Transcript
POMPEII & HERCULANEUM
Houses of the Rich and Poorthe “domus as a microcosm of the public world of
business, politics and civic duty” Zarmati
Andrew Wallace HadrillHouses of Pompeii & Herculaneum
• Based on Wallace Hadrill’s classification, Houses can be divided into 4 groups:
• Shops & workshops with 1 or 2 roomed residences behind or above
• Larger workshop residences of 2-7 rooms, some with an atrium & even richly decorated
• Average house: 8 -13 rooms, most with an integrated workshop or shop, symmetrical plan & common architectural features eg atrium & gardens
• Largest houses ( villa urbana) designed for hospitality & large-scale admission of visitors, separate space for slaves; 2 atria; ornamental gardens, peristyles; decorated
• Villa Rustica
Grand
Humble
Public Private
Amici Paterfamilias
ClientaleServi
Social Orientation in a Roman House
Features of the Domus• Houses represent 1/3 of all buildings in Pompeii. Windows looked inward
• Key feature in design for the elite is the long axis running from street entry to the garden. The axis ties the fauces, atrium, tablinum and peristyle areas where vision was often framed by the placement of columns, usually Ionic or Corinthian. These were the more publically visible areas ( salutatio ). According to Cicero in his De Officiis, a man of rank needed housing to fit his social standing
• To the side were the more private leisure areas of Tricliniums and Cubiculums, although client access was sometimes acceptable. Wallace Hadrill states “Romans lacked our distinction of place of work from place of leisure.” ( OTIUM/NEGOTUM)
• The most private areas, unseen and undecorated were the slave quarters and kitchen areas, located towards the back or side of houses.
Artistic recreation of Atrium use in House of Menander
Illusion and Allusion
• “ The villas of the Roman elite provided conscious models for the houses of Pompeian shopkeepers, let alone those of the heavily Roman focused local elite” AWH
House Feature
House of the Surgeon, House of the Samnite
Age, Use of Tufa blocks and size and number of rooms
House and Workshop of Verecundus
Workshop of fullers and dyers incorporated at the front of a basic residence. Noted for its many paintings of the commercial activities
House of Laureius Tiburtinus: : tried to adopt country villa feel, quite close to amphitheatre, many swimming pools and trellised gardens
House of the Vestals Shows continuous change over time from 2nd century AD. Complex water system
House of the Faun 2 atriums, 2 tablinums, clerestory windows and Corintian columnsInfluence of Hellenistic art; Mozaic of Alexander
House of the Bicentenery Division into apartments with external access and multiple larariums
House of Julia Felix Rooms for rent and private bath complex
Villa of Mysteries Art work on four walls showing Dionysiac cult 60 rooms and views to the sea
House of the SurgeonBasic Atrium House
HOUSE OF SALLUSTWater features were an AD addition
Water fountain in the garden of the House of Sallust
House/Workshop of Veracundus /felt maker
• HOUSE AND WORKSHOP OF VERECUNDUS(ins. 7, no.7-5) This complex is of the greatest interest in that it provides an example of a typical workshop belonging to the sellers and dyers of cloth, an activity which in Pompeii was particularly well developed and so renowned that a building in the Forum square was dedicated to them, the Building of Eumachia.
• Precious paintings embellish the workshop and depict the activity carried out there and the protector gods. Note in particular: "Mercury with a moneybag", "Venus on a carriage", "The cloth sellers" and "The weaving of cloth". They are all depicted with great immediacy.
Artistic reconstruction of a Pompeian shopfront
Atrium /Peristyle AxisHouse of Menandro
Architecture and Decoration as social orientation
House of Menandro
Triclinium Decoration in House of the Tragic Poet
Cubiculum and skeleton in Casa del Fabbro
Cubiculum in House of Fannius Sinistor
Heirarchy of intimacy;Atrium/Tablinum/Cubiculum
Finds in the Casa Del Fabbro
Houses and TradeHouse of the Bicentenary
Finds from the House of Caecilus Iucundus
Other dossiers relating to the ownership of a slave Petronia Justa was found in the House of The Bicentenary. Finds from three neighbouring houses have become known as the Herculaneum Tablets
House of the Silver W edding
House of the VestalsWater as Status
The use of water in Roman private houses has been identified as a highly visible status symbol. The detailed study of the House of the Vestals at Pompeii reveals how water features were central to the house’s structural changes from the late first century B.C. The owners of the house invested heavily in fountains and pools as key elements in the display of their wealth to visitors and passers-by alike
House of Loreius Tibertinus
Illusion and AllusionThe garden and house of Loreius Tibertinus were joined through the use of an irrigation channel that ran from an open terrace, or peristyle, through the entire length of the garden. The water channel bisected the garden and was framed by flowering shrubs and trees. A fountain and pergola mark the mid point of the canal. At the north end of the garden was an outdoor dining area complete with wall paintings and furnishings for dining
Fauces of the House of Faun
Tablinum in House of the Faun
Note the different types of brickwork
Corinthian Column fromThe House of the Faun
“Columns mark out spaces as prestigious” AWH
Public and Private Access inHouse of Laureius Tiburtinus
Fauces ( jaws) Gymnasia allusion
Atrium /Peristyle in House of the VettiNote the visual axis of symmetry
HOUSE OF VETTI“If you have a garden and a library, you have everything you need.”
Cicero
Decoration in the Fourth StyleHouse of the Vetti
HOUSE OF FAUN2 atrium/2 peristyles
•“Houses everywhere bear evidence of change, changing boundaries,• changing use of space, changing fashions in decoration and self representation.” AWH
Alexander Mosaic inHouse of the Faun
‘The function of mythological paintings in the houses pf P&H was to represent the status of the house to the exterior world.’ ~ Rachel Goff
Floor of the House of the Vestals
Floor Plan of The House of the Mysteries
VILLA OF MYSTERIES
Villa with a View- Mysteries
Dionysiac Cult
Houses of Herculaneum
• Although generalizations should not be made , since only 1/3 is excavated, houses seem to show equal variety.
• There are however slightly more larger houses• More houses display the fashion of mozaic walls and floors• Due to the varying eruptive experience, second storeys have
been preserved at Herculaneum• Timber shutters, doors, rails and furniture have been
preserved• More evidence of apartment blocks
Greek influence in a Samnite House
HOUSE OF THE CARBONIZED FURNITURE- HERCULANEUM
House of the Samnite
HOUSE OF NEPTUNE-HERCULANEUM
HOUSE OF MOZAICS- HERCULANEUM
Public Architecture in a domestic context
HOUSE OF WOODEN FACADE
Apartments above House of Trellis
HOUSE OF THE DEER/STAG
GETTY’S MODEL OF VILLA OF PAPYRI
PLAN OF VILLA OF PAPYRI
Villa of Papyriunder excavation
House Contents• Evidence for Cloth production: loom weights, spindles needles in Casa De
Princeps de Napoli; 50 loom weights were needed for 2 rooms and as spinning was a Roman activity this cannot be evidence for commercial use. Looms were not found in service areas ~ Penelope Alison
• Consumption of food: popular images of food in still life paintings; braziers were found in Casa del Menandro, used for cooking, heating, warming; red slip pottery largest and smallest sizes used for cooking; size 4 bowls showed olive, fig and plum residue ~ Penelope Alison
• Toilet and Medical items: spatulums, probes, cosmetic containers, strigils, tweezers (>10cm=forceps function; <10cm=domestic use); not all medical items indicate doctors: “this is one example of how we bring our own personal bias of interpretation to the study of Pompeian households.”~Penelope Alison
Imperial bronze and marble sculptures fromVilla of Papyri
Finds-unrolling Papyrus Scrolls
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