Transcript
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recognize over )) common poses. "he data from the 2inect is fed to a 86 which
contains the control instructions. "he 86 is loaded with the .9!" program commands.
"he 86 is connected to the microcontroller I6 :8I6&4+-;;< via an 57
cable.57 is preferred over =70 as it gives a pure serial output and eliminates the
hassles associated with data commands. "he Microcontroller with its -2 memory can be
programmed to respond to gestures of our choice. "he microcontroller sends the
appropriate commands for the corresponding gestures and because of its internal
program memory a large number of program commands can be stored on the
microcontroller for every function of a normal remote control.
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Chapter 2
PERIPHERAL INTERFACE CONTROLLERS (PIC)
8eripheral Interface 6ontrollers :8I6< is one of the advanced microcontrollers
developed by microchip technologies. "hese microcontrollers are widely used in
modern electronics applications. > 8I6 controller integrates all type of advanced
interfacing ports and memory modules. "hese controllers are more advanced than
normal microcontroller like I9"!$ -)(&. "he first 8I6 chip was announced in &';(
:8I6&4()s like normal microcontroller, the 8I6 chip also combines
a microprocessor unit called 68= and is integrated with various types of memory
modules :5>M, 5OM, !!85OM, etcll 8I6 microcontroller family uses Harvard architecture. "his architecture has
the program and data accessed from separate memories so the device has a program
memory bus and a data memory bus :more than - lines in a normal bus
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=p to 4-A-bit of 5>M :data memory have B) pin by path of I?O.
+ig .&.&
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8I6&4+-;;> perfectly fits many uses, from automotive industries and
controlling home appliances to industrial instruments, remote sensors, electrical door
locks and safety devices. It is also ideal for smart cards as well as for battery supplied
devices because of its low consumption. !!85OM memory makes it easier to apply
microcontrollers to devices where permanent storage of various parameters is needed
:codes for transmitters, motor speed, receiver freEuencies, etc. applicable even in areas
where microcontrollers had not previously been considered :e1ample@ timer functions,
interface replacement in larger systems, coprocessor applications, etc.
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+ig .&. Internal/>rchitecture/of/8I6&4+-;;>/6hip
H$h*Per+!r,an#e RISC CPU-
Only ( single/word instructions to learn
>ll single/cycle instructions e1cept for program branches, which are two/cycle
Operating speed@ C6 D ) MHz clock input C6 D )) ns instruction cycle
=p to -2 1 &B words of +lash 8rogram Memory, =p to 4- 1 - bytes of Cata
Memory :5>M
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Per$pheral Features-
"imer)@ -/bit timer?counter with -/bit prescaler
"imer&@ &4/bit timer?counter with prescaler, can be incremented during 7leep via
e1ternal crystal?clock
"imer@ -/bit timer?counter with -/bit period register, prescaler and postscaler
"wo 6apture, 6ompare, 8WM modules
7ynchronous 7erial 8ort :778< with 78IF :Master mode< and I6F
:Master?7lavesynchronous 5eceiver
"ransmitter :=7>5"?76I< with '/bit address detection
8arallel 7lave 8ort :878< D - bits wide with e1ternal 5C, W5 and 67 controls
:B)?BB/pin only?CM
memory used only for this purpose.
!ach time the main program e1ecution starts at address )))) D 5eset *ector.
"he address )))B is #reserved% for the #interrupt service routine% :I75
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four banks :0>92 ), 0>92 &, 0>92 , and 0>92B
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"able .. 7">"=7 register selects
Data EEPRO an" FLASH
"he data !!85OM and +lash program memory is readable and writable during normal
operation :over the full *CC range">
L !!C>"H
L !!>C5
L !!>C5H
"he !!85OM data memory allows single/byte read and writes. "he +lash
program memory allows single/word reads and four/word block writes. 8rogram
memory write operations automatically perform an erase/before write on blocks of four
words. > byte write in data !!85OM memory automatically erases the location and
writes the new data :erase/before/writeccording to the
type of applications and usage, these packages are differentiated. "he pin diagrams of a
8I6&4+-;; chip in different packages are shown in the figure below.
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0>92 58) 58&
) ) )
& & )
) &
& &
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+ig &..& 8I6&4+-;;> pin details
Input!utput p!rts
8I6&4+-;; has ( basic input?output ports. "hey are usually denoted by 8O5" >
:5 >% is only 4 bits wide :5>/
) to 5>/;
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>ll these ports are bi/directional. "he direction of the port is controlled by using
"5I7:3< registers :"5I7 > used to set the direction of 8O5"/>, "5I7 0 used to set the
direction for 8O5"/0, etc.< bit to logical &J and
want to set 8O5" 0 as an output, ust set the 8O5" 0 bits to logical )J.nalog input port :>9) "O >9;5" transmission and reception ports.
762@ these pins are used for giving synchronous serial clock input.
76$@ these pins act as an output for both 78I and I6 modes.
C"@ these are synchronous data terminals.
62@ synchronous clock input.
7C)@ 78I data output :78I Modective low reset
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"H*@ High voltage test mode controlling.
*ref :N?/
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3">$& and 3">$ are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting
amplifier that can be configured for use as an on/chip oscillator, as shown in +igure &&.
!ither a Euartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. "o drive the device from an
e1ternal clock source, 3">$ should be left unconnected while 3">$& is driven, as
shown in +igure &. "here are no reEuirements on the duty cycle of the e1ternal clock
signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide/by/two flip/
flop, but minimum and ma1imum voltage high and lower time specifications must be
observed.
+ig &.. Oscillator 6onnection and e1ternal clock drive configuration
Chapter
CD34%% S5ITCHING IC
"he 6CB)440 is a Euad bilateral switch intended for the transmission or
multiple1ing of analog or digital signals. It is pin/for/pin compatible with the 6CB)&40,
but e1hibits a much lower on/state resistance. In addition, the on/state resistance is
relatively constant over the full signal/input range.
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6CB)440 consists of four bilateral switches, each with independent controls.
0oth the p and the n devices in a given switch are biased on or off simultaneously by the
control signal.
+ig .& 8in description of 6CB)44
Features
Wide supply voltage range * to &(*
.High noise immunity ).B( *CC
High O9?O++ 4( d0 output voltage ratio
High degree linearity ).&P distortion
!1tremely low O++ ).& n> switch leakage *CC
$ow crosstalk () d0 between switches
Appl$#at$!ns
>nalog signal switching?multiple1ing
7ignal gating
7Euelch control
6hopper
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Modulator?Cemodulator
6ommutating switch
Cigital signal switching?multiple1ing
6MO7 logic implementation
>nalog/to/digital?digital/to/analog conversion
Chapter 3
RS*22 SERIAL INTERFACE
57/ working is based on the =>5" module. >nd our microcontroller is also
contained the =>5" module. "he asynchronous serial interface was designed as a
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system/to/system communications port. >synchronous means that no synchronization
or clocking signal is present, so characters can be sent with any arbitrary time spacing.
!ach data signal that is sent over a serial connection is framed by a standardstart/and/stop signal. > single ) bit, called the start bit, precedes each character to tell
the receiving system that the ne1t eight bits constitute a byte of data. One or two stop
bits follow the character to signal that the character has been sent. >t the receiving end
of the communication, characters are recognized by the start/and/stop signals instead of
by the timing of their arrival. "he asynchronous interface is character oriented and has
an appro1imate )P overhead for the e1tra information that is needed to identify each
data signal.
+ig B.&@ '/8in C/"ype 57/ 7erial port 8in Cescription
7erial refers to data that is sent over a single wire, with each bit lining up in a
series as the bits are sent. "his type of communication is used over the phone system
because it provides one wire for data in each direction.
"he heart of any serial port is the =niversal >synchronous 5eceiver?"ransmitter
:=>5"< chip. "his chip completely controls the process of breaking the native parallel
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data within the 86 into serial format and later converting serial data back into the
parallel format.
In the serial port we are only using the pins , and ( :5eceive, "ransmit and7ignal round< because without other control signals the serial port can work properly.
>nd for microcontroller to computer communication we are using the =>5" module in
the microcontroller, it only needs 53C and round pins because here the
microcontroller is only receiving the dataJs from the computer.
+ig B. M>3 pinout and diagram
+igure showing the I6 M>3 that converts the 57 logic level into ""$
compatible logic level and vice/versa.
Chapter 6
7INECT
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2inectis a motion sensing input device by Microsoft for the 3bo1 4) video
game console and Windows 86s. 0ased around a webcam/style add/on peripheral for
the 3bo1 4) console, it enables users to control and interact with the 3bo1 4) without
the need to touch a game controller, through a natural user interface using gestures and
spoken commands. "he proect is aimed at broadening the 3bo1 4)s audience beyond
its typical gamer base. 2inect competes with the Wii 5emote 8lus and 8lay7tation
Move with 8lay7tation !ye motion controllers for the Wii and 8lay7tation home
consoles, respectively. > version for Windows was released on +ebruary &, )&.
2inect was launched in 9orth >merica on 9ovember B, )&), in !urope on 9ovember
&), )&), in >ustralia,9ew Qealand and 7ingapore on 9ovember &-, )&), and in Rapan on 9ovember
), )&). 8urchase options for the sensor peripheral include a bundle with the game
2inect >dventures and console bundles with either a B 0 or () 0 3bo1 4)
console and 2inect >dventures. >fter selling a total of - million units in its first 4)
days, the 2inect holds the uinness World 5ecord of being the Sfastest selling
consumer electronics deviceS. &- million units of the 2inect sensor had been shipped as
of Ranuary )&.Microsoft released 2inect software development kit for Windows ; on
Rune &4, )&&. "his 7C2 will allow developers to write 2inecting apps in 6NN?6$I, 6T,
or *isual 0asic .9!".
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+ig (.& kinect
D Depth Sens!rsD "his is a combination of a depth proector :left reticule regular video camera that has a resolution of 4B)1B-) at )
frames per second
!t!r$/e" T$ltD "he motorized tilt enables you to adust the camera up or
down ; degrees to ensure that the camera has the best possible view
ult$*Arra. $#r!ph!neD > four/microphone array that is mounted as a
single microphone
61 Te#hn!l!.
2inect builds on software technology developed internally by 5are, a subsidiary
of Microsoft ame 7tudios owned by Microsoft, and on range camera technology by
Israeli developer 8rime 7ense, which developed a system that can interpret specific
gestures, making completely hands/free control of electronic devices possible by using
an infrared proector and camera and a special microchip to track the movement of
obects and individuals in three dimension. "his C scanner system called $ight 6oding
employs a variant of image/based C reconstruction. "he 2inect sensor is a horizontal
bar connected to a small base with a motorized pivot and is designed to be positioned
lengthwise above or below the video display. "he device features an S50 camera,
depth sensor and multi/array microphone running proprietary softwareS, which provide
full/body C motion capture, facial recognition and voice recognition capabilities. >tlaunch, voice recognition was only made available in Rapan, the =nited 2ingdom,
6anada and the =nited 7tates. Mainland !urope received the feature later in spring
)&&. 6urrently voice recognition is supported in >ustralia, 6anada, +rance, ermany,
Ireland, Italy, Rapan, Me1ico, 9ew Qealand, =nited 2ingdom and =nited 7tates. "he
2inect sensors microphone array enables the 3bo1 4) to conduct acoustic source
localization and ambient noise suppression, allowing for things such as headset/free
party chat over 3bo1 $ive.
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"he depth sensor consists of an infrared laser proector combined with a
monochrome 6MO7 sensor, which captures video data in C under any ambient light
conditions. "he sensing range of the depth sensor is adustable, and the 2inect software
is capable of automatically calibrating the sensor based on game play and the players
physical environment, accommodating for the presence of furniture or other obstacles.
Cescribed by Microsoft personnel as the primary innovation of 2inect, the software
technology enables advanced gesture recognition, facial recognition and voice
recognition. >ccording to information supplied to retailers, 2inect is capable of
simultaneously tracking up to si1 people, including two active players for motion
analysis with a feature e1traction of ) oints per player. However, 8rime 7ense has
stated that the number of people the device can SseeS :but not process as players< is onlylimited by how many will fit in the field/of/view of the camera.
+ig.(.&.& image shows the laser grid 2inect uses to calculate depth this infrared
5everse engineering has determined that the 2inect sensor outputs video at a
frame rate of ) Hz. "he 50 video stream uses -/bit *> resolution :4B) A B-)
pi1els< with a 0ayer color filter, while the
Monochrome depth sensing video stream is in *> resolution :4B) A B-)
pi1els< with &&/bit depth, which provides ,)B- levels of sensitivity. "he 2inect sensor
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has a practical ranging limit of &.D.( m :.'D&& ft< distance when used with the 3bo1
software. "he area reEuired to play 2inect is roughly 4 m, although the sensor can
maintain tracking through an e1tended range of appro1imately ).;D4 m :.D) ft
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(..& Motion Cetection working
"he prototype for MicrosoftJs 2inect camera and microphone famously cost
X),))). >t midnight "hursday morning, youJll be able to buy it for X&() as an 3bo14) peripheral.
Microsoft is proecting that it will sell ( million units between now and
6hristmas. WeJll have more details and a review of the system soon, but for now itJs
worth taking some time to think about how it all works.
Ca,era
2inectJs camera is powered by both hardware and software. >nd it does two
things@ generate a three/dimensional :moving< image of the obects in its field of view,
and recognize :moving< human beings among those obects.
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+ig.(.. >n intensity image and gray scale coded depth image of a person.
7ince the background is similar color to the personJs shirt, it is difficult for the computer
to segment the person from the background using the intensity image. "he segmentation
is trivial using the depth image
Older software programs used differences in color and te1tureto distinguish obects
from their backgrounds. 8rime 7ense, the company whose tech powers 2inect, and
recent Microsoft acEuisition 6anesta use a different model. "he camera transmits
invisible near/infrared light and measures its #time of flight% after it reflect off the
obects.
"ime/of/flight works like sonar@ If you know how long the light takes to return,
you know how far away an obect is. 6ast a big field, with lots of pings going back and
forth at the speed of light, and you can know how far away a lot of obects are.
=sing an infrared generator also partially solves the problem of ambient light.
7ince the sensor isnJt designed to register visible light, it doesnJt get Euite as many false
positives.
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8rime 7ense and 2inect go one step further and encode information in the near/
I5 light.>s that information is returned, some of it is deformed Y which in turn can
help generate a finer image of those obectsJ /C te1ture, not ust their depth.
With this tech, 2inect can distinguish obectsJ depthwithin & centimeter and
their height and width within mm.
+igure (.. 8rime 7enses !1plaining the 8rime 7ensor 5eference Cesign.
Chapter %
PO5ER SUPPL=
> stable C6 power is necessary for the proper working of most of the electronic
system. "he reEuired C6 power is derived from the ac mains using a transformer,
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http://www.joystiq.com/2010/06/19/kinect-how-it-works-from-the-company-behind-the-tech/http://www.joystiq.com/2010/06/19/kinect-how-it-works-from-the-company-behind-the-tech/http://www.primesense.com/?p=514http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/gadgetlab/2010/11/PrimeSense-01.pnghttp://www.joystiq.com/2010/06/19/kinect-how-it-works-from-the-company-behind-the-tech/http://www.joystiq.com/2010/06/19/kinect-how-it-works-from-the-company-behind-the-tech/http://www.primesense.com/?p=5147/27/2019 Project Report.doc 1
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rectifier, filter and voltage regulators. "he )*?() hertz >6 voltage is at first step
down using a step down transformer. "hen the voltage is rectified using the bridge
rectifier. "he output may contain dc components called ripples. It is removed by
capacitive filtering. 0ut the produced C6 voltage will vary with changes in the mains
voltage. 7o to provide a stable voltage, voltage regulators are used.
> voltage stabilizer is an electronic circuit that
supplies a constant voltage regardless of changes in load current, temperature, and >6
line voltage. >lthough voltage regulators can be designed using op/amps, it is Euicker
and easier to use I6 *oltage regulators. +urthermore, I6 voltage regulators are versatile
and relatively ine1pensive and are available with features such as programmable output,
current ? voltage boosting, internal short Dcircuit current limiting, thermal shut down,and floating operation for high voltage applications. I6 voltage stabilizers are of the
following types@ +i1ed output voltage regulators :8ositive and?or 9egativedustable
output voltage regulators :8ositive or 9egative output voltage< 7witching regulators and
7pecial regulators. !1cept for the switching regulators, all other type of regulators is
called linear regulators 7eries regulators use a power transistor connected in series
between the unregulated C6 input and the load. "he output voltage is controlled by
continuous voltage drop taking place across the series pass transistor. 7ince the
transistor conducts in the active or linear region, these regulators are also called linear
regulators.
"he impedance of a linear regulatorJs active element may be continuously varied
to supply a desired current to load. On the other hand, in a switching 5egulator power
transistor is turned on and off at a rate such that the regulator delivers the desired
average current in periodic pulses to the load. 0ecause the switching element dissipates
negligible power in either on or off state, the switching regulators are more efficientthan the linear regulators. 9evertheless, in the switching regulators the power
dissipation is substantial during the switching intervals :on to off or off to on
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used as control circuits in 8ulse Width Modulation :8WMlmost all power supplies use some kind of voltage
regulator I6 because they are simple to use, reliable, low in cost and above all available
in a variety of voltage and current ratings. > vast number of *oltage regulators are
available, data sheets and application notes provided by the manufacturer contain
information on the design and use of these devices.
With the advent of microelectronics it is possible to incorporate the
complete circuit of voltage regulators on monolithic silicon chip :I6
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+or >6 power conversion we need two power transformers one in transmitter and
another in the receiver. 5eEuired specification for the transformer is given below,
*oltage@ >6 )*?4*
+reEuency@ () Hz
6urrent@ ())ma
+or our proect we reEuire one ( * supply. +or this at first a step down
transformer with rating )?4/), & >mpere is used. "he stepped down voltage is
rectified using a bridge rectifier making use of four &9B)); diodes. "he output of the
rectifier is filtered to remove ripples using a capacitive filter of B;)) microfarad. "henthe output is given to a voltage regulator with I6 ;-)( that produces (* output.
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Chapter '
5OR7ING
+ig ;.& 0lock diagram
"he 2inect can be considered as the key component in our model of *irtual
5emote. "he 2inect sends out I5 beams across the entire field or area by means of its
infrared laser proector. "he beams are deflected off obects or obstacles in its path and
these deflected beams are picked up by the 6MO7 sensor. "he kinect forms a skeletal
like framework of the body, much like the ones used in animatronics and motion capture
mechanism used in movie studios. "he 2inect already comes preloaded with the data to
recognize over )) common poses. "he 2inect cannot be connected to the
microprocessor directly as the microprocessor will not be able to process images
directly from kinect, "he data from the 2inect is 6O99!6"!C to a 86 via =70 ."he
86 contains the control instructions. "he 86 is loaded with the .net program commands.
"he 86 is connected to the microcontroller I6 :8I6&4+-;;< via an 57 cable.57is preferred over =70 as it gives a pure serial output and eliminates the hassles
associated with data commands.M>3 level converter is being used here so as to
step down the output voltage to the optimum value to be used with a microcontroller.
"he microcontroller is fed with a (* power supply.
"he M>3 is an integrated circuit, first created by Ma1im Integrated
8roducts, that converts signals from an 57/ serial port to signals suitable for use in
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""$ compatible digital logic circuits. "he M>3 is a dual driver?receiver and
typically converts the 53, "3, 6"7 and 5"7 signals.
"he drivers provide 57/ voltage level outputs :appro1. Z ;.( *< from a single
N ( * supply via on/chip charge pumps and e1ternal capacitors. "his makes it useful for
implementing 57/ in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the
) * to N ( * range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated
ust for driving the 57/ in this case.
"he receivers reduce 57/ inputs :which may be as high as Z ( *3> is backwards compatible with the original M>3 but
may operate at higher baud rates and can use smaller e1ternal capacitors D ).& [+ in
place of the &.) [+ capacitors used with the original device.
"he Microcontroller with its -2 memory can be programmed to respond to
gestures of our choice. "he microcontroller sends the appropriate commands for the
corresponding gestures and because of its internal program memory a large number of
program commands can be stored on the microcontroller for every function of a normal
remote control. > B MHz crystal oscillator is used to set clock pulse to the
microcontroller. "he $6C display is used to view the commands. It displays appropriate
commands for each gesture. If we show the gesture for ne1t channel, it displays 9!3",
and likewise they display commands in accordance with the data they are fed. >ny I.5
transmitter fully compatible with the device we are operating on can be used. 7o ingeneral , when a person waves his hand or shows a particular gesture, the image of his
gesture is captured by 2inect camera and the gesture is compared with a seEuence of
preloaded gesture stored inside the kinect. If a match is found, then the data is send to
the 86 which contains the control instructions. "he 86 sends the instructions to the
microcontroller which processes and analyzes the data and sends the accurate data to the
I5 "ransmitter which is compatible with the device which is being operated.
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"he newer M>3 is also backwards compatible, but operates at a broader
voltage range, from to (.( *. "he Microcontroller with its -2 memory can be
programmed to respond to gestures of our choice. "he microcontroller sends the
appropriate commands for the corresponding gestures and because of its internal
program memory a large number of program commands can be stored on the
microcontroller for every function of a normal remote control.
'1 P!9er Suppl.
+ig ;.&.& 8ower 7upply 6ircuit Ciagram
+igures showing "5 power supply circuit diagram for 8I6 microcontroller. In
the power supply the transformer converting the )* >6 mains in to ).(> 4* >6.
"his is then rectifying using four &9B)); diodes arranged in bridge configuration,
filtered by &)))uf electrolytic capacitor. "his voltage may be about -* to regulate this
voltage to (* we are using ;-)( (* regulator and the ).)&uf capacitor is using for
eliminating the 5+ noises.
'2 Inter+a#$n LCD !"ules 9$th PIC
> large number of embedded proect reEuire some type of user interface. "his
includes displaying numerical, te1tual and graphical data to user. +or very simple
numerical display we can use ; segment displays.If the reEuirement is little more than
that, like displaying some alphanumeric te1t, we can use $6C Modules. "hey are cheap
enough to be used in low cost proects. "hey come in various sizes for different
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http://extremeelectronics.co.in/avr-tutorials/interfacing-seven-segment-displays/http://extremeelectronics.co.in/avr-tutorials/interfacing-seven-segment-displays/http://shop.extremeelectronics.co.in/product_info.php?cPath=25&products_id=32http://extremeelectronics.co.in/avr-tutorials/interfacing-seven-segment-displays/http://shop.extremeelectronics.co.in/product_info.php?cPath=25&products_id=327/27/2019 Project Report.doc 1
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reEuirement. > very popular one is &41 models. It can display lines of &4 characters.
Other models are &41B, )1B, -1&, -1 etc
+irst create a M8$>0 proect. 9ame the proect $6C. >lso add a main filecalled >l#"?test#>"o use my $6C library you need to add it to your proect. Rust
copy?paste the following files to your proect folder.
Hea"er F$les
lcd.h
myutils.h
S!ur#e F$le
lcd.c
Hardware Connections
+ig.;..& 7imple Interfacing $6C Modules with 8I6
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8I6 development boardthen you dont need to care for crystal or power supply :they are
already on board
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"he circuit consist of 8I6&4f-;;>, M>3 and two B)44 switching I6Js. 8I6 is B)
pin I6 used as the controller. When the power is turned on controller will be ready for
working. "he input of controller is connected to system and the output is connected to
switching I6. "he system is connected to serial port and output of system is connected
to M>3. "he ma1 convert the signal in to microcontroller working format.
"he port 50 is used as output control pin. !ach pin is connected to each switch of
switching I6 B)44. 7uppose *O$=M! N is connected to switch/& and this control pin is
connected to 50), i.e. the first pin of port 0. when we make a corresponding movementof volumeN. 2inect detect the movement and system process the signal and provide a
high signal to 50), so the switch & will be turned on and volume will be controlled
change in volume.
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Chapter &
PIC PROGRAING IN C 5ITH PLA8 IDE
M8$>0 Integrated Cevelopment !nvironment :IC!< is a free, integrated toolset for the
development of embedded applications employing Microchips 8I6] and ds8I6] micro
controllers. > rich set of compilers and assemblers are also available with it.
"his post teaches you to how to start programming your 8I6 microcontroller in 6 using
M8$>0 IC!. "o begin with download and install M8$>0 IC! from the website. ConJt
forget to install HI"!6H 6 compiler when it asks you during the installation process.
+or the demonstration purpose I am using M8$>0 version -.4).
9ow start the M8$>0. "he following screen appears.
"his is the environment where you do your further work. 9e1t select the proect wizard
from the 8roect menu. 9e1t select the 8ic which you are using. Here 8I6 &4+-;;> is
used.
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http://www.technoburst.net/2011/05/pic-programming-in-c-with-mplab-ide.htmlhttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mxU5meWct2s/TcoHT7qOr9I/AAAAAAAAAWQ/6oG6YRVnJjI/s1600/1.JPGhttp://www.technoburst.net/2011/05/pic-programming-in-c-with-mplab-ide.html7/27/2019 Project Report.doc 1
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9e1t select the compiler tool suite. Here HI"!6H 6 compiler is used and it is selected.
9e1t give the name of the proect and select a proect directory where the necessary files
needed for your proect are kept. Here #test S is the proect name.
Dept. of ECE 3#
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Here we can add the files reEuired for our proect. +or the time being you can leave it.
6lick ne1t to continue.
Here we can add the files reEuired for our proect. +or the time being you can leave it.
6lick ne1t to continue.
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9ow everything is over.
Once you click finish you can see a window as shown below.
Here you can add various files for your proect.
Open a new file from the file menu and enter the following program and save it as
Sled.cS.
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9ow you have to add this file to the source file as shown below.
In the program we have used a delay function which is included in the header file
Sdelay.hS. 7o we have to add Sdelay.hS to the header files and Sdelay.cS files to the
header files as shown below.
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Once this is complete you can build your proect by selecting 0uild option from the
8roect menu or by pressing +&). If there are no errors then you will get a message
0uild 7uccessful.
+or the proper working of the 8I6 you will have to set the configuration bits. \ou can
set it in M8$>0 itself. +rom the configure menu select 6onfiguration bits and you can
set the various bits as shown below. > typical value is +;> for a &)MHz crystal.
Dept. of ECE 41
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>fter building the he1 file will be formed.
>lso you can e1port your he1 file :+ile menu /G !1port +ile
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Chapter @
PC8 PREPARATION
9owadays, artwork is drawn using either a dedicated 860 6>C program or a
suitable drawing?graphics package. It is absolutely essential that our 860 software
prints holes in the middle of pads, which will act as center marks when drilling. It is
virtually impossible to accurately hand/drill boards without these holes. If weJre using a
general/purpose 6>C or graphics package, define pads as either a grouped obect
containing a black/filled circle with a smaller concentric white/filled circle on top of it,
or as an unfilled circle with a thick black line :i.e. a black ring
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generally cover large areas well, but usually this isnJt a problem as long as fine tracks
are solid.
We may need to specify a vertical offset in our 860 software to make it print on
the right part of the page. 7ome laser printers have poor dimensional accuracy, which
can cause problems for large 860s. 0ut as long as any error is linear, it can be
compensated by scaling the printout in software.
@2 ETCHING
+erric chloride etch/ant is a messy stuff, but easily available and cheaper than
most alternatives. It attacks any metal including stainless steel. 7o when setting up a
860 etching area, use a plastic or ceramic sink, with plastic fittings and screws
wherever possible, and seal any metal screws with silicone. 6opper water pipes may get
splashed or dripped/on, so sleeve or cover them in plastic heat/shrink sleeving is great
if weJre installing new pipes. +ume e1traction is not normally reEuired, although a cover
over the tank or tray when not in use is a good idea. We would always use the he1
hydrate type of ferric chloride, which should be dissolved in warm water until
saturation.
>dding a teaspoon of table salt helps to make the etch/ant clearer for easier
inspection. >void anhydrous ferric chloride. It creates a lot of heat when dissolved. 7o
always add the powder very slowly to water do not add water to the powder, and use
gloves and safety glasses. "he solution made from anhydrous ferric chloride doesnJt
etch at all, so we need to add a small amount of hydrochloric acid and leave it for a day
or two. >lways take e1treme care to avoid splashing when dissolving either type of
ferric chloride, as it tends to clump together and we often get big chunks coming out of
the container and splashing into the solution. It can damage eyes and permanently stain
clothing. If weJre making 860s in a professional environment, where time is money, we
would get a heated bubble/etch tank. With fresh hot ferric chloride, a 860 will etch in
well under five minutes. +ast etching produces better edge/Euality and consistent line
widths. If we arenJt using a bubble tank, we need to agitate freEuently to ensure even
etching. Warm the etch/ant by putting the etching tray inside a larger tray filled with
boiling water.
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@ TIN PLATING
"in/plating a 860 makes it a lot easier to solder, and is pretty much essential for
surface mount boards. =nless we have access to a roller tinning machine, chemical
tinning is the only option. =nfortunately, tin/plating chemicals are e1pensive but the
results are usually worth it. If we donJt tin/plate the board, either leave the photo resist
coating on :most resists are intended to act as soldering flu1es< or spray the board with
rework flu1 to prevent the copper from o1idizing. 5oom/temperature tin/plating crystals
produce a good finish in a few minutes. "here are other tinning chemicals available,
some of which reEuire mi1ing with acid or high/temperature use. !nsure that the
temperature of the tinning solution is at least (o6, but not more than B)o6. If reEuired,
either put the bottle in a hot water bath or put the tinning tray in a bigger tray filled withhot water to warm it up.
@3 DRILLING
If we have fiberglass board, we must use tungsten carbide drill bits. +iberglass
eats normal high/speed steel :H77< bits very rapidly, although H77 drills are all right
for odd larger sizes :G mm dichroic halogen lamp, under/run at '*
to reduce brightness, can be mounted on a microphone gooseneck for easy positioning.
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It can be useful to raise the working surface about &( cm above the normal desk
height for more comfortable viewing. Cust e1traction is nice, but not essentialYan
occasional blow does the trick_ > foot/pedal control to switch the drill offJ and onJ is
very convenient, especially when freEuently changing bits.
@6 CUTTING
> small guillotine is the easiest way to cut fiberglass laminate. Ordinary saws
:band saws, igsaws, and hacksaws< will be blunted Euickly unless these are carbide/
tipped, and the dust can cause sink irritation. > carbide tile/saw blade in a igsaw might
be worth a try. ItJs also easy to accidentally scratch through the protective film when
sawing, causing photo resist scratches and broken tracks on the finished board. > sheet/
metal guillotine is also e1cellent for cutting boards, provided the blade is fairly sharp.
"o make cut/outs, drill a series of small holes, punch out the blank, and file to size.
>lternatively, use a fretsaw or small hacksaw, but be prepared to replace blades often.
With practice itJs possible to do corner cutouts with a guillotine but we have to be very
careful that we donJt over/cut_
@% SOLDERING
"here are many soldering techniEues like wave soldering, hand soldering, hot air
soldering.etc here we are using hand soldering method for this proect. "here is one
860 in which >ll I6s are fi1ed using I6 bases. "he transformer is fi1ed outside the
860.
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+ig '.4.& 860 layout
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Chapter 14
PROGRA
a$n pr!ra,
Tinclude`htc.hG
TincludeSusart.hS
TincludeSdelay.hS
6O9+I:+O76H7 K WC"!O++ K $*8O++
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50)^&
lcdputs:Schannel NS
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initcomms:
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e1ternvoidlcdclear:void
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lcdputs:constchar s^)
"5I7C^)
$6C57 ^ )
$6C!9 ^ )
$6C5W ^ )
delayms:&("> ^ initvalue
$6C7"5O0!:
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Tdefine+O76 B))))))$
Tdefine9I9! ) ? =se 'bit communication +>$7!^-bit ?
TdefineCI*IC!5 ::int=C< /& :9I9!0I"7)1') ^ :78!!C9I9!0I"7)1)$+5!^&))2HQ
9ote that this is the crystal freEuency, the 68= clock is
divided by B.
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M>2! 7=5! this code is compiled with full optimization___
?
Tifndef3">$+5!
Tdefine 3">$+5! BMHQ ? 6rystal freEuency in MHz ?
Tendif
Tdefine MHQ &)))$ ? number of kHz in a MHz ?
Tdefine 2HQ & ? number of kHz in a kHz ?
Tif 3">$+5! G^ &MHQ
Tdefine Celay=s:1< unsignedchardcnt
dcnt ^ :1
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?
Tinclude Sdelay.hS
void
CelayMs:unsignedcharcnt?2inect
4. en.wikipedia.org?wiki
(. www.circuitstoday .com
4. www.electro/tech/online.com?
;. http@www.1bo1.com?en/0?news/features?news?8roect
8. www.microchip.com?pic&
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