sch
eri
chia
co
liO
15
7 o
r S
alm
on
ell
a
-C
ert
ain
str
ain
s o
f La
cto
ba
cill
us
aci
do
ph
ilu
s--
> d
ecr
ea
se n
um
be
rs o
f E
.
coli
O1
57
in
fe
ed
lot
catt
le f
ae
ces
as
we
ll a
s S
alm
on
ell
a e
nte
rica
-D
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f p
rob
ioti
cs o
n r
am
s w
ou
ld r
ep
rese
nt
a v
ery
pra
ctic
al
stra
teg
y t
o l
imit
pa
tho
ge
n r
ele
ase
in
th
e e
nv
iro
nm
en
t a
nd
th
ere
by
th
e r
isk
of
foo
db
orn
e i
nfe
ctio
ns
in h
um
an
s
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Pro
bio
tics
an
d e
nv
iro
nm
en
t
-E
ruct
ate
d m
eth
an
e r
ep
rese
nts
a l
oss
of
2-1
2%
of
gro
ss e
ne
rgy
in
tak
e
-A
dd
itio
n y
ea
st i
ncr
ea
sed
hy
dro
ge
n u
tili
sati
on
an
d a
ceta
te p
rod
uct
ion
,
an
d r
ed
uce
d m
eth
an
e p
rod
uct
ion
-Is
ola
tio
n o
f h
igh
hy
dro
ge
n-u
tili
sin
g b
act
eri
al
spe
cie
s fr
om
div
ers
e g
ut
en
vir
on
me
nts
-A
ceto
ge
ns
-->
div
ert
s h
yd
rog
en
an
d c
arb
on
dio
xid
e f
rom
me
tha
ne
form
ati
on
in
to a
ceta
te f
orm
ati
on
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Pro
bio
tics
an
d y
ou
ng
pre
-ru
min
an
ts
-Y
ou
ng
pre
-ru
min
an
ts -
-> t
he
ru
me
n i
s n
ot
ye
t d
ev
elo
pe
d
-B
act
eri
al
pro
bio
tics
su
ch a
s la
ctic
aci
d b
act
eri
a (
Lact
ob
aci
llu
ssp
p.,
Bif
ido
ba
cte
riu
msp
p.,
En
tero
cocc
us
spp
., P
rop
ion
iba
cte
riu
msp
p.)
-->
sta
bil
ise
th
e g
ut
mic
rob
iota
an
d l
imit
th
e r
isk
of
pa
tho
ge
n c
olo
nis
ati
on
-Li
ve
ye
ast
-->
fa
vo
ur
mic
rob
ial
colo
nis
ati
on
an
d s
et-
up
of
ferm
en
tati
ve
cap
aci
tie
s in
th
e r
um
en
, im
pro
ve
d w
eig
ht
ga
in a
nd
ru
me
n d
ev
elo
pm
en
t in
yo
un
g c
alv
es
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Mo
de
s o
f a
ctio
n
-P
rod
uct
ion
of
org
an
ic a
cid
s (l
act
ic o
r a
ceti
c a
cid
) b
y b
act
eri
al
pro
bio
tics
--
> d
ecr
ea
se g
ut
pH
-->
mo
re f
av
ou
rab
le e
colo
gic
al
con
dit
ion
s fo
r th
e
resi
de
nt
mic
rob
iota
an
d d
ecr
ea
se t
he
ris
k o
f p
ath
og
en
co
lon
isa
tio
n
-R
ele
ase
of
an
tim
icro
bia
l p
ep
tid
es
such
as
ba
cte
rio
cin
s --
> i
nh
ibit
th
e
gro
wth
of
pa
tho
ge
nic
ba
cte
ria
, o
r p
rod
uct
ion
of
en
zym
es
ab
le t
o
hy
dro
lyse
ba
cte
ria
l to
xin
s
-C
om
pe
titi
ve
ly e
xclu
de
pa
tho
ge
nic
ba
cte
ria
th
rou
gh
th
eir
hig
he
r a
ffin
ity
for
nu
trie
nts
or
ad
he
sio
n s
ite
s
-P
rod
uce
nu
trie
nts
an
d g
row
th f
act
ors
wh
ich
are
sti
mu
lato
ry t
o b
en
efi
cia
l
mic
roo
rga
nis
ms
of
the
gu
t m
icro
bio
ta
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
sno
ye
rs e
t a
l. (
20
09
)
J. D
air
y S
ci.
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
sno
ye
rs e
t a
l. (
20
09
)
J. D
air
y S
ci.
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
sno
ye
rs e
t a
l. (
20
09
)
J. D
air
y S
ci.
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
sno
ye
rs e
t a
l. (
20
09
)
J. D
air
y S
ci.
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Than
k yo
u fo
r yo
ur attention!
Than
k yo
u fo
r yo
ur attention!
“Barangsiapa yang menganggap
dirinya pintar, maka sesungguhnya dia
telah bersiap untuk menjadi bodoh“
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
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