Transcript
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
IP Version6IP Version6
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Internet Protocol (IP)Internet Protocol (IP)
IP connectionless network-layer protocol. IP is based on datagram routing. IP is unreliable !! Routing in IP is a mixture of hierarchical, distance vector and
link state routing algorithms.
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DatagramDatagram
Packets in IP layer are called datagram.Packets in IP layer are called datagram.
Datagram has two parts namely headerDatagram has two parts namely header
and data.and data.The header is 20 to 60 bytes in length.The header is 20 to 60 bytes in length.
It contains the information essential forIt contains the information essential for
routing and delivery.routing and delivery.
It also contain variable length data.It also contain variable length data.
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IP AddressesIP Addresses
Every host or router on the internet has aEvery host or router on the internet has a
unique IP address.unique IP address.
It is 32 bits long.It is 32 bits long.
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IP AddressesIP Addresses
192.168.0.140
(11000000.10101000.00000000.10001100)
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Class AClass A
a.0 in the first field indicates type A.
b. The host number range from 0.0.0.0 to
127.255.255.255
c.There are 126 types of networks and 17 million
host.
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Class BClass B
a.10 in the first field indicates type B.
b.First two fields identify the network, and the
number in the first field must be in the range 128
191. (10000000 - 10111111).
c. Class B network are large.
d.The host number range from 0.0 to 255.255 i.e.65,534.
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Class CClass C
a.110 in the first field indicates type C.
b. 21 bits are reserved for network.
c.8 bits Host.
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Class DClass D
a.1110 in the first field indicates type D.
b. 2 million networks with up to 254 host.
c.Class D format allows multicast in which adatagram is directed to multiple host.
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Class EClass E
a.11110 in the first field indicates type E.
b. These addresses are reserved for future use.
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IPv4 Datagram HeaderIPv4 Datagram Header
VERS HLEN TOS TOTAL LENGTH
IDENTIFICATION FLAG FRAGMENT OFFSET
TTL PROTOCOL CHECKSUM
SOURCE ADDRESS
DESTINATION ADDRESS
OPTIONS (if any) + PADDING
0 4 8 16 19 31
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Problems with IPv4: LimitedProblems with IPv4: Limited
Address SpaceAddress Space
IPv4 has 32 bit addresses.IPv4 has 32 bit addresses.
Flat addressing (only netid + hostid withFlat addressing (only netid + hostid with
fixed boundaries)fixed boundaries) Results in inefficient use of address space.Results in inefficient use of address space.
Class B addresses are almost over.Class B addresses are almost over.
Addresses will exhaust in the next 5 years.Addresses will exhaust in the next 5 years. IPv4 is victim of its own success.IPv4 is victim of its own success.
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Advantages of IPv6:Advantages of IPv6:
Large address spaceLarge address space
Better Header formatBetter Header format
New optionsNew optionsAllows extensionAllows extension
Support for resource allocationSupport for resource allocation
Support for more securitySupport for more security
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IPv6 AddressesIPv6 Addresses
128-bit addresses128-bit addresses
Multiple addresses can be assigned toMultiple addresses can be assigned to
an interfacean interface
Provider-based hierarchy to be used inProvider-based hierarchy to be used in
the beginningthe beginning
Addresses should have 64-bit interfaceAddresses should have 64-bit interface
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IPv6 Addresses:IPv6 Addresses:
HEX in blocks of 16 bitsHEX in blocks of 16 bits
BC84 : 25C2 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 55AB :BC84 : 25C2 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 55AB :
5521 : 00185521 : 0018
leading zero suppressionleading zero suppression
BC84 : 25C2 : 0 : 0 :55AB : 5521 : 18BC84 : 25C2 : 0 : 0 :55AB : 5521 : 18
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Compressed format removes stringsCompressed format removes stringsofof00ss
BC84 : 25C2 :: 55AB : 5521 : 18BC84 : 25C2 :: 55AB : 5521 : 18
:::: can appear only once in an address.can appear only once in an address.
can also be used to compress leading orcan also be used to compress leading ortrailingtrailing 00ss
Mixed NotationMixed Notation (X:X:X:X:X:X:d.d.d.d)(X:X:X:X:X:X:d.d.d.d)
e.g.,e.g., ::144.16.162.21::144.16.162.21
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IPv6 Header FormatIPv6 Header Format
Priority Flow LabelVers
Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit
Source Address
Destination Address
0 4 12 16 24 31
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IPv6 Header FieldsIPv6 Header Fields
Version number (4-bit field)Version number (4-bit field)The value is always 6.The value is always 6.
Priority (4 bit field) : specifies priorityPriority (4 bit field) : specifies priority
Flow label (24-bit field or 3 bytes)Flow label (24-bit field or 3 bytes)Used to label packets requesting specialUsed to label packets requesting specialhandling by routers.handling by routers.
Payload length (16-bit field)Payload length (16-bit field)Length of the packet following the IPv6Length of the packet following the IPv6header, in octets.header, in octets.
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Next header (8-bit field)Next header (8-bit field)
The type of header immediately followingThe type of header immediately following
the IPv6 header.the IPv6 header.
Hop limit (8-bit field)Hop limit (8-bit field)
Decremented by 1 by each node thatDecremented by 1 by each node that
forwards the packet.forwards the packet.Packet discarded if hop limit isPacket discarded if hop limit is
decremented to zero.decremented to zero.
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IPv6 Header FieldsIPv6 Header Fields
Source Address (128-bit field)Source Address (128-bit field)An address of the initial sender of theAn address of the initial sender of the
packet.packet.
Destination Address (128-bit field)Destination Address (128-bit field)An address of the intended recipient ofAn address of the intended recipient of
the packet. May not be the ultimatethe packet. May not be the ultimate
recipient, if Routing Header is present.recipient, if Routing Header is present.
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Header Changes from IPv4Header Changes from IPv4
Longer address - 32 bitsLonger address - 32 bits 128 bits128 bits Fragmentation field moved to separate headerFragmentation field moved to separate header
Header checksum removedHeader checksum removed
Header length removed (fixed length header)Header length removed (fixed length header) Length field excludes IPv6 headerLength field excludes IPv6 header
Time to liveTime to live Hop limitHop limit
ProtocolProtocol Next headerNext header 64-bit field alignment64-bit field alignment
TOS replaced by flow label, traffic classTOS replaced by flow label, traffic class
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