Biological processing (2) Anuraga Jayanegara Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology Outline A. Silage B. Microbial treatment C. Enzyme treatment D. Probiotics and prebiotics Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology B. Microbial treatment Using microbes such as fungi and bacteria for treating various kinds of feeds/feedstuffs Most commonly used microbes: - Various species of fungi --> degrading fiber components - Lactic acid bacteria --> silage additives Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology Rahman et al. (2011)
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Bio
log
ica
l p
roce
ssin
g (
2)
An
ura
ga
Ja
ya
ne
ga
ra
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Ou
tlin
e
A.
Sil
ag
e
B.
Mic
rob
ial tr
ea
tme
nt
C.
En
zym
e t
rea
tme
nt
D.
Pro
bio
tics
an
d p
reb
ioti
cs
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
B.
Mic
rob
ial
tre
atm
en
t
Usi
ng
mic
rob
es
such
as
fun
gi
an
d b
act
eri
a f
or
tre
ati
ng
va
rio
us
kin
ds
of
fee
ds/
fee
dst
uff
s
Mo
st c
om
mo
nly
use
d m
icro
be
s:
-V
ari
ou
s sp
eci
es
of
fun
gi
-->
de
gra
din
g f
ibe
r co
mp
on
en
ts
-La
ctic
aci
d b
act
eri
a -
-> s
ila
ge
ad
dit
ive
s
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Ra
hm
an
et
al.
(2
01
1)
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gyB
. E
nzy
me
tre
atm
en
t
En
zym
es
En
zym
es
are
pro
tein
s (g
lob
ula
r) t
ha
t ca
taly
ze (
incr
ea
se t
he
ra
tes
of)
ch
em
ica
l
rea
ctio
ns
Wo
rk b
y l
ow
eri
ng
th
e a
ctiv
ati
on
en
erg
y (
Ea
), t
hu
s d
ram
ati
call
y i
ncr
ea
sin
g t
he
ra
te
of
the
re
act
ion
-->
mil
lio
n t
ime
s fa
ste
r th
an
th
ose
of
com
pa
rab
le u
nca
taly
zed
rea
ctio
ns
Inh
ibit
ors
:m
ole
cule
s th
at
de
cre
ase
en
zym
e a
ctiv
ity
(e
.g.,
dru
gs
an
d p
ois
on
s)
Act
iva
tors
:m
ole
cule
s th
at
incr
ea
se e
nzy
me
act
ivit
y
Aff
ect
ed
by
te
mp
era
ture
, p
H,
an
d s
ub
stra
te c
on
cen
tra
tio
n
Act
ive
sit
e:
the
re
gio
n i
n e
nzy
me
th
at
cata
lyze
re
act
ion
, b
ind
s th
e s
ub
stra
te,
an
d
rele
ase
th
e p
rod
uct
De
na
tura
tio
n:
dis
rup
t th
e t
hre
e-d
ime
nsi
on
al
stru
ctu
re o
f e
nzy
me
(b
y h
ea
tin
g o
r
che
mic
al
de
na
tura
nts
)
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Cri
teri
a f
or
succ
ess
ful
ap
pli
cati
on
of
en
zym
es
to a
nim
al
fee
ds:
1.
En
zym
e s
tab
ilit
y in
th
e a
nim
al
2.
En
zym
e s
tab
ilit
y in
th
e f
ee
d
3.
En
zym
e s
tab
ilit
y d
uri
ng
an
d a
fte
r p
roce
ssin
g
4.
Inte
ract
ion
be
twe
en
th
e s
ub
stra
te a
nd
th
e e
nzy
me
5.
Ab
ilit
y o
f th
e a
nim
al to
uti
lize
th
e r
ea
ctio
n p
rod
uct
of
the
en
zym
e
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Wh
y u
se e
nzy
me
s in
an
ima
l fe
ed
?
1.
Imp
rovin
g e
ffic
ien
cy a
nd
re
du
cin
g c
ost
-->
bre
ak
do
wn
of
an
ti-
nu
trie
nts
, d
ige
st f
ee
d m
ore
eff
icie
ntl
y,
mo
re p
rod
uct
pe
r u
nit
of
fee
d
2.
Be
tte
r e
nvir
on
me
nt
-->
im
pro
vin
g d
ige
stio
n a
nd
ab
sorp
tio
n,
red
uci
ng
ma
nu
re,
low
eri
ng
P a
nd
N e
xcre
tio
n
3.
He
lpin
g t
o m
ain
tain
gu
t h
ea
lth
-->
im
pro
vin
g n
utr
ien
t
dig
est
ibil
ity
, le
ss n
utr
ien
ts a
va
ila
ble
fo
r th
e p
ote
nti
al
gro
wth
of
dis
ea
se-c
au
sin
g b
act
eri
a
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Wh
at
typ
es
of
en
zym
es
are
use
d i
n a
nim
al
nu
trit
ion
?
1.
C
arb
oh
yd
rase
s
Bre
ak
do
wn
ca
rbo
hyd
rate
s in
to s
imp
le s
ug
ars
(a)
Fib
re-d
eg
rad
ing
en
zym
es
Fib
re:
no
n-s
tarc
h p
oly
sacc
ha
rid
es
Ty
pe
s o
f fi
bre
: so
lub
le,
inso
lub
le
An
ti-n
utr
itio
na
l p
rop
ert
ies
of
fib
re:
(1)
Nu
trie
nts
(st
arc
h a
nd
pro
tein
) a
re t
rap
pe
d w
ith
in t
he
in
solu
ble
fib
rou
s ce
ll
wa
lls
(2)
So
lub
le f
ibre
dis
solv
es
in g
ut,
fo
rmin
g v
isco
us
ge
ls t
ha
t tr
ap
nu
trie
nts
an
d s
low
do
wn
th
e r
ate
s o
f d
ige
stio
n a
nd
pa
ssa
ge
of
fee
d t
hro
ug
h t
he
gu
t
(3)
Fib
re c
an
ho
ld w
ate
r a
nd
tra
p w
ate
r-so
lub
le n
utr
ien
ts
(4)
Fib
re c
rea
tes
bu
lk i
n t
he
gu
t, s
low
s d
ow
n t
he
mo
ve
me
nt
of
fee
d,
red
uce
s fe
ed
inta
ke
an
d g
row
th
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Ma
in f
ibre
-de
gra
din
g e
nzy
me
s:
(1)
Xy
lan
ase
-->
bre
ak
do
wn
ara
bin
oxy
lan
s (p
reva
len
t in
gra
ins
an
d t
he
ir b
y-
pro
du
cts)
(2) β
-glu
can
ase
s --
> b
rea
k d
ow
n β
-glu
can
s (p
reva
len
t in
ba
rle
y a
nd
oa
ts a
nd
the
ir b
y-p
rod
uct
s)
(3) β
-ma
nn
an
ase
, p
ect
ina
se, α
-ga
lact
osi
da
se
(b)
Sta
rch
-de
gra
din
g e
nzy
me
s
De
gre
e o
f st
arc
h d
ige
stib
ilit
y d
ep
en
ds
on
:
(1)
Leve
ls o
f re
sist
an
t st
arc
h
(2)
Sta
rch
gra
nu
le s
ize
(3)
Sta
rch
co
mp
osi
tio
n
(4)
Sta
rch
en
cap
sula
tio
n
Am
yla
ses
bre
ak
do
wn
sta
rch
in
gra
ins,
gra
in b
y-p
rod
uct
s a
nd
so
me
ve
ge
tab
le
pro
tein
s
Am
yla
ses
all
ow
mo
no
ga
stri
cs t
o e
xtra
ct m
ore
en
erg
y f
rom
fe
ed
s, e
spe
cia
lly
for
yo
un
g a
nim
als
wh
ere
th
e d
ige
stiv
e s
yst
em
s a
re s
till
im
ma
ture
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
2.
Pro
tea
ses
Bre
ak
do
wn
sto
rag
e p
rote
ins
an
d p
rote
ina
ceo
us
an
ti-n
utr
ien
ts (
such
as
try
psi
n
inh
ibit
ors
an
d l
ect
ins)
Sto
rag
e p
rote
ins:
pro
tein
s g
en
era
ted
ma
inly
du
rin
g s
ee
d p
rod
uct
ion
an
d s
tore
d i
n
the
se
ed
to
pro
vid
e a
nit
rog
en
so
urc
e f
or
the
de
ve
lop
ing
em
bry
o d
uri
ng
ge
rmin
ati
on
Try
psi
n i
nh
ibit
ors
:in
hib
it d
ige
stio
n,
blo
ck t
he
en
zym
e t
ryp
sin
(se
cre
ted
by
th
e
pa
ncr
ea
s a
nd
he
lps
to b
rea
k d
ow
n p
rote
in i
n s
ma
ll i
nte
stin
e)
Lect
ins:
sug
ar-
bin
din
g p
rote
ins
tha
t re
du
ce d
ige
stib
ilit
y
3.
Ph
yta
ses
Ph
osp
ho
rus
(P)
is i
mp
ort
an
t fo
r b
on
e d
eve
lop
me
nt
an
d m
eta
bo
lic
pro
cess
es
Mo
st o
f P
in
pla
nt-
de
rive
d i
ng
red
ien
ts i
s in
th
e f
orm
of
ph
yta
te
Ph
yta
te f
orm
s co
mp
lexe
s w
ith
min
era
ls,
pro
tein
s a
nd
sta
rch
, m
ak
ing
th
em
un
ava
ila
ble
fo
r a
bso
rpti
on
Su
pp
lem
en
tin
g t
he
fe
ed
wit
h p
hy
tase
re
lea
ses
ph
yta
te-b
ou
nd
min
era
ls,
pro
tein
s
an
d s
tarc
h
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Wh
y u
se f
ee
d e
nzy
me
s in
ru
min
an
t d
iets
?
(1)
To
de
cre
ase
th
e c
ost
of
pro
du
cin
g m
ea
t a
nd
mil
k
(2)
To
im
pro
ve
fe
ed
co
nve
rsio
n e
ffic
ien
cy a
nd
an
ima
l p
erf
orm
an
ce
(3)
To
im
pro
ve
fib
re d
ige
stib
ilit
y
Mo
de
of
act
ion
En
zym
e a
dd
itiv
es
are
re
lati
ve
ly s
tab
le i
n t
he
ru
min
al
en
vir
on
me
nt
esp
eci
all
y
wh
en
ad
min
iste
red
via
th
e f
ee
d -
-> c
on
dit
ion
s in
th
e r
um
en
aft
er
fee
din
g:
red
uce
d p
rote
oly
tic
act
ivit
y a
nd
lo
we
r p
H;
the
pre
sen
ce o
f fe
ed
su
bst
rate
he
lps
de
cre
ase
th
e s
en
siti
vit
y o
f e
nzy
me
s to
in
act
iva
tio
n
En
zym
e a
dd
itiv
es
sup
ply
ab
ou
t 5
-15
% o
f e
nzy
mic
act
ivit
ies
no
rma
lly
pre
sen
t in
the
ru
me
n
Init
iate
hy
dro
lysi
s o
f th
e f
ibre
-->
in
cre
ase
s th
e s
urf
ace
are
a -
-> s
tim
ula
te
ad
he
sio
n t
o f
ibre
an
d c
olo
niz
ati
on
of
rum
ina
l m
icro
be
s
Re
spo
nse
s to
fib
roly
tic
en
zym
es
are
gre
ate
st w
he
n d
ige
stib
le e
ne
rgy
is
the
fir
st
lim
itin
g f
act
or
in t
he
die
t
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
An
ima
l re
spo
nse
s to
en
zym
e a
dd
itiv
es
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
D.
Pro
bio
tics
an
d p
reb
ioti
cs
Ga
stro
-in
test
ina
l tr
act
(G
IT)
of
do
me
stic
an
ima
ls h
arb
ou
rs d
en
se a
nd
com
ple
x m
icro
bia
l co
mm
un
itie
s; c
om
po
sed
of
ba
cte
ria
, p
roto
zoa
, fu
ng
i,
arc
ha
ea
, a
nd
vir
use
s
Be
ne
fici
al
eff
ect
s o
f G
IT m
icro
bia
l co
mm
un
itie
s:
(1)
Inv
olv
ed
in
dig
est
ion
an
d f
erm
en
tati
on
of
pla
nt
po
lym
ers
(2)
Sy
nth
esi
s o
f v
ita
min
s
(3)
Bio
con
ve
rsio
n o
f to
xic
com
po
un
ds
to n
on
to
xic
resi
du
es
(4)
Sti
mu
lati
on
of
the
im
mu
ne
sy
ste
m
(5)
Ma
inte
na
nce
of
gu
t p
eri
sta
lsis
an
d in
test
ina
l m
uco
sa i
nte
gri
ty
(6)
Pla
ys
a b
arr
ier
role
ag
ain
st c
olo
nis
ati
on
by
pa
tho
ge
ns
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Fa
cto
rs a
ffe
ctin
g c
om
po
siti
on
an
d f
un
ctio
ns
of
gu
t m
icro
bio
ta:
(1)
Fe
ed
ing
pra
ctic
es
(2)
Co
mp
osi
tio
n o
f a
nim
al
die
ts
(3)
Fa
rm m
an
ag
em
en
t
(4)
Pro
du
ctiv
ity
co
nst
rain
ts
So
me
exa
mp
les:
-A
n a
bru
pt
shif
t fr
om
fo
rag
e-b
ase
d t
o h
igh
re
ad
ily
-fe
rme
nta
ble
die
t --
>
incr
ea
se r
isk
of
rum
ina
l a
cid
osi
s
-W
ea
nin
g -
-> i
mm
atu
re g
ut
mic
rob
iota
ha
s to
fa
ce a
n a
bru
pt
cha
ng
e i
n
die
t --
> i
ncr
ea
se t
he
su
sce
pti
bil
ity
of
the
yo
un
g a
nim
als
to
pa
tho
ge
n
colo
nis
ati
on
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Po
ssib
ilit
y t
o u
se f
ee
d s
up
ple
me
nts
to
ach
iev
e b
ett
er
an
ima
l h
ea
lth
,
we
lfa
re a
nd
pro
du
ctiv
ity
th
rou
gh
ma
nip
ula
tio
n o
f th
e G
IT m
icro
bia
l
eco
syst
em
Gro
wth
-pro
mo
tin
g a
nti
bio
tics
-->
sa
fety
co
nce
rns:
an
tib
ioti
c re
sist
an
ce i
n
en
vir
on
me
nt,
pe
rsis
ten
ce o
f ch
em
ica
l re
sid
ue
s in
an
ima
l p
rod
uct
s--
>
mo
re n
atu
ral
pro
du
cts:
pro
bio
tics
De
fin
itio
n:
A s
ou
rce
of
liv
e (
via
ble
) n
atu
rall
y o
ccu
rrin
g m
icro
org
an
ism
s th
at
can
be
ne
fici
all
y a
ffe
ct t
he
ba
lan
ce o
f G
IT m
icro
bio
ta
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Pro
bio
tics
id
ea
lly
:
(1)
Via
ble
an
d c
ap
ab
le o
f g
row
ing
in
th
e i
nte
stin
al
tra
ct
(2)
Ab
le t
o s
urv
ive
pa
ssa
ge
th
rou
gh
th
e h
igh
ly a
cid
sto
ma
ch
(3)
Re
sist
an
t to
bil
e i
f th
ey
are
to
su
rviv
e i
n t
he
in
test
ine
(4)
Ca
pa
ble
of
com
pe
tin
g w
ith
exi
stin
g g
ut
mic
rofl
ora
an
d h
ost
-sp
eci
fic
(5)
Ca
pa
ble
of
pro
du
cin
g t
he
de
sire
d e
ffe
ct i
n t
he
ho
st a
nim
al,
su
ch a
s
inh
ibit
ing
gro
wth
of
pa
tho
ge
ns
an
d p
rov
idin
g d
ige
stiv
e e
nzy
me
s
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
ma
rke
ted
pro
du
cts
for
rum
ina
nts
-->
liv
e y
ea
st
(Sa
cch
aro
myce
s ce
revis
iae
) p
rep
ara
tio
ns
Eff
ect
s o
f li
ve
ye
ast
s:
-In
cre
ase
DM
I a
nd
mil
k p
rod
uct
ion
(d
air
y)
-In
cre
ase
AD
G,
fin
al
we
igh
t, i
nta
ke
, fe
ed
to
ga
in r
ati
o (
be
ef)
-G
rea
ter
tota
l cu
ltu
rab
le r
um
ina
l b
act
eri
al
po
pu
lati
on
de
nsi
tie
s
-S
tim
ula
ted
gro
wth
an
d f
ibre
-de
gra
din
g a
ctiv
itie
s o
f ce
llu
loly
tic
mic
roo
rga
nis
ms
-->
in
cre
ase
fib
re d
ige
stib
ilit
y
-S
tab
ilis
es
rum
ina
l p
H a
nd
de
cre
ase
s th
e r
isk
of
aci
do
sis
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Pro
bio
tics
an
d r
um
ina
l a
cid
osi
s
-La
ctic
aci
d o
ve
rlo
ad
-->
de
cre
ase
an
ima
l p
erf
orm
an
ce,
he
alt
h p
rob
lem
-Li
ve
ye
ast
-->
in
flu
en
ce t
he
ba
lan
ce o
f la
cta
te-m
eta
bo
lisi
ng
ba
cte
ria
-->
lim
itin
g l
act
ate
pro
du
ctio
n f
rom
Str
ep
toco
ccu
s b
ovis
an
d f
av
ou
rin
g l
act
ate
up
tak
e b
y M
eg
asp
ha
era
els
de
nii
or
Se
len
om
on
as
rum
ina
nti
um
-S
. ce
revis
iae
pre
ve
nts
pH
de
cre
ase
by
sti
mu
lati
ng
ce
rta
in p
op
ula
tio
ns
of
cili
ate
pro
tozo
a -
-> r
ap
idly
en
gu
lf s
tarc
h a
nd
eff
ect
ive
ly c
om
pe
te w
ith
am
ilo
lyti
c, l
act
ate
-pro
du
cin
g b
act
eri
a
-B
act
eri
al
pro
bio
tics
-->
M.
els
de
nii
an
d P
rop
ion
iba
cte
riu
msp
p.
uti
lise
lact
ate
as
an
en
erg
y s
ou
rce
-->
co
uld
be
ad
min
iste
red
as
dir
ect
-fe
d
mic
rob
ials
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Pro
bio
tics
an
d p
ath
og
en
s
-P
ath
og
en
s: E
sch
eri
chia
co
liO
15
7 o
r S
alm
on
ell
a
-C
ert
ain
str
ain
s o
f La
cto
ba
cill
us
aci
do
ph
ilu
s--
> d
ecr
ea
se n
um
be
rs o
f E
.
coli
O1
57
in
fe
ed
lot
catt
le f
ae
ces
as
we
ll a
s S
alm
on
ell
a e
nte
rica
-D
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f p
rob
ioti
cs o
n r
am
s w
ou
ld r
ep
rese
nt
a v
ery
pra
ctic
al
stra
teg
y t
o l
imit
pa
tho
ge
n r
ele
ase
in
th
e e
nv
iro
nm
en
t a
nd
th
ere
by
th
e r
isk
of
foo
db
orn
e i
nfe
ctio
ns
in h
um
an
s
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Pro
bio
tics
an
d e
nv
iro
nm
en
t
-E
ruct
ate
d m
eth
an
e r
ep
rese
nts
a l
oss
of
2-1
2%
of
gro
ss e
ne
rgy
in
tak
e
-A
dd
itio
n y
ea
st i
ncr
ea
sed
hy
dro
ge
n u
tili
sati
on
an
d a
ceta
te p
rod
uct
ion
,
an
d r
ed
uce
d m
eth
an
e p
rod
uct
ion
-Is
ola
tio
n o
f h
igh
hy
dro
ge
n-u
tili
sin
g b
act
eri
al
spe
cie
s fr
om
div
ers
e g
ut
en
vir
on
me
nts
-A
ceto
ge
ns
-->
div
ert
s h
yd
rog
en
an
d c
arb
on
dio
xid
e f
rom
me
tha
ne
form
ati
on
in
to a
ceta
te f
orm
ati
on
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Pro
bio
tics
an
d y
ou
ng
pre
-ru
min
an
ts
-Y
ou
ng
pre
-ru
min
an
ts -
-> t
he
ru
me
n i
s n
ot
ye
t d
ev
elo
pe
d
-B
act
eri
al
pro
bio
tics
su
ch a
s la
ctic
aci
d b
act
eri
a (
Lact
ob
aci
llu
ssp
p.,
Bif
ido
ba
cte
riu
msp
p.,
En
tero
cocc
us
spp
., P
rop
ion
iba
cte
riu
msp
p.)
-->
sta
bil
ise
th
e g
ut
mic
rob
iota
an
d l
imit
th
e r
isk
of
pa
tho
ge
n c
olo
nis
ati
on
-Li
ve
ye
ast
-->
fa
vo
ur
mic
rob
ial
colo
nis
ati
on
an
d s
et-
up
of
ferm
en
tati
ve
cap
aci
tie
s in
th
e r
um
en
, im
pro
ve
d w
eig
ht
ga
in a
nd
ru
me
n d
ev
elo
pm
en
t in
yo
un
g c
alv
es
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Mo
de
s o
f a
ctio
n
-P
rod
uct
ion
of
org
an
ic a
cid
s (l
act
ic o
r a
ceti
c a
cid
) b
y b
act
eri
al
pro
bio
tics
--
> d
ecr
ea
se g
ut
pH
-->
mo
re f
av
ou
rab
le e
colo
gic
al
con
dit
ion
s fo
r th
e
resi
de
nt
mic
rob
iota
an
d d
ecr
ea
se t
he
ris
k o
f p
ath
og
en
co
lon
isa
tio
n
-R
ele
ase
of
an
tim
icro
bia
l p
ep
tid
es
such
as
ba
cte
rio
cin
s --
> i
nh
ibit
th
e
gro
wth
of
pa
tho
ge
nic
ba
cte
ria
, o
r p
rod
uct
ion
of
en
zym
es
ab
le t
o
hy
dro
lyse
ba
cte
ria
l to
xin
s
-C
om
pe
titi
ve
ly e
xclu
de
pa
tho
ge
nic
ba
cte
ria
th
rou
gh
th
eir
hig
he
r a
ffin
ity
for
nu
trie
nts
or
ad
he
sio
n s
ite
s
-P
rod
uce
nu
trie
nts
an
d g
row
th f
act
ors
wh
ich
are
sti
mu
lato
ry t
o b
en
efi
cia
l
mic
roo
rga
nis
ms
of
the
gu
t m
icro
bio
ta
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
sno
ye
rs e
t a
l. (
20
09
)
J. D
air
y S
ci.
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
sno
ye
rs e
t a
l. (
20
09
)
J. D
air
y S
ci.
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
sno
ye
rs e
t a
l. (
20
09
)
J. D
air
y S
ci.
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
De
sno
ye
rs e
t a
l. (
20
09
)
J. D
air
y S
ci.
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Than
k yo
u fo
r yo
ur attention!
Than
k yo
u fo
r yo
ur attention!
“Barangsiapa yang menganggap
dirinya pintar, maka sesungguhnya dia
telah bersiap untuk menjadi bodoh“
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
utr
itio
n a
nd
Fe
ed
Te
chn
olo
gy
Related Documents
