Project Report.doc 1

7/27/2019 Project Report.doc 1

1/62


2/62

Virtual remoteMain Project 2013-14

recognize over )) common poses. "he data from the 2inect is fed to a 86 which

contains the control instructions. "he 86 is loaded with the .9!" program commands.

"he 86 is connected to the microcontroller I6 :8I6&4+-;;< via an 57

cable.57 is preferred over =70 as it gives a pure serial output and eliminates the

hassles associated with data commands. "he Microcontroller with its -2 memory can be

programmed to respond to gestures of our choice. "he microcontroller sends the

appropriate commands for the corresponding gestures and because of its internal

program memory a large number of program commands can be stored on the

microcontroller for every function of a normal remote control.

Dept. of ECE 2

AWH En. Collee


3/62


Chapter 2

PERIPHERAL INTERFACE CONTROLLERS (PIC)

8eripheral Interface 6ontrollers :8I6< is one of the advanced microcontrollers

developed by microchip technologies. "hese microcontrollers are widely used in

modern electronics applications. > 8I6 controller integrates all type of advanced

interfacing ports and memory modules. "hese controllers are more advanced than

normal microcontroller like I9"!$ -)(&. "he first 8I6 chip was announced in &';(

:8I6&4()s like normal microcontroller, the 8I6 chip also combines

a microprocessor unit called 68= and is integrated with various types of memory

modules :5>M, 5OM, !!85OM, etcll 8I6 microcontroller family uses Harvard architecture. "his architecture has

the program and data accessed from separate memories so the device has a program

memory bus and a data memory bus :more than - lines in a normal bus


4/62


=p to 4-A-bit of 5>M :data memory have B) pin by path of I?O.

+ig .&.&

Dept. of ECE 4

AWH En. Collee


5/62


8I6&4+-;;> perfectly fits many uses, from automotive industries and

controlling home appliances to industrial instruments, remote sensors, electrical door

locks and safety devices. It is also ideal for smart cards as well as for battery supplied

devices because of its low consumption. !!85OM memory makes it easier to apply

microcontrollers to devices where permanent storage of various parameters is needed

:codes for transmitters, motor speed, receiver freEuencies, etc. applicable even in areas

where microcontrollers had not previously been considered :e1ample@ timer functions,

interface replacement in larger systems, coprocessor applications, etc.


6/62


+ig .&. Internal/>rchitecture/of/8I6&4+-;;>/6hip

H$h*Per+!r,an#e RISC CPU-

Only ( single/word instructions to learn

>ll single/cycle instructions e1cept for program branches, which are two/cycle

Operating speed@ C6 D ) MHz clock input C6 D )) ns instruction cycle

=p to -2 1 &B words of +lash 8rogram Memory, =p to 4- 1 - bytes of Cata

Memory :5>M


7/62


Per$pheral Features-

"imer)@ -/bit timer?counter with -/bit prescaler

"imer&@ &4/bit timer?counter with prescaler, can be incremented during 7leep via

e1ternal crystal?clock

"imer@ -/bit timer?counter with -/bit period register, prescaler and postscaler

"wo 6apture, 6ompare, 8WM modules

7ynchronous 7erial 8ort :778< with 78IF :Master mode< and I6F

:Master?7lavesynchronous 5eceiver

"ransmitter :=7>5"?76I< with '/bit address detection

8arallel 7lave 8ort :878< D - bits wide with e1ternal 5C, W5 and 67 controls

:B)?BB/pin only?CM

memory used only for this purpose.

!ach time the main program e1ecution starts at address )))) D 5eset *ector.

"he address )))B is #reserved% for the #interrupt service routine% :I75


10/62


four banks :0>92 ), 0>92 &, 0>92 , and 0>92B


11/62


"able .. 7">"=7 register selects

Data EEPRO an" FLASH

"he data !!85OM and +lash program memory is readable and writable during normal

operation :over the full *CC range">

L !!C>"H

L !!>C5

L !!>C5H

"he !!85OM data memory allows single/byte read and writes. "he +lash

program memory allows single/word reads and four/word block writes. 8rogram

memory write operations automatically perform an erase/before write on blocks of four

words. > byte write in data !!85OM memory automatically erases the location and

writes the new data :erase/before/writeccording to the

type of applications and usage, these packages are differentiated. "he pin diagrams of a

8I6&4+-;; chip in different packages are shown in the figure below.

Dept. of ECE 11

AWH En. Collee

0>92 58) 58&

) ) )

& & )

) &

& &


12/62


+ig &..& 8I6&4+-;;> pin details

Input!utput p!rts

8I6&4+-;; has ( basic input?output ports. "hey are usually denoted by 8O5" >

:5 >% is only 4 bits wide :5>/

) to 5>/;


13/62


>ll these ports are bi/directional. "he direction of the port is controlled by using

"5I7:3< registers :"5I7 > used to set the direction of 8O5"/>, "5I7 0 used to set the

direction for 8O5"/0, etc.< bit to logical &J and

want to set 8O5" 0 as an output, ust set the 8O5" 0 bits to logical )J.nalog input port :>9) "O >9;5" transmission and reception ports.

762@ these pins are used for giving synchronous serial clock input.

76$@ these pins act as an output for both 78I and I6 modes.

C"@ these are synchronous data terminals.

62@ synchronous clock input.

7C)@ 78I data output :78I Modective low reset


14/62


"H*@ High voltage test mode controlling.

*ref :N?/


15/62


3">$& and 3">$ are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting

amplifier that can be configured for use as an on/chip oscillator, as shown in +igure &&.

!ither a Euartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. "o drive the device from an

e1ternal clock source, 3">$ should be left unconnected while 3">$& is driven, as

shown in +igure &. "here are no reEuirements on the duty cycle of the e1ternal clock

signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide/by/two flip/

flop, but minimum and ma1imum voltage high and lower time specifications must be

observed.

+ig &.. Oscillator 6onnection and e1ternal clock drive configuration

Chapter

CD34%% S5ITCHING IC

"he 6CB)440 is a Euad bilateral switch intended for the transmission or

multiple1ing of analog or digital signals. It is pin/for/pin compatible with the 6CB)&40,

but e1hibits a much lower on/state resistance. In addition, the on/state resistance is

relatively constant over the full signal/input range.

Dept. of ECE 1!

AWH En. Collee


16/62


6CB)440 consists of four bilateral switches, each with independent controls.

0oth the p and the n devices in a given switch are biased on or off simultaneously by the

control signal.

+ig .& 8in description of 6CB)44

Features

Wide supply voltage range * to &(*

.High noise immunity ).B( *CC

High O9?O++ 4( d0 output voltage ratio

High degree linearity ).&P distortion

!1tremely low O++ ).& n> switch leakage *CC

$ow crosstalk () d0 between switches

Appl$#at$!ns

>nalog signal switching?multiple1ing

7ignal gating

7Euelch control

6hopper

Dept. of ECE 1"

AWH En. Collee


17/62


Modulator?Cemodulator

6ommutating switch

Cigital signal switching?multiple1ing

6MO7 logic implementation

>nalog/to/digital?digital/to/analog conversion

Chapter 3

RS*22 SERIAL INTERFACE

57/ working is based on the =>5" module. >nd our microcontroller is also

contained the =>5" module. "he asynchronous serial interface was designed as a

Dept. of ECE 1#

AWH En. Collee


18/62


system/to/system communications port. >synchronous means that no synchronization

or clocking signal is present, so characters can be sent with any arbitrary time spacing.

!ach data signal that is sent over a serial connection is framed by a standardstart/and/stop signal. > single ) bit, called the start bit, precedes each character to tell

the receiving system that the ne1t eight bits constitute a byte of data. One or two stop

bits follow the character to signal that the character has been sent. >t the receiving end

of the communication, characters are recognized by the start/and/stop signals instead of

by the timing of their arrival. "he asynchronous interface is character oriented and has

an appro1imate )P overhead for the e1tra information that is needed to identify each

data signal.

+ig B.&@ '/8in C/"ype 57/ 7erial port 8in Cescription

7erial refers to data that is sent over a single wire, with each bit lining up in a

series as the bits are sent. "his type of communication is used over the phone system

because it provides one wire for data in each direction.

"he heart of any serial port is the =niversal >synchronous 5eceiver?"ransmitter

:=>5"< chip. "his chip completely controls the process of breaking the native parallel

Dept. of ECE 1$

AWH En. Collee


19/62


data within the 86 into serial format and later converting serial data back into the

parallel format.

In the serial port we are only using the pins , and ( :5eceive, "ransmit and7ignal round< because without other control signals the serial port can work properly.

>nd for microcontroller to computer communication we are using the =>5" module in

the microcontroller, it only needs 53C and round pins because here the

microcontroller is only receiving the dataJs from the computer.

+ig B. M>3 pinout and diagram

+igure showing the I6 M>3 that converts the 57 logic level into ""$

compatible logic level and vice/versa.

Chapter 6

7INECT

Dept. of ECE 1%

AWH En. Collee


20/62


2inectis a motion sensing input device by Microsoft for the 3bo1 4) video

game console and Windows 86s. 0ased around a webcam/style add/on peripheral for

the 3bo1 4) console, it enables users to control and interact with the 3bo1 4) without

the need to touch a game controller, through a natural user interface using gestures and

spoken commands. "he proect is aimed at broadening the 3bo1 4)s audience beyond

its typical gamer base. 2inect competes with the Wii 5emote 8lus and 8lay7tation

Move with 8lay7tation !ye motion controllers for the Wii and 8lay7tation home

consoles, respectively. > version for Windows was released on +ebruary &, )&.

2inect was launched in 9orth >merica on 9ovember B, )&), in !urope on 9ovember

&), )&), in >ustralia,9ew Qealand and 7ingapore on 9ovember &-, )&), and in Rapan on 9ovember

), )&). 8urchase options for the sensor peripheral include a bundle with the game

2inect >dventures and console bundles with either a B 0 or () 0 3bo1 4)

console and 2inect >dventures. >fter selling a total of - million units in its first 4)

days, the 2inect holds the uinness World 5ecord of being the Sfastest selling

consumer electronics deviceS. &- million units of the 2inect sensor had been shipped as

of Ranuary )&.Microsoft released 2inect software development kit for Windows ; on

Rune &4, )&&. "his 7C2 will allow developers to write 2inecting apps in 6NN?6$I, 6T,

or *isual 0asic .9!".

Dept. of ECE 20

AWH En. Collee


21/62


+ig (.& kinect

D Depth Sens!rsD "his is a combination of a depth proector :left reticule regular video camera that has a resolution of 4B)1B-) at )

frames per second

!t!r$/e" T$ltD "he motorized tilt enables you to adust the camera up or

down ; degrees to ensure that the camera has the best possible view

ult$*Arra. $#r!ph!neD > four/microphone array that is mounted as a

single microphone

61 Te#hn!l!.

2inect builds on software technology developed internally by 5are, a subsidiary

of Microsoft ame 7tudios owned by Microsoft, and on range camera technology by

Israeli developer 8rime 7ense, which developed a system that can interpret specific

gestures, making completely hands/free control of electronic devices possible by using

an infrared proector and camera and a special microchip to track the movement of

obects and individuals in three dimension. "his C scanner system called $ight 6oding

employs a variant of image/based C reconstruction. "he 2inect sensor is a horizontal

bar connected to a small base with a motorized pivot and is designed to be positioned

lengthwise above or below the video display. "he device features an S50 camera,

depth sensor and multi/array microphone running proprietary softwareS, which provide

full/body C motion capture, facial recognition and voice recognition capabilities. >tlaunch, voice recognition was only made available in Rapan, the =nited 2ingdom,

6anada and the =nited 7tates. Mainland !urope received the feature later in spring

)&&. 6urrently voice recognition is supported in >ustralia, 6anada, +rance, ermany,

Ireland, Italy, Rapan, Me1ico, 9ew Qealand, =nited 2ingdom and =nited 7tates. "he

2inect sensors microphone array enables the 3bo1 4) to conduct acoustic source

localization and ambient noise suppression, allowing for things such as headset/free

party chat over 3bo1 $ive.

Dept. of ECE 21

AWH En. Collee


22/62


"he depth sensor consists of an infrared laser proector combined with a

monochrome 6MO7 sensor, which captures video data in C under any ambient light

conditions. "he sensing range of the depth sensor is adustable, and the 2inect software

is capable of automatically calibrating the sensor based on game play and the players

physical environment, accommodating for the presence of furniture or other obstacles.

Cescribed by Microsoft personnel as the primary innovation of 2inect, the software

technology enables advanced gesture recognition, facial recognition and voice

recognition. >ccording to information supplied to retailers, 2inect is capable of

simultaneously tracking up to si1 people, including two active players for motion

analysis with a feature e1traction of ) oints per player. However, 8rime 7ense has

stated that the number of people the device can SseeS :but not process as players< is onlylimited by how many will fit in the field/of/view of the camera.

+ig.(.&.& image shows the laser grid 2inect uses to calculate depth this infrared

5everse engineering has determined that the 2inect sensor outputs video at a

frame rate of ) Hz. "he 50 video stream uses -/bit *> resolution :4B) A B-)

pi1els< with a 0ayer color filter, while the

Monochrome depth sensing video stream is in *> resolution :4B) A B-)

pi1els< with &&/bit depth, which provides ,)B- levels of sensitivity. "he 2inect sensor

Dept. of ECE 22

AWH En. Collee


23/62


has a practical ranging limit of &.D.( m :.'D&& ft< distance when used with the 3bo1

software. "he area reEuired to play 2inect is roughly 4 m, although the sensor can

maintain tracking through an e1tended range of appro1imately ).;D4 m :.D) ft


24/62


(..& Motion Cetection working

"he prototype for MicrosoftJs 2inect camera and microphone famously cost

X),))). >t midnight "hursday morning, youJll be able to buy it for X&() as an 3bo14) peripheral.

Microsoft is proecting that it will sell ( million units between now and

6hristmas. WeJll have more details and a review of the system soon, but for now itJs

worth taking some time to think about how it all works.

Ca,era

2inectJs camera is powered by both hardware and software. >nd it does two

things@ generate a three/dimensional :moving< image of the obects in its field of view,

and recognize :moving< human beings among those obects.

Dept. of ECE 24

AWH En. Collee
http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2010-11-03-microsoft-raise-kinect-sales-projectionshttp://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2010-11-03-microsoft-raise-kinect-sales-projectionshttp://www.wired.com/images_blogs/gadgetlab/2010/11/Canesta-howitworks1.jpghttp://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2010-11-03-microsoft-raise-kinect-sales-projectionshttp://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2010-11-03-microsoft-raise-kinect-sales-projections


25/62


+ig.(.. >n intensity image and gray scale coded depth image of a person.

7ince the background is similar color to the personJs shirt, it is difficult for the computer

to segment the person from the background using the intensity image. "he segmentation

is trivial using the depth image

Older software programs used differences in color and te1tureto distinguish obects

from their backgrounds. 8rime 7ense, the company whose tech powers 2inect, and

recent Microsoft acEuisition 6anesta use a different model. "he camera transmits

invisible near/infrared light and measures its #time of flight% after it reflect off the

obects.

"ime/of/flight works like sonar@ If you know how long the light takes to return,

you know how far away an obect is. 6ast a big field, with lots of pings going back and

forth at the speed of light, and you can know how far away a lot of obects are.

=sing an infrared generator also partially solves the problem of ambient light.

7ince the sensor isnJt designed to register visible light, it doesnJt get Euite as many false

positives.

Dept. of ECE 2!

AWH En. Collee
http://www.canesta.com/assets/pdf/technicalpapers/Why3d.pdfhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9194078/Microsoft_buys_chip_company_Canestahttp://www.canesta.com/assets/pdf/technicalpapers/Why3d.pdfhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9194078/Microsoft_buys_chip_company_Canesta


26/62


8rime 7ense and 2inect go one step further and encode information in the near/

I5 light.>s that information is returned, some of it is deformed Y which in turn can

help generate a finer image of those obectsJ /C te1ture, not ust their depth.

With this tech, 2inect can distinguish obectsJ depthwithin & centimeter and

their height and width within mm.

+igure (.. 8rime 7enses !1plaining the 8rime 7ensor 5eference Cesign.

Chapter %

PO5ER SUPPL=

> stable C6 power is necessary for the proper working of most of the electronic

system. "he reEuired C6 power is derived from the ac mains using a transformer,

Dept. of ECE 2"

AWH En. Collee
http://www.joystiq.com/2010/06/19/kinect-how-it-works-from-the-company-behind-the-tech/http://www.joystiq.com/2010/06/19/kinect-how-it-works-from-the-company-behind-the-tech/http://www.primesense.com/?p=514http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/gadgetlab/2010/11/PrimeSense-01.pnghttp://www.joystiq.com/2010/06/19/kinect-how-it-works-from-the-company-behind-the-tech/http://www.joystiq.com/2010/06/19/kinect-how-it-works-from-the-company-behind-the-tech/http://www.primesense.com/?p=514


27/62


rectifier, filter and voltage regulators. "he )*?() hertz >6 voltage is at first step

down using a step down transformer. "hen the voltage is rectified using the bridge

rectifier. "he output may contain dc components called ripples. It is removed by

capacitive filtering. 0ut the produced C6 voltage will vary with changes in the mains

voltage. 7o to provide a stable voltage, voltage regulators are used.

> voltage stabilizer is an electronic circuit that

supplies a constant voltage regardless of changes in load current, temperature, and >6

line voltage. >lthough voltage regulators can be designed using op/amps, it is Euicker

and easier to use I6 *oltage regulators. +urthermore, I6 voltage regulators are versatile

and relatively ine1pensive and are available with features such as programmable output,

current ? voltage boosting, internal short Dcircuit current limiting, thermal shut down,and floating operation for high voltage applications. I6 voltage stabilizers are of the

following types@ +i1ed output voltage regulators :8ositive and?or 9egativedustable

output voltage regulators :8ositive or 9egative output voltage< 7witching regulators and

7pecial regulators. !1cept for the switching regulators, all other type of regulators is

called linear regulators 7eries regulators use a power transistor connected in series

between the unregulated C6 input and the load. "he output voltage is controlled by

continuous voltage drop taking place across the series pass transistor. 7ince the

transistor conducts in the active or linear region, these regulators are also called linear

regulators.

"he impedance of a linear regulatorJs active element may be continuously varied

to supply a desired current to load. On the other hand, in a switching 5egulator power

transistor is turned on and off at a rate such that the regulator delivers the desired

average current in periodic pulses to the load. 0ecause the switching element dissipates

negligible power in either on or off state, the switching regulators are more efficientthan the linear regulators. 9evertheless, in the switching regulators the power

dissipation is substantial during the switching intervals :on to off or off to on


28/62


used as control circuits in 8ulse Width Modulation :8WMlmost all power supplies use some kind of voltage

regulator I6 because they are simple to use, reliable, low in cost and above all available

in a variety of voltage and current ratings. > vast number of *oltage regulators are

available, data sheets and application notes provided by the manufacturer contain

information on the design and use of these devices.

With the advent of microelectronics it is possible to incorporate the

complete circuit of voltage regulators on monolithic silicon chip :I6


29/62


+or >6 power conversion we need two power transformers one in transmitter and

another in the receiver. 5eEuired specification for the transformer is given below,

*oltage@ >6 )*?4*

+reEuency@ () Hz

6urrent@ ())ma

+or our proect we reEuire one ( * supply. +or this at first a step down

transformer with rating )?4/), & >mpere is used. "he stepped down voltage is

rectified using a bridge rectifier making use of four &9B)); diodes. "he output of the

rectifier is filtered to remove ripples using a capacitive filter of B;)) microfarad. "henthe output is given to a voltage regulator with I6 ;-)( that produces (* output.

Dept. of ECE 2%

AWH En. Collee


30/62


Chapter '

5OR7ING

+ig ;.& 0lock diagram

"he 2inect can be considered as the key component in our model of *irtual

5emote. "he 2inect sends out I5 beams across the entire field or area by means of its

infrared laser proector. "he beams are deflected off obects or obstacles in its path and

these deflected beams are picked up by the 6MO7 sensor. "he kinect forms a skeletal

like framework of the body, much like the ones used in animatronics and motion capture

mechanism used in movie studios. "he 2inect already comes preloaded with the data to

recognize over )) common poses. "he 2inect cannot be connected to the

microprocessor directly as the microprocessor will not be able to process images

directly from kinect, "he data from the 2inect is 6O99!6"!C to a 86 via =70 ."he

86 contains the control instructions. "he 86 is loaded with the .net program commands.

"he 86 is connected to the microcontroller I6 :8I6&4+-;;< via an 57 cable.57is preferred over =70 as it gives a pure serial output and eliminates the hassles

associated with data commands.M>3 level converter is being used here so as to

step down the output voltage to the optimum value to be used with a microcontroller.

"he microcontroller is fed with a (* power supply.

"he M>3 is an integrated circuit, first created by Ma1im Integrated

8roducts, that converts signals from an 57/ serial port to signals suitable for use in

Dept. of ECE 30

AWH En. Collee


31/62


""$ compatible digital logic circuits. "he M>3 is a dual driver?receiver and

typically converts the 53, "3, 6"7 and 5"7 signals.

"he drivers provide 57/ voltage level outputs :appro1. Z ;.( *< from a single

N ( * supply via on/chip charge pumps and e1ternal capacitors. "his makes it useful for

implementing 57/ in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the

) * to N ( * range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated

ust for driving the 57/ in this case.

"he receivers reduce 57/ inputs :which may be as high as Z ( *3> is backwards compatible with the original M>3 but

may operate at higher baud rates and can use smaller e1ternal capacitors D ).& [+ in

place of the &.) [+ capacitors used with the original device.

"he Microcontroller with its -2 memory can be programmed to respond to

gestures of our choice. "he microcontroller sends the appropriate commands for the

corresponding gestures and because of its internal program memory a large number of

program commands can be stored on the microcontroller for every function of a normal

remote control. > B MHz crystal oscillator is used to set clock pulse to the

microcontroller. "he $6C display is used to view the commands. It displays appropriate

commands for each gesture. If we show the gesture for ne1t channel, it displays 9!3",

and likewise they display commands in accordance with the data they are fed. >ny I.5

transmitter fully compatible with the device we are operating on can be used. 7o ingeneral , when a person waves his hand or shows a particular gesture, the image of his

gesture is captured by 2inect camera and the gesture is compared with a seEuence of

preloaded gesture stored inside the kinect. If a match is found, then the data is send to

the 86 which contains the control instructions. "he 86 sends the instructions to the

microcontroller which processes and analyzes the data and sends the accurate data to the

I5 "ransmitter which is compatible with the device which is being operated.

Dept. of ECE 31

AWH En. Collee


32/62


"he newer M>3 is also backwards compatible, but operates at a broader

voltage range, from to (.( *. "he Microcontroller with its -2 memory can be

programmed to respond to gestures of our choice. "he microcontroller sends the

appropriate commands for the corresponding gestures and because of its internal

program memory a large number of program commands can be stored on the

microcontroller for every function of a normal remote control.

'1 P!9er Suppl.

+ig ;.&.& 8ower 7upply 6ircuit Ciagram

+igures showing "5 power supply circuit diagram for 8I6 microcontroller. In

the power supply the transformer converting the )* >6 mains in to ).(> 4* >6.

"his is then rectifying using four &9B)); diodes arranged in bridge configuration,

filtered by &)))uf electrolytic capacitor. "his voltage may be about -* to regulate this

voltage to (* we are using ;-)( (* regulator and the ).)&uf capacitor is using for

eliminating the 5+ noises.

'2 Inter+a#$n LCD !"ules 9$th PIC

> large number of embedded proect reEuire some type of user interface. "his

includes displaying numerical, te1tual and graphical data to user. +or very simple

numerical display we can use ; segment displays.If the reEuirement is little more than

that, like displaying some alphanumeric te1t, we can use $6C Modules. "hey are cheap

enough to be used in low cost proects. "hey come in various sizes for different

Dept. of ECE 32

AWH En. Collee
http://extremeelectronics.co.in/avr-tutorials/interfacing-seven-segment-displays/http://extremeelectronics.co.in/avr-tutorials/interfacing-seven-segment-displays/http://shop.extremeelectronics.co.in/product_info.php?cPath=25&products_id=32http://extremeelectronics.co.in/avr-tutorials/interfacing-seven-segment-displays/http://shop.extremeelectronics.co.in/product_info.php?cPath=25&products_id=32


33/62


reEuirement. > very popular one is &41 models. It can display lines of &4 characters.

Other models are &41B, )1B, -1&, -1 etc

+irst create a M8$>0 proect. 9ame the proect $6C. >lso add a main filecalled >l#"?test#>"o use my $6C library you need to add it to your proect. Rust

copy?paste the following files to your proect folder.

Hea"er F$les

lcd.h

myutils.h

S!ur#e F$le

lcd.c

Hardware Connections

+ig.;..& 7imple Interfacing $6C Modules with 8I6

Dept. of ECE 33

AWH En. Collee


34/62


8I6 development boardthen you dont need to care for crystal or power supply :they are

already on board


35/62


"he circuit consist of 8I6&4f-;;>, M>3 and two B)44 switching I6Js. 8I6 is B)

pin I6 used as the controller. When the power is turned on controller will be ready for

working. "he input of controller is connected to system and the output is connected to

switching I6. "he system is connected to serial port and output of system is connected

to M>3. "he ma1 convert the signal in to microcontroller working format.

"he port 50 is used as output control pin. !ach pin is connected to each switch of

switching I6 B)44. 7uppose *O$=M! N is connected to switch/& and this control pin is

connected to 50), i.e. the first pin of port 0. when we make a corresponding movementof volumeN. 2inect detect the movement and system process the signal and provide a

high signal to 50), so the switch & will be turned on and volume will be controlled

change in volume.

Dept. of ECE 3!

AWH En. Collee


36/62


Chapter &

PIC PROGRAING IN C 5ITH PLA8 IDE

M8$>0 Integrated Cevelopment !nvironment :IC!< is a free, integrated toolset for the

development of embedded applications employing Microchips 8I6] and ds8I6] micro

controllers. > rich set of compilers and assemblers are also available with it.

"his post teaches you to how to start programming your 8I6 microcontroller in 6 using

M8$>0 IC!. "o begin with download and install M8$>0 IC! from the website. ConJt

forget to install HI"!6H 6 compiler when it asks you during the installation process.

+or the demonstration purpose I am using M8$>0 version -.4).

9ow start the M8$>0. "he following screen appears.

"his is the environment where you do your further work. 9e1t select the proect wizard

from the 8roect menu. 9e1t select the 8ic which you are using. Here 8I6 &4+-;;> is

used.

Dept. of ECE 3"

AWH En. Collee
http://www.technoburst.net/2011/05/pic-programming-in-c-with-mplab-ide.htmlhttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mxU5meWct2s/TcoHT7qOr9I/AAAAAAAAAWQ/6oG6YRVnJjI/s1600/1.JPGhttp://www.technoburst.net/2011/05/pic-programming-in-c-with-mplab-ide.html


37/62


9e1t select the compiler tool suite. Here HI"!6H 6 compiler is used and it is selected.

9e1t give the name of the proect and select a proect directory where the necessary files

needed for your proect are kept. Here #test S is the proect name.

Dept. of ECE 3#

AWH En. Collee
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Lxg7KkX68V4/TcoHVmf6OsI/AAAAAAAAAWU/95zuyLCbUy8/s1600/1.5.bmphttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rVFj1a_TFvU/TcoHW3hqoHI/AAAAAAAAAWY/DbuaWpnC8nQ/s1600/2.bmp


38/62


Here we can add the files reEuired for our proect. +or the time being you can leave it.

6lick ne1t to continue.

Here we can add the files reEuired for our proect. +or the time being you can leave it.

6lick ne1t to continue.

Dept. of ECE 3$

AWH En. Collee
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p7EnKSuQstg/TcoHZ5Ywd-I/AAAAAAAAAWg/cHoVIQ4iOfY/s1600/4.bmphttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6AJE8dMbJwo/TcoHYCcfhLI/AAAAAAAAAWc/iQp_4FVC-cw/s1600/3.bmp


39/62


9ow everything is over.

Once you click finish you can see a window as shown below.

Here you can add various files for your proect.

Open a new file from the file menu and enter the following program and save it as

Sled.cS.

Dept. of ECE 3%

AWH En. Collee
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lHiQVD9y3Hc/TcoHbqbY3VI/AAAAAAAAAWo/HfzryYHw53c/s1600/6.bmphttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RrbuVfosVZU/TcoHbPitKAI/AAAAAAAAAWk/S7QNOnCrvy4/s1600/5.bmp


40/62


9ow you have to add this file to the source file as shown below.

In the program we have used a delay function which is included in the header file

Sdelay.hS. 7o we have to add Sdelay.hS to the header files and Sdelay.cS files to the

header files as shown below.

Dept. of ECE 40

AWH En. Collee
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0SpiFR8m2FE/TcoHdinHFsI/AAAAAAAAAW0/UK1bQ8HWWtY/s1600/9.bmp


41/62


Once this is complete you can build your proect by selecting 0uild option from the

8roect menu or by pressing +&). If there are no errors then you will get a message

0uild 7uccessful.

+or the proper working of the 8I6 you will have to set the configuration bits. \ou can

set it in M8$>0 itself. +rom the configure menu select 6onfiguration bits and you can

set the various bits as shown below. > typical value is +;> for a &)MHz crystal.

Dept. of ECE 41

AWH En. Collee
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QrIST124--Y/TcoHfuf9qkI/AAAAAAAAAW4/cycAzCgDzEU/s1600/10.bmphttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wpTLu7iZg1A/TcoHct8RD6I/AAAAAAAAAWw/2NqCoL3LOBc/s1600/8.bmp


42/62


>fter building the he1 file will be formed.

>lso you can e1port your he1 file :+ile menu /G !1port +ile


43/62


Chapter @

PC8 PREPARATION

9owadays, artwork is drawn using either a dedicated 860 6>C program or a

suitable drawing?graphics package. It is absolutely essential that our 860 software

prints holes in the middle of pads, which will act as center marks when drilling. It is

virtually impossible to accurately hand/drill boards without these holes. If weJre using a

general/purpose 6>C or graphics package, define pads as either a grouped obect

containing a black/filled circle with a smaller concentric white/filled circle on top of it,

or as an unfilled circle with a thick black line :i.e. a black ring


44/62


generally cover large areas well, but usually this isnJt a problem as long as fine tracks

are solid.

We may need to specify a vertical offset in our 860 software to make it print on

the right part of the page. 7ome laser printers have poor dimensional accuracy, which

can cause problems for large 860s. 0ut as long as any error is linear, it can be

compensated by scaling the printout in software.

@2 ETCHING

+erric chloride etch/ant is a messy stuff, but easily available and cheaper than

most alternatives. It attacks any metal including stainless steel. 7o when setting up a

860 etching area, use a plastic or ceramic sink, with plastic fittings and screws

wherever possible, and seal any metal screws with silicone. 6opper water pipes may get

splashed or dripped/on, so sleeve or cover them in plastic heat/shrink sleeving is great

if weJre installing new pipes. +ume e1traction is not normally reEuired, although a cover

over the tank or tray when not in use is a good idea. We would always use the he1

hydrate type of ferric chloride, which should be dissolved in warm water until

saturation.

>dding a teaspoon of table salt helps to make the etch/ant clearer for easier

inspection. >void anhydrous ferric chloride. It creates a lot of heat when dissolved. 7o

always add the powder very slowly to water do not add water to the powder, and use

gloves and safety glasses. "he solution made from anhydrous ferric chloride doesnJt

etch at all, so we need to add a small amount of hydrochloric acid and leave it for a day

or two. >lways take e1treme care to avoid splashing when dissolving either type of

ferric chloride, as it tends to clump together and we often get big chunks coming out of

the container and splashing into the solution. It can damage eyes and permanently stain

clothing. If weJre making 860s in a professional environment, where time is money, we

would get a heated bubble/etch tank. With fresh hot ferric chloride, a 860 will etch in

well under five minutes. +ast etching produces better edge/Euality and consistent line

widths. If we arenJt using a bubble tank, we need to agitate freEuently to ensure even

etching. Warm the etch/ant by putting the etching tray inside a larger tray filled with

boiling water.

Dept. of ECE 44

AWH En. Collee


45/62


@ TIN PLATING

"in/plating a 860 makes it a lot easier to solder, and is pretty much essential for

surface mount boards. =nless we have access to a roller tinning machine, chemical

tinning is the only option. =nfortunately, tin/plating chemicals are e1pensive but the

results are usually worth it. If we donJt tin/plate the board, either leave the photo resist

coating on :most resists are intended to act as soldering flu1es< or spray the board with

rework flu1 to prevent the copper from o1idizing. 5oom/temperature tin/plating crystals

produce a good finish in a few minutes. "here are other tinning chemicals available,

some of which reEuire mi1ing with acid or high/temperature use. !nsure that the

temperature of the tinning solution is at least (o6, but not more than B)o6. If reEuired,

either put the bottle in a hot water bath or put the tinning tray in a bigger tray filled withhot water to warm it up.

@3 DRILLING

If we have fiberglass board, we must use tungsten carbide drill bits. +iberglass

eats normal high/speed steel :H77< bits very rapidly, although H77 drills are all right

for odd larger sizes :G mm dichroic halogen lamp, under/run at '*

to reduce brightness, can be mounted on a microphone gooseneck for easy positioning.

Dept. of ECE 4!

AWH En. Collee


46/62


It can be useful to raise the working surface about &( cm above the normal desk

height for more comfortable viewing. Cust e1traction is nice, but not essentialYan

occasional blow does the trick_ > foot/pedal control to switch the drill offJ and onJ is

very convenient, especially when freEuently changing bits.

@6 CUTTING

> small guillotine is the easiest way to cut fiberglass laminate. Ordinary saws

:band saws, igsaws, and hacksaws< will be blunted Euickly unless these are carbide/

tipped, and the dust can cause sink irritation. > carbide tile/saw blade in a igsaw might

be worth a try. ItJs also easy to accidentally scratch through the protective film when

sawing, causing photo resist scratches and broken tracks on the finished board. > sheet/

metal guillotine is also e1cellent for cutting boards, provided the blade is fairly sharp.

"o make cut/outs, drill a series of small holes, punch out the blank, and file to size.

>lternatively, use a fretsaw or small hacksaw, but be prepared to replace blades often.

With practice itJs possible to do corner cutouts with a guillotine but we have to be very

careful that we donJt over/cut_

@% SOLDERING

"here are many soldering techniEues like wave soldering, hand soldering, hot air

soldering.etc here we are using hand soldering method for this proect. "here is one

860 in which >ll I6s are fi1ed using I6 bases. "he transformer is fi1ed outside the

860.

Dept. of ECE 4"

AWH En. Collee


47/62


+ig '.4.& 860 layout

Dept. of ECE 4#

AWH En. Collee


48/62


Chapter 14

PROGRA

a$n pr!ra,

Tinclude`htc.hG

TincludeSusart.hS

TincludeSdelay.hS

6O9+I:+O76H7 K WC"!O++ K $*8O++


49/62


50)^&

lcdputs:Schannel NS


50/62


initcomms:


51/62


e1ternvoidlcdclear:void


52/62


53/62


lcdputs:constchar s^)

"5I7C^)

$6C57 ^ )

$6C!9 ^ )

$6C5W ^ )

delayms:&("> ^ initvalue

$6C7"5O0!:


55/62


Tdefine+O76 B))))))$

Tdefine9I9! ) ? =se 'bit communication +>$7!^-bit ?

TdefineCI*IC!5 ::int=C< /& :9I9!0I"7)1') ^ :78!!C9I9!0I"7)1)$+5!^&))2HQ

9ote that this is the crystal freEuency, the 68= clock is

divided by B.

Dept. of ECE !#

AWH En. Collee


58/62


M>2! 7=5! this code is compiled with full optimization___

?

Tifndef3">$+5!

Tdefine 3">$+5! BMHQ ? 6rystal freEuency in MHz ?

Tendif

Tdefine MHQ &)))$ ? number of kHz in a MHz ?

Tdefine 2HQ & ? number of kHz in a kHz ?

Tif 3">$+5! G^ &MHQ

Tdefine Celay=s:1< unsignedchardcnt

dcnt ^ :1


59/62


?

Tinclude Sdelay.hS

void

CelayMs:unsignedcharcnt?2inect

4. en.wikipedia.org?wiki

(. www.circuitstoday .com

4. www.electro/tech/online.com?

;. [email protected]?en/0?news/features?news?8roect

8. www.microchip.com?pic&

Dept. of ECE "1

AWH En. Collee
http://www.xbox.com/en-CA/Kinecthttp://www.circuitstoday.com/http://www.circuitstoday.com/http://www.electro-tech-online.com/http://www.xbox.com/en-GB/news-features/news/Projecthttp://www.xbox.com/en-CA/Kinecthttp://www.circuitstoday.com/http://www.electro-tech-online.com/http://www.xbox.com/en-GB/news-features/news/Project


62/62


Project Report.doc 1

Documents