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ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER AS SEEN
THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN KESEY’SONE
FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO’S NEST
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
DedhyApriantoPamungkas
Student Number: 084214105
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER AS SEEN
THROUGHTHE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN KESEY’SONE
FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO’S NEST
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Dedhy Aprianto Pamungkas
Student Number: 084214105
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama: Dedhy Aprianto Pamungkas
Nomor Mahasiswa: 084214105
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER AS SEEN
THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN KESEY’S ONE
FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO’S NEST
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 30 Januari 2015
Yang menyatakan,
(Dedhy Aprianto Pamungkas)
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate contains no material previously
written by any other person except due reference is made in the context of the
undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, January 30, 2015
Dedhy Aprianto Pamungkas
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IT ALWAYS SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE UNTIL IT'S DONE
-Nelson Mandela-
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the last few years there are have been many people who have helped me
in my life and within the process of accomplishment of this study. I would like to
thank to Jesus Christ who gives me in this life, blessing, health, strength and spirit
to finish this study. I would like to express my gratitude to my undergraduate
thesis advisor, Dr. F.X.Siswadi, M.A. who has willingly spent the time guiding
me in this research and also for all of the advice, corrections, and encouragements
toward myself for all of this time. I also would like to thank my co-advisor Maria
Ananta Tri Suryandari,S.S.,M.Ed. for the correcting this thesis carefully and for
giving me meaningful advice.
My thanks go to my dear parents, Mom and Dad, who give me prayer and
unlimited support, my brothers Drajat and Andreas who also give me support
morally and materially and my lovely nephew Dika, I hope only the best for
them.To my besties Matias Mamet, Yoga Gaplek, Ianno Akhmenrah, Artantya TJ,
Dimas Dimdir, I am thankful for the companion, advice, sincerity, courtesy and
countless favors through all these years. I am more than lucky to have them in my
life. Friends of English Letters Class 2008 and friends from other various classes
also Lens Club LC, thanks for all of the knowledge and togetherness through
these years, Hog Bless. May God protect and bless them all!
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE .......................................................................................... iii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ....................... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .......................................................... v
MOTTO PAGE ........................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………….... viii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. x
ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1
A. Background of the Study .......................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation................................................................ 5
C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................. 5
D. Definition of Terms ................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ............................................. 7
A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................ 7
B. Review of Related Theories ...................................................... 9
1. Theory of Character and Characterization ...................... 9
2. Relation between Literature and Psychology ................... 12
3. Theory of Antisocial Personality Disorder ....................... 14
C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................ 18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 19
A. Object of The Study .................................................................. 19
B. Approach of The Study ............................................................. 20
C. Method of The Study ................................................................ 22
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 23
A. The Characteristic of Randle McMurphy .............................. 23
1. Ruthless ................................................................................ 24
2. Rebellious ............................................................................. 28
3. Ambitious ............................................................................. 31
4. Persuasive ............................................................................ 32
5. Deceitful ............................................................................... 34
6. Remorseless .......................................................................... 37
B. The Antisocial Personality Disorder reflected through
Randle McMurphy .................................................................... 39
1. Failure to Conform to Social Norms ................................. 39
2. Deceitfulness ........................................................................ 42
3. Irritability and Aggressiveness .......................................... 43
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4. Lack of Remorse .................................................................. 45
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .................................................................. 47
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 50
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ABSTRACT
DEDHY APRIANTO PAMUNGKAS. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY
DISORDER AS SEEN THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN
KESEY’S ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO’S NEST. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University,
2015.
Each person has the need to socialize and build harmonic relationship with others.
If someone cannot build a harmonic social relationship with others, that person
might have a personality disorder. In this research, the personality disorder
becomes the object for the researcher to get the understanding about personality
disorder of the main character in the novel. In this novel the main character named
Randle Patrick McMurphy is identified with symptoms of antisocial personality
disorder.
There are two problems in this research, first is to find the characteristics of
Randle Patrick McMurphy in the novel, while second is to find how the antisocial
personality disorder is reflected through Randle McMurphy in the novel.
In this study, the researcher uses library research in order to complete this study.
The researcher uses library research because the study uses a novel as the main
data and some psychological books as the sources of theories.
The researcher uses some theories to support this study, they are the theory of
character and characterization, the relation between literature and psychology, and
thetheory of anti-social personality disorder. The researcher applies the theories to
analyze the data and then the conclusion is formulated.
After analyzing the data, the researcher finds out the answer of the problems.
Firstly, the characteristics of the main character are presented in six points, which
are ruthless, rebellious, ambitious, persuasive, deceitful and remorseless.
Secondly, the characteristic of the main character then matched into the features
of antisocial personality disorder. The result is that the main character fulfilled
four out of seven features of antisocial personality disorder. The results indicate
that Randle McMurphy is indeed having the antisocial personality disorder.
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ABSTRAK
DEDHY APRIANTO PAMUNGKAS. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY
DISORDER AS SEEN THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN
KESEY’S ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO’S NEST. Yogyakarta: Jurusan
Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.
Setiap orang mempunyai kebutuhan untuk bersosialisasi serta membangun
hubungan yang harmonis dengan sesama. Apabila seseorang tidak sanggup untuk
membangun hubungan sosial yang harmonis dengan sesamanya maka
kemungkinan orang tersebut memiliki gangguan kepribadian. Dalam penelitian
ini, gangguan kepribadian menjadi objek penelitian untuk memahami tentang
gangguan kepribadian antisosial yang dialami karakter utama pada novel. Dalam
novel ini, karakter utama, yang bernama Randle Patrick McMurphy,
diidentifikasikan memiliki gejala gangguan kepribadian antisosial.
Terdapat dua pertanyaan dalam penelitian ini, pertama adalah menemukan
karakteristik apa saja yang dapat diidentifikasikan dari Randle Patrick McMurphy
pada novel, kemudian yang kedua adalah menemukan bagaimana gangguan
kepribadian antisosial tercermin melalui karakter utama pada novel.
Pada penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka untuk merampungkan
penelitian ini. Peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka oleh karena penggunaan
sebuah novel sebagai data utama dan beberapa buku mengenai psikologi sebagai
sumber beberapa teori yang digunakan.
Peneliti menggunakan beberapa teori untuk mendukung penelitian ini, yakni teori
karakter dan karakterisasi, hubungan antara sastra dengan psikologi dan teori
gangguan kepribadian antisosial. Peneliti mengaplikasikan teori-teori tersebut
untuk menganalisis data kemudian pembuatan formulasi kesimpulan.
Setelah menganalisis data, peneliti menemukan jawaban dari permasalahan diatas.
Pertama adalah karakteristik dari karakter utama dipresentasikan dalam enam
poin, yakni kejam atau tidak kenal belas kasih, suka memberontak, ambisius,
persuasif atau suka menghasut, suka berbohong dan tidak mempunyai rasa
bersalah. Kemudian yang kedua adalah karakteristik dari karakter utama
kemudian dicocokkan kedalam fitur-fitur gangguan kepribadian antisosial. Hasil
dari penelitian tersebut adalah si karakter utama memenuhi empat dari tujuh fitur
gangguan kepribadian antisosial. Hasil dari penelitian tersebut mengindikasikan
bahwa Randle McMurphy memang memiliki gangguan kepribadian antisosial.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
A literary work is a medium for people to express their ideas and feelings.
What is pictured there is generally based on the fact and experience which
happened in the past or the dreams about the future. The literary work is a door in
one’s consciousness, an opportunity to see the world, to see life as it might
appear. Through literary work people have the opportunity to see human
experience from a different perspective, not only from psychological research.
Literary work also can be the medium to reveal human characters from another
person's point of view or the author.
Literature is human creation in certain time to say something or
events in certain period or year. It is intended to share some idea or
issue to other human beings, because the greatness of the literature
work is brought out by the wisest and the most sensitive mind in
the form of information, experience, knowledge or non-aesthetic
values (Guerin, 1979:18)
Literature and psychology are subjects that explore human’s life. The
relationship between the two studies has one common purpose which is to
describe the human condition. In a literary work, the author depicts the human
condition into a dramatic story while in psychology, the researcher studies human
characteristic scientifically.
Jonathan Culler stated in Literary Theory; A Very Short Introduction, “The
literary work is a linguistic event which projects a fictional world that includes
speaker, actors, events, and an implied audience (an audience that takes shape
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through the work’s decisions about what must be explained and what the audience
is presumed to know)”(2000:29).
Hudson stated in An Introduction to the Study of Literature that instead of
their function of giving emotional and intellectual pleasure to its reader, literature
through their medium of languanges, is also a media to represent some aspects of
human life such as history, social, moral, psychology and so on (1960:10). When
reading a literary work such as novel, poetry, prose or play, the reader not only
create imagination of what happened in the novel, but also they will have the
chance to explore human life and problems throughout human history. Literature
can reveal the morality of a person or society and some particular social issues in
human life at a particular time. Literature is the representation of the reality of
human life, it reflects the social reality, confront us with life varieties, problems,
attitude, feelings and relationship among others.
The novel is the author's work during his shift at mental health facility in
California. The setting of the novel takes place at the end of the 1950s, when
many of the America’s younger generation began to challenge conformity. The
novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest was included in “100 Best English
Language Novel from 1923-2005” list by Time Magazine.
However, Leon Mann in his book Social Psychology states that through the
process of socialization the individual becomes the member of society, endowed
with the social attitudes and role behaviors appropriate to his particular society
and his place in it. The individual adjusts himself to the society by learning
behavior which meets with society’s approval. At any age a person in the society
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expected to acquire the values in his society. Hence, the aim of socialization is to
induce person to conform willingly to the ways of the society to which he belongs
(1969:6)
Besides the above issues the novel presented, the novel is interesting to be
analyzed because the author Ken Kesey presents the main character, Randle
McMurphy, with the characteristic of a person with the symptoms of antisocial
personality disorder. As a charming and friendly man, Randle McMurphy was
also impulsive, irritable, violent, lack of responsibility, lack of guilt, and disregard
for laws in other side. Through the characteristic of Randal McMurphy above, the
researcher can see that Randle McMurphy is qualified to be considered as a
person with the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder.
According to Abnormal Psychology, the types of personality disorder are
paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal
personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic (historical)
personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, avoidant personality
disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality
disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Among many of the personality
disorders mentioned above, the main character of the novel, Randle McMurphy is
included into a person with the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder.
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder show an almost total disregard for
the rights and well-being of others. In addition, they demonstrate several
characteristics that make them dangerous to others. Rules and regulations are not
for them, so they often have a history of antisocial behavior. They are often
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irritable and aggressive, highly impulse, seemingly fearless in the face of danger,
and highly deceitful - they will lie to anyone, anytime, if they perceive this as
advantageous. And after performing actions that harm others, they typically show
no remorse (Davidson and Neale, 1986:233)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest tells about the story of an outlaw named
Randle McMurphy, who was convicted of rape and sentenced to work at the
Pendleton Work Farm but he requested to be transferred to the mental institution
to avoid the drudgery at the farm. While Randle McMurphy stayed in the mental
institution he incited rebellion among the patients who suffered under the
overbearing Nurse Ratched, the head nurse at the mental institution. She had a
complete control over every aspect of the mental institution. Randle McMurphy
tried to fight the oppressive power that Nurse Ratched had with rebellion and
disobedience toward the rules of the mental institution.
The personality disorder which Randle McMurphy has is interesting to be
analyzed in order to get a better understanding and knowledge about the antisocial
personality disorder and also there are still few who have discussed the topic
antisocial personality disorder. Hence the researcher collects the data from the
novel entitled One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey and use the
psychological approach as the ground to build the analysis and reveal the
antisocial personality disorder through the main character’s reactions, saying and
behavior toward another person in the society.
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B. Problem Formulation
In order to get the understanding and explanation of the topic, the researcher
formulated two questions to be answered:
1. What are the characteristics of Randle McMurphy in One Flew Over The
Cuckoo’s Nest?
2. How is the antisocial personality disorder reflected through Randle
McMurphy in the novel?
C. Objectives of The Study
The aim of this study is to answer the research questions above. The analysis
is aimed at discovering the personality of Randle McMurphy and how the
antisocial personality disorder of the main character is reflected in the novel.
Since the research questions above are formulated into two parts, the
analysis is divided into two parts also. The first part is to find out the description
of Randle McMurphy as the main character of the novel, and in the second part is
to identify how the main character can be said to have antisocial personality
disorder.
D. Definition of Terms
1. Character
According to Abrams & Harpham in A Glossary of Literary Terms, Ninth
Edition, character is the person represented in a dramatic or narrative work,
who are interpreted by the reader as possessing particular moral, intellectual,
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and emotional qualities by inferences from what the person say and his or her
distinctive ways of saying it-the dialogue-and from what they do-the action.
Being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in
their dialogue and their action. (2009:42)
2. Antisocial Personality Disorder
According to Robert A. Baron in Psychology, Third Edition defines that
antisocial personality disorder as a personality disorder involving a lack of
conscience and sense of responsibility, impulsive behavior, irritability, and
aggressiveness. (1995:569)
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
In this chapter the researcher discusses on related studies on the same novel.
The related studies from other work gives more understanding of the novel from
the other point of view. Through the review of related studies, the other study will
complete the understanding of the novel.
An article from the website www.thenation.com states as follows;
―Randle P. McMurphy, a bright and impetuous jailbird, feigns
lunacy and gets himself transferred to a state hospital, where, he
hopes, living conditions will be more to his liking. He is assigned
to a minimum security ward that is presided over by Nurse
Ratched‖(http://www.thenation.com/article/one-flew-over-
cuckoos-nest)‖
The quotation from online article www.thenation.com shows that Randle
McMurphy is a smart, spontaneus ex-criminal who fake his lunacy in order to get
himself transferred into a state mental institution expecting to get a better living
condition than he had before. The article also described McMurphy as a man who
has a rebellious spirit and has a serious problem with the authority or in this case
is the character of Nurse Ratched or Big Nurse. The statement from the online
article above gives the understanding of the main character as a man who was a
criminal and has personality issue which then asked to be transferred to the mental
asylum by the authority of the Pendleton Work farm.
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The essay from Thomas H.Fick, The Hipster, the Hero, and the Psychic
Frontier in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest described McMurphy as follows;
―A footloose westerner, he ostentatiously transgresses the limits
of society, much like Kesey himself, whose destination—Furthur
[sic]—was emblazoned on the Pranksters‘bus. McMurphy teaches
the inmates of the insane asylum to create their own truths and
identities, but to do so he must share himself and inevitably
compromise his own.(p.138)‖
The previous quotation shows that McMurphy disapproved and tried to
break the limitation of society by taking over the bus and went fishing with
friends from the mental institution. He also ‗teaches‘ his friends in the mental
institution to find themselves, their true identity. Eventually, because of Randle
McMurphy‘s ‗kindness and wisdom‘ toward his friends in the mental institution,
there will be something that McMurphy has to sacrifice, which is his sanity ripped
off by the authority or the mental institution officer. The above quotation also
shows that McMurphy committed a rebellious act toward society and law in
particular.
The study from Thomas H. Fick described the main character,Randle
McMurphy as follows;
Committed to the asylum as a psychopath, McMurphy is a down-
home hipster who vitalizes the sterile ward with the energy of his
language. ―some thief in the night boosted my clothes‖, he
explains to Nurse Ratched when he appears the first morning
wrapped in a towel (with his white whale undershorts beneath).
The Nurse‘s confusion inspires McMurphy to more elaborate jive,
a burst of verbal energy that cuts through the inert institutional
vocabulary: ‗Pinched. Jobbed. Swiped. Stole,‘ he says happily.
‗You know, man, like somebody boosted my threads.‘ saying this
tickles him so he goes into a little barefooted dance before her.
(p.138).
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The quotation above from Thomas H. Fick mentioned the term ‗down-home
hipster‘ which is meant as simple and informal person who value independent
thinking, counter culture, intelligence and witty banter. The spirit of counter
culture is the most recognized idea of hipster, they conform the idea of
mainstream culture. This idea of conform also shows up in the character of Randle
McMurphy, his love of struggle toward the rules and conflicts shows his
conformist spirit of the hipster. The study from Thomas H. Fick gives the
researcher insight of how McMurphy has the conformist spirit.
This research tries to prove that Randle McMurphy has symptoms of anti-
social personality disorder by observing his characteristic and behavior based on
the novel. The previous studies give a brief explanation about the main character
and can be used as references. The researcher chooses this topic to get
understanding on how the main character is described and the symptoms of
antisocial disorder reflected through the main character, and also through this
research aim that the readers able to see the motives of the main character in the
novel, Randle McMurphy, behaves in such way and the impact toward the society.
A. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Characters are defined as ―the person presented in a dramatic or narrative
work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and
dispositional qualities that are expressed in their dialogue and their action‖
(Abrams, 2009:20). The grounds in character‘s temperament and moral nature of
his speech and actions constitute his motivation. A character may remain
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essentially stable or unchanged in his outlook and dispositions from the beginning
to the end of the work, or he may undergo a radical change, either through a
gradual development or as a result of an extreme crisis.
Abrams states that character can be interpreted by the reader through what
they say, the dialogue, and what they do and from the action (2009:21). From this,
a character can be known by the reader through their attitudes and language. The
reader also plays an important role to decide whether he or she in the novel is
good or bad.
Furthermore, Sylan Barnet explained in Literature for Composition that the
character can be understood as follows:
1. What the character (the figure) says.
2. What the character does.
3. What other characters (including the narrator of the story) say about the
main character.
4. What other characters do (others may illuminate the figure you are writing
about in the work, figures who do or do not engage in actions resembling the
actions of your figure) (1988:71-72).
In the book, Understanding Unseen (1972:161-173) by M.J Murphy also
explain the method to define the character, Murphy said that there were ―Nine
Ways to Present the Character‖
1. Personal description: The author can describe a person‘s appearance and
clothes.
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2. Character as seen by another: Instead of describing a character directly
the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another. The readers
get, as it were, a reflected image.
3. Speech: The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the
persons in the book through what that person says. Whenever he is in
conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving us
some clue to his character.
4. Past life: By letting the reader learn something about a person‘s past life,
the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person‘s
character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person‘s
thought, his conversation or the medium of another person.
5. Conversation of other: The author can also give us clues to a person‘s
character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about
him. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give us a clue
to the character of the character spoken about.
6. Reaction: The author gives us a clue to a person‘s character by letting us
know how that person reacts to various situations and events.
7. Direct comment: The author describes or comments on a person‘s
character directly.
8. Thoughts: The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is
thinking about. In this respect he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He
can tell us what different people are thinking. In the novel the researcher is able to
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accept this. The reader then is in a privileged position: he has, as it were, a secret
listening device plugged-in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel.
9. Mannerism: The author can describe a person‘s mannerism, habits, and
idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about the character.
2. Relation between Literature and Psychology
Literature and psychology are two different fields of study, what makes
them can be related is that in both fields of study explore human‘s life. Both field
of studies have one common purpose which is to describe the human condition. In
a literary work, the author depicts the human condition into drama while in
psychology, the researcher studies human characteristic systematically and
scientifically.
Psychological approach is perfect for analyzing the topic since the
researcher talks about the motives behind every act and saying about the main
character. In the book, The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism: Volume II)
stated about the relation between the two studies as follows, ―These connections
arise from the fact that the practice of art is a psychological activity and as such,
can be approached from a psychological angle. Considered in this light, art like
any other human activity deriving from physic motives is a proper subject for
psychology‖. The term art in the above quotation refers to the literary work since
literature from the basic is inspired from daily human activity, behavior and
thought. In that way psychological approach can be applied to analyze literary
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work and in particular to the analysis of the intrinsic element of the novel such as
the character in the novel or even the author.
By using psychological approach, the researcher tries to understand the
motives of Randle McMurphy‘s behavior, and then collecting the fact that the
main character in the novel matches to the figure of anti-social personality
disorder.
Psychology is the science that attempts to understand, describe,
predict, and influence – particularly human behavior.
(Kalish.1974:4)
The quotation above from Kalish explains the general term of psychology
which can be related to the literature. Since literature also observes the human
behavior as well, the field of psychology also can be used to analyze literary
works especially the author and the characters in the novel.
While the contribution literature can give to psychology is that through
literary works, the author describes humans in the present time and also to predict
the human characteristic and motives in the future. Since human characteristic is
complex and developed along the time, the relation and contribution of literary
work to the field of psychology is to predict human motives and characteristic in
the future.
Using the psychological approach, the researcher tries to reveal the main
character‘s personality and get a clear explanation about how the personality
disorder is reflected through the main character. In literature, the researcher is not
studying literature only, but also another field of study, in this case the researcher
also learns about psychology as well.
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3. Theory of Antisocial Personality Disorder
According to James C. Coleman in Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life
said that their outstanding characteristic is a marked lack of ethical or moral
development, with an inability to follow approved modes of behavior (1964:361).
In other words the characteristic of a person with anti social personality disorder
can be seen through their unusual or abnormal behavior. An explanation about
abnormal behavior, according to Anne Anastasi and John P. Foley, Jr in
Differential Psychology: Individual and Groups Differences in Behavior are as
follows;
Abnormality is the normal consequence of certain stimulating
conditions and structural characteristics. Behavior is abnormal only
in the sense that it deviates from a norm. This norm is determined by
the specific conditions of life within a given group. Thus it follows
that behavior which considered abnormal in one culture may be
normal in another. (Anne Anastasi & John P. Foley.1956:566)
From the quotation above, the term abnormality here depends on the norms of the
related society or group. When a person is said to have abnormal behavior in a
certain group or society, another group may say it as normal for it depends on the
cultures adopted he or she lives in.
In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition,
text revision by Frances Allen as editor (2000:706). A person is said to have
antisocial personality disorder when the person at least at the age of 18 years old,
and has shown a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of
others occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three or more of the following
indications:
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1. Failure to Conform to Social Norms
People with anti-social personality disorder lack respect for other persons.
They often disregard the feelings, rights, and welfare of others and extreme
egocentricity, these people also included as tough mindedness and arrogance.
They disregard or disobeyed the rules created by society instead they often break
the social norms and the result of their acts they are frequently arrested.
2. Deceitfulness
People whose diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder often lie,
cheat, con, defraud, and manipulate others for particular intention, which basically
only they get the benefit, in other words they always keep the truth hidden. This
item describes an individual for whom lying is a typical part of everyday
discourse.Individuals at the extreme are characteristically deceptive,
unscrupulous, manipulative and dishonest.
3. Impulsivity or Failure to Plan Ahead
They often act spontaneously without considering the risk and they are
not able to think about something to do in the future.This item refers to the
tendency to act without premeditation or forethought, corresponds to the
impulsiveness facet of neuroticism. However, neurotic impulsiveness has more to
do with the experience of strong cravings and an inability to resist temptations,
frustrations, and urges. The symptoms also indicate that they lack life plan, fails to
learn from experience, and also they have poor judgement toward value.
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4. Irritability and Aggressiveness
These people often attack people physically or emotionally. Concerned
with the expression of irritability, annoyance, impatience, threats, and aggression,
this symptom reflects poor behavioral control. A person with this symptom often
act spontaneously and unprovoked that lead to the reflection of the person which
failure to consider future consequences, acting hastily, or acting first and thinking
later.
5. Reckless Disregard for safety of Self or Others
People with the symptom of antisocial personality disorder do not posses
the ability to feel remorse after committing something bad, in fact they are not
aware or even do not care that they are in danger after commiting their action.
They do not worry to think about their own safety or others, their disregard act
about safeness can dangered people‘s lives.
6. Consistent Irresponsibility
They are usually unemployment for long periods, and do not have a
realistic plan for getting another job. Hare (1991) described the irresponsible
individual as one who has little sense of duty or loyalty to family, friends, or
employers and who habitually fails to fulfill obligations in a variety of areas. Low
scores on dutifulness are described as casual about ethical principles,
undependable, and unreliable.
7. Lack of remorse
It can be said that these people have lost their compassion. They rarely
feel regret for what they have done, either having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from
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another. This item represents an explicit assessment of the psychopath‘s lack of
concern for the losses, pain, and suffering of his or her victims. This item would
seem to describe the extreme variant of tough mindedness, as described above.
The indications above are seven criteria of anti-social personality disorder to
analyze the main character. A person is claimed to suffer from anti-social
personality disorder when he or she is indicated by three or four of the above
indications and are at least 18 years old. A source from Abnormal Psychology by
Davidson and Neale, stated as follows;
The adult antisocial personality disorder shows iresponsible and
antisocial behavior, by not working consistently, breaking laws,
lying, being irritable, and physically aggressive, defaulting on debt
and being reckless. He or she is impulsive and fails to plan ahead.
In addition, he or she shows no regard for truth nor remorse for
misdeeds. (Davidson and Neale.1993:271)
According to Personality Disorder and The Five-Factor Model of
Personality, the diagnostic criteria for anti social personality disorder essentially
provide a set of behavorial examples of excessively low conscientousnesss (e.g,
irresponsible and delinquent acts, inability to sustain consistent work behavior,
failure to honor obligations, failure to plan ahead) and low agreableness (eg,
deceitfulness, failure to conform to the law, fights and assaults, disregard for the
safety and welfare of others, and lack of remorse).
The antisocial personality disorder person, however, is also manipulative,
exploitative, vengeful, criminal, and ruthless. They display more tendencies to be
tough minded and ruthlessly exploitative, vengeful, criminal, and ruthless, which
are aspects of antagonism.
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D. Theoretical Framework
In order to answer the problem of this study, some applicable theories are
provided. They are theory of character and characterization, theory of the relation
between psychology and literature and also the theory of anti-social personality
disorder. Theory of character and characterization used to answer problem number
one. By using this theory, the researcher is able to identify what kind of character
Randle McMurphy is by seeing through his attitude, speeches, behavior and his
way of thinking.
Theory of the relation between psychology is used to give deeper
comprehension that literature is related with another field of study, such as
psychology. Since the study is about revealing main character‘s anti-social
disorder, psychological approach is the best approach to be used to solve the
problem formulation.
Theory of anti-social personality disorder is used to answer the second
research question, how the antisocial personality disorder is reflected through the
main character. The indications of anti-social personality disorder are matched to
the Randle McMurphy characteristics and behaviors. By using this theory, the
researcher has the capability to know whether the main character fulfills the
requirement of having anti-social behavior or not.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of The Study
One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest is a novel by Ken Kesey, an American
writer. He was born in La Junta, Colorado and raised in Springfield, Oregon. He
graduated from the University of Oregon and later studied at Stanford. In 1959, at
work on a novel but in need of cash, he became a subject in government
sponsored studies of LSD, mescaline, and other drugs being conducted at the
Veterans Administration Hospital in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He later worked as
a night attendant in the hospital’s psychiatric ward, an experience that led to the
writing of One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest (1962), his acclaimed first novel.
His second novel, Sometimes A Great Notion, followed in 1964. By this
time, Kesey was the leader of a group friends called the Merry Pranksters, who
embraced LSD and gave it to the people at both private parties and public events
(sometimes without their knowledge) to observe their reactions. He set out across
the country in a psychedelically painted bus with the Beat hero Neal Cassady at
the wheel, evens later chronicled by Tom Wolfe in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid
Test.
Kesey himself described, in words and pictures, his experiences in the
counterculture movement in Kesey’s Garage Sale (1973). Other books by him
include the novels Demon Box (1987), Sailor Song (1992) and Last Go Round
(1994).
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One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest tells about a man called Randle
McMurphy, he was convicted of rape and sentenced to work at Pendleton Work
Farm but he requested to be transferred to the mental institution to avoid the hard
work at the farm. Because the character of McMurphy incited rebellion among the
fellow patients who suffered under the overbearing Nurse Ratched, the head nurse
at the mental institution. Randle McMurphy tries to fight the oppressive power
that Nurse Ratched had with his basic instinct which was rebellion and
disobedience toward the rules of the mental institution.
B. Approach of the Study
To get the understanding of the main character and his motives behind his
behaviours in One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, the researcher uses
psychological approach as the tool to analyze the character of Randle McMurphy.
David Daiches states in Critical Approaches to Literature that, “Such a use of
psychology is appropriate to critics who believe that the function of literature is to
provide “a just and lively image of human nature” or at least who agree on the
general proposition that the end of literature is some kind of illumination of the
human situation” (1981:338) The application of psychological approach to
analyzing literary work is appropriate because the results of the application of the
approach is to find out human psychological condition.
According to Richard Kalish in The Psychology of Human Behaviour,
“Psychology is the science that attempts to understand, describe, predict, and
influence – particularly human behavior.” (1974:4). The statement from Richard
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Kalish explains the general understanding of psychology which can be related to
literature. Since literature is also observing the human behavior as well,
psychology is able to be used to analyze literary works, especially in analyzing the
author and the characters in the novel.
Another addition from The Norton Anthology of Theory an Criticism:
Volume II states that, “These connections arise from the fact that the practice of
art is a psychological activity and as such, can be approached from a
psychological angle. Considered in this light, art like any other human activity
deriving from physic motives is a proper subject for psychology”.(p:990). The
term art here refers to the literature work since literature from the basic is inspired
from human activity, behavior and thought. The above quotation supports the idea
of analyzing work of fiction using psychological approach.
Psychological approach is appropriate to be used to analyze the topic for the
researcher will talk about the character, the motives behind every act and saying
of the main character. Therefore the use of this approach supports the researcher’s
aim to get the understanding of the motives behind Randle McMurphy’s
behaviours and thoughts. The researcher uses theory of antisocial personality
disorder to analyse the symptom that Randle McMurphy shows through his
behaviours and thoughts toward other people and then the symptom must fulfilled
at least three out of seven criteria of being antisocial.
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C. Method of the Study
In this study, the researcher used library research in order to complete this
study. Library research is used because the study was using novel as the main data
and some psychological books as the source of theories used in this study. The
primary data used in this study were the novel by Ken Kesey entitled One Flew
Over The Cuckoo’s Nest. Some theoretical books were used such as Abnormal
Psychology, Critical Approaches to Literature, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorder, Theory of Literature, Social Psychology and A Glossary of
Literary Terms. Some more web based references are also used to give additional
information about the novel.
Few steps were taken to analyze the data. Firstly, the primary data were read
to get the understanding of the story and to get more information about the story
and then the researcher decided what the issue that worth analyze is. From here,
the researcher decided to present the main character’s personality disorder as the
problem formulation. Secondly, the researcher reads some theoretical books about
literature and psychology. Since the problem formulation is about personality
disorder, the theory of antisocial personality disorder was used to analyze. Last
but not least, the researcher applied theory of character and also the theory of
antisocial personality disorder to analyze the main character and then the
conclusion of the research was formulated.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
In this chapter the researcher discusses on the analysis of the primary data.
The main issues formulated in the previous chapter are analyzed in this chapter
using the psychological theory. The problem formulations being discussed in this
chapter are how the portrayal or the characterization of Randle McMurphy in the
novel and how the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder are being
portrayed through the main character.
A. The characteristics of Randle McMurphy
Firstly, the researcher tries to find the characteristics of the main character
based on his action, saying and the other character‟s description about Randle
McMurphy. The researcher uses the theory from A Glossary of Literary
Term;Ninth Edition by M.H Abrams and G.G Harphams as the main tool to
analyze the characteristic of McMurphy in the novel. Specifically, in order to get
evidence of McMurphy characteristic, the researcher uses the showing method
from M.H Abrams and G.G Harpham.
The researcher uses the method from M.H.Abrams to analyze the
characteristic of the main character. The „showing‟ method is the author simply
presents the character talking and acting and also the character‟s inner thoughts,
feelings, and responsiveness to events while in „telling‟ mode, the author
intervenes authoritatively in order to describe, and often to evaluate, the motives
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and dispositional qualities of the character. As the tool to analyze the main
character of the novel the researcher uses showing method.
1. Ruthless
Randle McMurphy is a person who has activities such as drinking,
gambling and using prostitute service in his list of daily activities. These kind of
activities McMurphy has included as harmful activities, whether to individual or
to the society. The ideas of theft, rape, assault and battery are forbidden and
punishable by law and included into crime. To be classified as a crime, the act of
doing something bad must be usually accompanied by the intention to do
something bad. Because of these abnormal and harmful activities he did, Randle
McMurphy is categorized as a ruthless person.
Since ruthless characteristic that Randle McMurphy has, a lot of his
activities which is considered hard and cruel and not caring of hurting other
people can be classified as criminal activities because these activities are against
the law or rules in the society. Before McMurphy gets transferred to the mental
institution, he went to many prisons for his criminal activities, one of which is
fighting: “Ever since I found my callin‟ I done time in so many small-town jails I
could write a brochure. They say I‟m a habitual hassle. Like I fight some.
Sheeut”[p.16]. Applying the method showing by Abrams and Harpham in the
book A Glossary of Literary Terms Ninth Edition, the researcher is able to know
that McMurphy is a person whose fighting becomes his daily routine and then end
up into many prisons.
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McMurphy also committed assault and battery in the past before he went to
Pendleton Farm: “But that was just for a period of time. I learned the ropes. To
tell the truth, this „sault and battery I was doing in Pendleton was the first hitch in
close to a year. That‟s why I got busted. I was outta practice; this guy was able to
get up off the floor and get to the cops before I left town. A very tough
individual..”[p.16]. Randle McMurphy often show his ruthlesness such as assault
and battery which make him end up in the jail. One day he gets caught and sent to
the prison because he attack and smack someone down back in the Pendleton
Farm which unfortunately that person able to call the police. Before McMurphy
able to run away from the town the police succeed arrested and sent him to the
prison. Other event related to his criminal activity is when the staff of the mental
institution read the past record folder about Randle McMurphy and find out the
criminal activity he committed.
“McMurry, Randle Patrick. Committed by the State of Pendleton
Farm for Correction. For diagnosis and possible treatment. Thirty-
five years old. Never married. Distinguished Service Cross in
Korea, for leading an escape from a Communist prison camp. A
dishonourable discharge, afterward for insubordination. Followed
by a history of street brawls and barroom fights and a series of
arrests for Drunkenness, Assault and Battery, Disturbing the Peace,
repeated gambling, and one arrest-for Rape.”[p.28]
Randle McMurphy‟s achievement in the military, the Distinguished Service Cross
gives an evidence for his extreme courageous behavior and risk of life in combat.
Even though he achieved such high honors in military, McMurphy has a bad
record for acts of indiscipline and then discharged from military service. Later on
McMurphy involved in many fights, gamble, arrested for drunkenness, assault
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and battery, disturbing the peace and also for raped a fifteen year old girl. The
researcher applies the theory by Abrams, showing method on how the other
character in the novel present McMurphy‟s record and the result is that he
performed many criminal activities in the past.
There is also an event when Randle McMurphy and the group from consist
of nine patients, a doctor and a girl having a trip to go deep-sea fishing, he is the
one who has the idea to steal a boat.
“Don‟t you think, Randle, we‟d better wait… until the captain…”
McMurphy caught him by the lapels and lifted him clear of the
dock into the boat like he was a small boy. Yeah, Doc, “he said,
wait till the captain what?” He commenced to laugh like he was
drunk, talking in an excited, nervous way.“Wait till the captain
comes out and tells us that the phone number I gave him is a
flophouse up in Portland? You bet. Here, George, damn your eyes;
take hold of this thing and get us out of here! Sefelt! Get that rope
loose and get on, George,come on.” [p.136]
The idea to go rent a boat and fishing at sea is Randle McMurphy‟s idea and
he also persuades fellow patients and the doctor in the mental institution to join
the trip. At first the group wants rent the ship because McMurphy already paid the
captain of the ship for some amount of money beforehand. Knowing that the
passengers is a group of patients and doctor from the mental asylum and that they
do not have the signed paper with proper authorities, the captain cancels the trip
due to risk of having sued if something gone wrong during the trip.
McMurphy does not want to cancel the trip and lose his money so he takes
the chance to steal the ship while the captain at the bar and keep his plan going.
At first the doctor hesitates before climbing aboard but McMurphy insists to keep
going and sail the ship. The showing method applied in this analysis, the result is
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that McMurphy is the one who has the idea to steal the boat. Stealing or theft is
included in the act of criminal activity and therefore include McMurphy as a
criminal. Another evidence is that McMurphy raped an underage girl in the past.
“Rape? The doctor perks up. Statutory, with a girl of-“ Whoa.
Couldn‟t make that stick,” McMurphy say to the doctor. Girl
wouldn‟t testify.” “With a child of fifteen.” “Said she was
seventeen, Doc, and she was plenty willin‟.” “A court doctor
examination of the child proved entry, repeated entry, the record
states-““So willin‟, in fact, I took to sewing my pants shut.” “The
child refused to testify in spite of the doctor‟s findings.”[p.28]
The previous quotation shows that McMurphy committed the rape of an underage
girl, according to the report from the doctor. However, McMurphy insists that he
did not rape the girl and state that the girl willingly makes love with McMurphy.
But the report from the court prove different fact, that the girl was raped many
times and she did not want to testify in the court about what happened to her
because of the presumption of intimidation she gets. This rape case proves one of
many criminal record committed by McMurphy and also prove that Randle
McMurphy is indeed a ruthless person. Using the showing method by Abrams, the
result is that McMurphy committed rape as prove of his cruelty to others. The
researcher finds out that through McMurphy‟s past record in military and events
happened while in the mental institution he often committed criminal activity
such as theft, fighting, assault and battery, rape and went to many prisons become
the proves that Randle McMurphy is a ruthless person.
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2. Rebellious
One characteristic of Randle McMurphy has is his rebellious action. He
often performs acts of rebellion toward the staff in the mental institution and also
having conflict with some mental institution staffs especially with the Big Nurse.
A rebellious person always refuses to obey to any rules or order given. People
who rebel shows range of behaviors aimed at destroying or taking over the
position of an established authority. The forms of behaviors can include non-
violent methods such as civil disobedience while in violent methods include with
armed rebellion aimed to destroy the authority.
The event when the Big Nurse told him to follow the rule in the mental
institution but he answers that he is having a problem about the rule:
“..I‟m sorry to interrupt you and Mr. Bromden, but you do
understand; everyone…must follow the rules.” He tips his head
back and gives wink that she isn‟t fooling him any more than I did,
that he‟s onto her. He looks up at her with one eye for a
minute.“Ya know, ma‟am”, he says, “ya know-that is the ex-act
thing somebody always tell me about the rules..” He grins. They
both smile back and forth each other, sizing each other up.”…just
when they figure I‟m about to do the dead opposite”[p.18]
Applying the theory by Abrams & Harpham in A Glossary of Literary Terms
Ninth Edition, the result from the dialogue above is that Randle McMurphy is a
type of a person who will not follow any kind of rule or from whoever it comes
from. Moreover, if anyone told him or enforce him to do so McMurphy will incite
rebellion instead.
As in the following events in the mental institution a debate between
McMurphy and the nurse: “I said McMurphy, that you are supposed to be
working during these hours. Her voice has a tight whine like an electric saw
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ripping through pine. Mr.McMurphy, I‟m warning you! You committed, you
realize. You are…under the jurisdiction of me…the staff. Under jurisdiction and
control.” [p.83].
Rarely did Randle McMurphy obeyed the rule the staff gives to him, such as
in the above event when the Big Nurse did not allow him to watch the television,
he turned on the television and watch the game instead. Immediately the staff
turned the television off but Randle McMurphy keeps watching it as if the game is
still played. Even when the Big Nurse tries to threaten McMurphy, he completely
ignored her as nothing happened around him. Moreover, McMurphy makes other
fellow patients in the ward follow his little rebellion to watch the blank screen
television. Applying the theory by Abrams and Harpham in A Glossary of
Literary Terms, the researcher able to know that Randle McMurphy ignored the
rule and even the threat from the authority, in this case is the Big Nurse, instead
he committed a little act of rebellion in front of the authority or the staffs trying to
mock the staffs.
McMurphy‟s confrontation toward the staffs and the way he always refuses to
conform to the rules of the ward results in McMurphy receives a number of shock
treatments and then lobotomy, a medical procedure for removing some parts of
the brain in order to punish him.
“The Big Nurse talks to McMurphy, soft and patients, about the
irresponsible thing he did, the childish thing, throwing tantrum like
a little boy-aren‟t you ashamed? He says guesses not and tells her
to get on with it. She talks to him about how they, the patients
downstairs on our ward, at a special group meeting yesterday
afternoon, agreed with the staff that it might be beneficial that he
receive some shock therapy-unless he realize his mistakes. All he
has to do is to admit he was wrong, to indicate, demonstrate
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rational contact, and the treatment would be cancelled this
time.”[p.155]
An event when McMurphy fight the staffs of the mental institution make him
encountered quite big problem, the Big Nurse threat him to enter the electroshock
treatment, a special treatment for those who cannot obey the rules and the likes
that making hullabaloo in the mental institution, for what he did in the bathroom
beating up the staffs and making turmoil. The nurse gives McMurphy a chance to
confess his mistake and he can skip the chance of his head being electrified by the
staffs. Instead of confessing and admit that he is wrong McMurphy said as
follows:
“Yeah? He says, You got paper I can sign? Well, no, but if you
feel it nec..And why don‟t you add some other things while you‟re
at it and get them out of the way-things like, oh me, being part of a
plot to overthrow the government and like a how I think life on
your ward is the sweetest goddamned life in this side of Hawaii-
you know that sort of crap. I don‟t believe that would- Then, after I
sign, you bring me a blanket and a package of Red Cross
cigarettes. Hoeee, those Chinese Commie could have learned a few
things from you, lady.”[p.155]
In the quotation above Randle McMurphy does not want to confess his mistake
even after the Big Nurse offer him an agreement that can save his life. The
quotation above indicates that McMurphy is a person who always confront with
the authorities, in this case McMurphy disobey and fight the staffs and also make
a little rebellion in the mental institution. Using the showing method from Abrams
and Harpham, reveals the quotations above that McMurphy has a passion to rebel
toward the authority, that he does not obey any rules given to him.
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3. Ambitious
Beside Randle McMurphy‟s immoral and rebellious characteristic, he is
also an ambitious person. This characteristic can be seen from his gambling
activities as he always eager to win the gamble he participates. An example when
he makes a bet with the other patients that he will bring down the authority in the
mental institution or the Big Nurse, head nurse at the mental institution.
Ironically, the way his ambition steers his goal to defeat Big Nurse‟s authority in
the mental institution eventually bring him to his suffering until the end of his life.
He is confident and also ambitious about the game he participates that he
is going to defeat the Big Nurse. When McMurphy enters the mental institution
for the first time he makes a bet that he can bring down the authority in that place.
This event happened when McMurphy challenges the Big Nurse for the first time
in the mental institution, after he knows that Big Nurse will trouble him with her
strict rules, he makes a bet with the fellow patients at there that he is going to
defeat Big Nurse and win the game he made.
“The hell with that. What I want to know is am I safe to try to beat
her at her own game? If I come on nice as pie to her, whatever else
I in-sinuate, she ain‟t gonna get in a tizzy and have me
electrocuted?” Here‟s what I‟m thinkin. You birds seem to think
you got quite the champ in there, don‟t you? Quite the-what did
you call her?-sure, impregnable woman. What I want to know is
how many of you are dead sure enough to put a little money on
her?” [p.43]
At this point, McMurphy shows that he is making a bet with the fellow patients on
how he will beat the authority of Big Nurse in the mental institution, he is
confident that he can win the game. McMurphy knows that the game he
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participates is dangerous, for the bet of this gamble is not a sum of money but
himself being at stake.
Despite the high risk of the game, McMurphy insists to continue that he
will beat the game. His ambition makes him oblivious to the fact that he is
unlikely able to bring down the authority of Big Nurse: “I‟m a gambler and I‟m
not in the habit of losing. And I‟ve never seen a woman I thought was more than
me, I don‟t care whether I can get it up for her or not. She may have the element
of time, but I got a pretty long winning streak goin‟ myself.”[p.43] Applying the
theory from Abrams and Harpham, the showing method, the above quotations
reveals that McMurphy is an ambitious person seen from McMurphy‟s ambition
to defeat Big Nurse which apparently in the end of the story bring him to his
suffering.
4. Persuasive
Persuasive also one of the characteristics that McMurphy has and as a
person with a smooth-tongued characteristic he can easily persuade and convince
the fellow patients and the doctor at a mental institution for the sake of his
personal interest. Often McMurphy in many chances persuades the fellow patients
to do the thing he want for example the event happened in the conversation
between McMurphy and Big Nurse in a group meeting therapy below:
“...remember that vote we had a day or so back-about the TV
time? Well, today‟s Friday and I thought I might just bring it up
again, just to see if anybody else has picked up a little guts.
Mr.McMurphy, the purpose of this meeting is therapy, group
therapy, and I‟m not certain these petty grievances. Yeah, yeah, the
hell with that, we‟ve heard it before. Me and some of the rest of the
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guys decided.. One moment Mr.McMurphy, let me pose a question
to the group: do any of you feel that Mr.McMurphy is perhaps
imposing his personal desires on some of you too much?” [p.80]
Randle McMurphy with his personal interest trying to influence the fellow
patients to agree on the permission to watch the television as if the interest is
paramount to the fellow patients, but actually this is Randle McMurphy own
interest. The quotation above shows that Randle McMurphy performs persuasion
in order to get his personal interest to watch television realized. A persuasive
person often uses expressive use of language and gesture to attract the feeling of
the interlocutor in order to change their mind or behavior.
In the case of Randle McMurphy, his ability to talk smoothly affects many
people in the mental institution, he can change people‟s mind in order to complete
his personal interest. This is reflected through following event McMurphy trying
to get the permission to go deep-sea fishing from the doctor after the Big Nurse
does not allow McMurphy to go:
“He was watching the doctor. And the doctor was eying the blond
girl‟s t-shirt like nothing else existed. McMurphy‟s loose smile
spread out on his face as he watched the doctor trance, and he
pushed his cap to the back of his head and strolled to the doctor‟s
side, startling him with a hand on the shoulder. “By God Doctor
Spivey, you ever see a Chinook salmon hit a line? One of the
fiercest sights on the seven seas. Say Candy honeybun, whyn‟t you
tell the doctor here about deep-sea fishing and all that. Working
together, it didn‟t take McMurphy and the girl but two minutes and
the little doctor was down locking up his office and coming back
up the hall, cramming papers in brief case”.[p.131]
The trip Randle McMurphy held is part of his plan to escape the routine in the
mental institution and to get laid with his lady friend, Cindy. Randle McMurphy
finally succeeds in persuading the doctor to approve the trip permit to go to the
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sea with the fellow patients. The way he talks and asks Cindy to persuade the
doctor play big role which results in doctor approval. Later on the doctor even
join the trip to sea and let the lady come along. The persuasive characteristic
Randle McMurphy has closely related to his manipulative or deceitful
characteristic in the next explanation below.
5. Deceitful
The narrator previously describes McMurphy as a person who have the
quality as a car salesman. The term car salesman here closely related to a bad
person, for a car salesman often deceives the customer about the quality of the car
he sells. A small research on the internet found that the majority of people in
America ranked car salesmen as a profession which rated very low based on
honesty and ethical standard among any other profession in other words car
salesmen is the least person that people can trust
http://www.gallup.com/poll/1654/honesty-ethics-professions.aspx
According to Phillip Reed, senior consumer advice editor in the
automotive website stated that “Salesman aren‟t your friends,Phillip says. By and
large they‟re manipulative and deceitful-and they will do whatever it takes to get
you in a car that day, whether it‟s the right deal for you or not”
http://www.cnbc.com/id/26011623#. Based on previous research, the personality
of a car salesman is believed by a majority of people as a manipulative or
deceitful.
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Randle McMurphy is described by the narrator in the novel as a person
who has the quality of a car salesman which shows that McMurhy has the quality
of manipulative or deceitful characteristic. A manipulative or deceitful person
often lies in order to get what he wanted, to achieve his goal. As long as he can
get what he wanted, he does not care about the others. He or she has a purpose
whether it may to pursue the comfort and an easy life, for instance, the feeling of
power and respect or monetary gain. Sometimes a manipulator‟s own purpose is
simply the actual disruption of the target for the sake of disruption in the place he
or she lives. Randle McMurphy is described to have the quality of manipulative or
deceitful person in the story;
“What Miss Ratched, your opinion of this new patient? I mean, gee
,he‟s good looking and friendly and everything, but in my humble
opinion he certainly takes over “I‟m afraid that is exactly the new
patients is planning; to take over. He is what we called
„manipulator‟, Miss Flinn, a man who will use everyone and
everything to his own ends. A manipulator can influence the other
patients and disrupt them to such an extent that it may take months
to get everything runs smooth once more”[p.19]
Using the theory from Abrams and Harphams, the showing method reveals that
Big Nurse noted the personality of McMurphy as a person who is manipulative,
that he has a plan to take over the system in the mental institutions. Through Big
Nurse‟s observation she can state what type of person McMurphy is by looking
the conversation in the meeting and the way McMurphy interacts with other
patients. The fact is that McMurphy does not have the quality of a lunatic, crazy
person but rather he is trying to manipulate the system for the sake of his
advantage. Another fact which proves McMurphy that he is a deceitful person is
when he feigning his insanity in order to escape the drudgery of Pendleton Farm;
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“Another thing: I‟m in this place because that‟s the way I planned
it, pure and simple, because this is a better place than a work farm.
As near as I can tell you I‟m no loony or never knew it if I was.
Your nurse don‟t know this; she‟s not going to be looking out for
somebody coming at her with a trigger-quick mind like I obviously
got. These things give me an edge I like. So I‟m saying five bucks
to each of you that wants it if I can put a betsy bug up that nurse‟s
butt within a week.”[p.44]
The researcher then applies the showing method from Abrams and Harpham‟s
theory in A Glossary of Literary Terms. Ninth Edition, the research reveals that
McMurphy is already planning to get himself moved to the mental institution back
when he still at the Pendleton Farm. McMurphy wants to escape the labor in the
farmer and enjoy the comfort and luxury in the mental institution. Previously in
the Pendleton Farm he declared himself as lunatic in order to get himself
transferred to the mental institution. With his ability to manipulate other person he
can easily get himself transferred to the mental institution. Through the other
character description of Randle McMurphy and also his speech in the above
quotations shows that quality of manipulative person he has.
When McMurphy planned the trip to the sea, he starts to collecting money
from other fellow patients, but then the Big Nurse tries to cancel the trip and told
McMurphy to refund the money;
“I‟ve already rented the boat; the man got seventy bucks of mine in
the pocket right now!” Seventy dollars? So? I thought you told the
patients you‟d need to collect a hundred dollars plus ten of your own
to finance the trip, Mr.Murphy. I was putting gas in the cars over and
back. That wouldn‟t amount to thirty dollars, though would it? She
smiled so nice at him, waiting. He threw his hands and looked at
ceiling. Hoo boy, you don‟t miss a chance do you Miss District
Attorney. Sure, I was keepin‟ what was left over. I don‟t think any of
the guys ever thought any different. I figured to make a little for the
trouble I took get..”[p.131]
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Using the method from Abrams and Harphams, the quotation reveal that
from Big Nurse saying McMurphy manipulate the fellow patients to pay the trip a
little more, when actually the amount of money needed is less than McMurphy
asked before. Big Nurse realized that McMurphy had something behind his plan
to go fishing, turn out McMurphy keep a little amount of money for himself.
At first McMurphy does not admit that he lied and stated that the rest of
the money is used to pay the gas, eventually he admit that he committed such
action and stated that he deserve to get a little payoff for what he has done
arranging the trip. The action McMurphy did show that he is indeed a
manipulative or deceitful person.
6. Remorseless
In the novel, McMurphy is described as a man who repeatedly imprisoned
in many country jails for his crimes. McMurphy is said to repeatedly commit
assault and battery, disturbing the peace, drunkenness, rape and gambling. His
track record shows that McMurphy does not have any feeling of guilt or remorse
for the crimes he has done. For example, when McMurphy assaulted a man back
in the Pendleton Farm and then when he caught for rape an under-aged girl, he
shows no remorse whatsoever.
“To tell the truth, this „sault and battery I was doing in Pendleton
was the first hitch in close to a year. That‟s why I got busted. I was
outta practice; this guy was able to get up off the floor and get to
the cops before I left town. A very tough individual..”[p.16]
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From the quotation above, the researcher found out that McMurphy is a person
who like to harmed other people and make it as a hobby since he repeatedly did
this kind of action. The characteristic of McMurphy is analyzed using the theory
from Abrams and Harphams, the showing method. The researcher found that
McMurphy did not show any feeling of guilt or remorse after harming another
person. This action McMurphy did is considered extreme and abnormal while any
normal person will have the feeling of guilt or remorse after committed such
harmed action. According to the McMurphy‟s record, he also committed rape
toward an under aged child of fifteen. The way he done such action against the
moral value and harmed other person shows that he did not regret his action.
“Rape? The doctor perks up. Statutory, with a girl of fifteen. A
court doctor‟s examination of the child proved entry, repeated
entry, the record states. The child refused to testify in spite of
doctor‟s finding. There seemed to be intimidation.” [p.28]
Using the showing method by Abrams and Harpham, the quotation above
describes how McMurphy committed such immoral action toward a child of
fifteen and not showing any regret or remorse. The child rejects to testify in the
court without any reason which probably because of the intimidation from
McMrphy. Through the analysis of his behavior McMurphy is indeed a person
with lack of remorse and has abnormal behavior that harmed others.
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B. The antisocial personality disorder reflected through Randle
McMurphy
In this second problem formulation, the researcher analyzes how the
symptoms of antisocial personality disorder are being portrayed through Randle
McMurphy in the novel. The researcher uses the main theory based on
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition,
text revision by Frances Allen as editor (2000:706).
The symptoms that Randle McMurphy has are described in the following
analysis based on the main character sayings and actions. The application of the
theory of antisocial disorder is used to find out how the symptoms are reflected
through the main character. The researcher then found out few symptoms which
are the evidences of the antisocial personality disorder Randle McMurphy has.
The following are few symptoms the researcher found throughout the application
of the theory from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth
Edition on the main character and matched his characteristic to the symptoms of
anti-social personality disorder.
1. Failure to Conform to Social Norms
In a social environment, there are written and unwritten rules which have
to be followed by anyone who lives within the society, the rules of which is made
and agreed by the people within the society and must be followed by them. If in
any case there is any member of the society failed to conform to the social norms,
that person will be punished according to the applicable law within the society.
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In the novel One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, Randle McMurphy is
described as a person who commits many criminal acts for many times over and
over again, he has been gone to many prisons for his criminal activities such as
fighting, gambling, theft, manipulates and rape. Considering from McMurphy‟s
past criminal activities, McMurphy is included as a person who cannot obey the
rule or social norms. There is an example when McMurphy said that he often got
caught by the officer in the past;
“Ever since I found my callin‟ I done time in so many small-town
jails I could write a brochure. They say I‟m a habitual hassle. Like
I fight some.Sheeut”[p.16]
The above quotation shows that Randle McMurphy has many records in prison,
he often ends up in so many jails for what he did in the past often disobey the
social norms and disrupt other people with assault and battery. The officer even
called him as a habitual hassle for what he did, which means that McMurphy
really like to fight over and over again.
“But that was just for a period of time. I learned the ropes. To tell
the truth, this „sault and battery I was doing in Pendleton was the
first hitch in close to a year. That‟s why I got busted. I was outta
practice; this guy was able to get up off the floor and get to the
cops before I left town. A very tough individual..”[p.16]
McMurphy caught by the officer back where he was in the Pendleton
Farms because in that year he started to fight again for the first time. He tried to
run out from the city but the victim already called the officer before McMurphy
tried to leave the city. Randle McMurphy‟s action toward other people shows
McMurphy violates the social norms by fighting and harmed other people.
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Evidence showing how McMurphy behavior conform the rules in the mental
institution.
“Didn‟t you see the way the man acted out there today? When one
of his schemes was thwarted he was up out of his chair, on the
verge of violence.There is marked disregard for discipline and
authority”, the doctor says.His history shows that time and again
he has acted out his hostilities against authority figures, in school,
in service, in jail!”[p.87]
From the quotation above the doctor stated that in his observation toward
Randle McMurphy. The doctor states that from McMurphy‟s action when one of
his plan is rejected by the staff, he spontaneously shows his violence gesture.
From that action the doctor stated that McMurphy has disregard for discipline and
authority to the rules of the mental institution. The doctor also stated about
McMurphy‟s history about his aggressiveness or confrontation toward any figures
related to authority in many places such as in school, in public service and even in
the prison as well.
McMurphy‟s ambition to bring down the Big Nurse or the authority and
rule the mental institution in order to make it comfortable for him to live in,
makes him use any actions which are necessary to achieve his goal, whether it is
bad or not. Because McMurphy‟s ambition, it leads him to commit some actions
which is included into failure to conform to social norms. The characteristics of
McMurphy also play big role in the way he fails to conform to social norms,
which are immoral, rebellious and also ambitious.
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2. Deceitfulness
Another characteristic from McMurphy is manipulative behavior, he tried
to manipulate others for the sake of his own benefit. An example is about his
condition in the Pendleton Farm, where the doctor stated that McMurphy is
having mental disorder but actually it was McMurphy‟s plan in order to avoid
drudgery in the farmer. Later on McMurphy told another fellow patient about his
condition and what is his purpose when he asks to be transferred into the mental
institution.
“Another thing: I‟m in this place because that‟s the way I planned
it, pure and simple, because this is a better place than a work farm.
As near as I can tell you I‟m no loony or never knew it if I was.
Your nurse don‟t know this; she‟s not going to be looking out for
somebody coming at her with a trigger-quick mind like I obviously
got.”[p.44]
The quotation above shows that McMurphy is indeed had a plan toward his move
to the mental institution. McMurphy is avoiding the hard work on the farm and
choose to have a more comfortable place like in the mental institution, “Don‟t
overlook the possibility that this man might be feigning psychosis to escape the
drudgery of the work farm.”[p.115] The previous quotation is the doctor‟s note
from the Pendleton Farm, which notice the idea of McMurphy asked to be sent to
the mental institution.
The note from the doctor gives the researcher insight that McMurphy
indeed has a plan to escape from the farm by manipulating his condition to get the
permission to be transferred to the mental institution. With his ability to speak
smoothly and persuade other fellow patients McMurphy easily influences them to
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rebel against the mental institution which succeed and some of the patients follow
McMurphy ideas to do stuff against the rules of the mental institution.
3. Irritability and Aggressiveness
McMurphy has the history of brawling, assault and battery, thus
McMurphy can be classified into a person with the symptom of irritability and
aggressiveness because he often attacks people and ended up in jails. The
following quotation shows the event where McMurphy unexpectedly breaks the
glass at the staff office;
“He stopped in front of her window and he said in his slowest,
deepest brawl how he figured he could use one of the smokes he
bought this mornin‟, then ran his hand through the glass. “The
glass came apart like water splashing and the nurse threw he hands
to her ears. He got one of the cartons of cigarettes with his name
on it and took out a pack, then put it back and turned to where the
Big Nurse was sitting like a chalk and very tenderly went to
brushing the slivers of glass off her hat and shoulders [p.114]
Using the theory from M.H Abrams, showing method, the researcher finds that
the main character, Randle McMurphy performs a poor behavioral control by
breaking the window at the staff office. McMurphy spontaneously breaks the
glass in the staff office window and take a pack of cigarette then back to his chair
like nothing happened while leaving Big Nurse stood still afraid of his action. The
way McMurphy acts toward the staff show that he has the symptom of irritability
and aggressiveness which support the idea of McMurphy having the personality
disorder as in the quotation below;
. “I‟m sure sorry, ma‟am, he said Gawd but I am. That window
glass was so spick and I com-pletely forgot it was there.” It took
just a couple of seconds. He turned and left her sitting there with
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her face shifting and jerking and walked back across the day room
to his chair, lighting up a cigarette.”[p.114]
Another event showing McMurphy‟s poor behavioral control in the mental
institution is when McMurphy asked permission from Big Nurse to let him bring
her friend named Cindy Starr to accompany the fishing trip McMurphy held, but
Big Nurse blatantly denied his request. When he heard what they are saying,
McMurphy suddenly performed the action of irritability and aggressiveness as in
the following quotation;
“..after the request had been turned down on the grounds that this
Miss Starr didn‟t seem like the most wholesome person for a
patient to go pass with, he shrugged and said that‟s how she
bounces I guess, and got up and walked to the nurses‟ station , to
the window that still had the sticker from the glass company down
in the corner, and ran his fist through it again-explained to the
nurse while blood poured from his fingers that he thought the
cardboard had been left out and the frame was open. “When did
they sneak that danged glass in there? Why that thing is a menace”
[p.116]
The quotation above shows that McMurphy performs a poor behavioral
control when the nurse denied his proposal to bring his lady friend. McMurphy
spontaneously breaks the window glass in the nurse's station in an attempt to
show his anger and disappointment toward Big Nurse. At first, McMurphy‟s
attempt is to attack or punch Big Nurse before he realized that the glass has been
replaced and failed his attempt to attack her.
After he heard what Big Nurse said before, McMurphy immediately walks
toward Big Nurse and break the door at the office followed by McMurphy‟s
horrible action when he ripped off Big Nurse‟s clothes as if what he aim to do is
to rape and embarrassed her in front of the patients and staffs and then strangled
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her neck trying to kill her. Using the method from Abrams and Harpham, the
researcher can be able to conclude that McMurphy is having poor behavioral
control and included to a person who have the symptom of irritability and
aggressiveness according to the quotations of McMurphy‟s actions above.
4. Lack of remorse
The last symptom of anti-social personality disorder found from Randle
McMurphy is lack of remorse. Person with antisocial personality disorder rarely
regrets for what they have done so does what happened to Randle McMurphy in
this novel. He rarely regrets for his action which harmed other people which
makes him considered as a person who have lost his compassion.
The way Randle McMurphy‟s characteristic matched to the symptom of
antisocial personality disorder is that he lacks of concern of pain, suffering of the
victim that normal people would have after committing mistakes or done
something terribly wrong. It is proven when McMurphy caught by the police for
repeated assaults and battery, rape an under aged girl, two attempts to attack the
staff by breaking into the office windows and also the last action he did in the
mental institution toward the Big Nurse when he ripped off Big Nurse‟s clothes
and tried to kill her which also shows no sign of regret after done such action
toward other people.
“Only at the last-after he‟d smashed through that glass door, her
face swinging around, with terror forever ruining any other look
she might ever try to use again, screaming when the two nippled
circles started from her chest and swelled out and out, bigger than
anybody had ever imagined, warm and pink in the light...doctors
and supervisors and nurses prying those heavy red fingers out of
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the white flesh of her throats as if they were her neck bones,
jerking him backward off of her with a loud heave of
breath.”[p.175]
When Randle McMurphy finally attacked and ripped-off Big Nurse clothes in
front of the staffs and all other patients is the last thing he could do in the mental
institution and because later the action resulted in lobotomy. The cruel attack is an
evidence of how Randle McMurphy is such a remorseless person, without any
regret attack, humiliated and almost killed Big Nurse.
Since the beginning of the novel McMurphy is described as a person who
had no family and no fixed job other than military service which is meaning that
he does not have responsibility toward anything or to other people. He also has
been around into many places and country jails, making so many problems to
others and commits ruthless acts without any regret become the clue of his
personality of being remorseless.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
In this last chapter the researcher comes to the conclusion of the analysis
of the main character and matched those characteristics to the symptom of
antisocial disorder. The researcher has two problems which have been discussed
in the previous chapter. The first problem is what the characteristics of the main
character are, Randle McMurphy is described in the novel and the second problem
is how the antisocial personality disorder reflected through the main character.
Several theories applied here aim to answer the problems. Theory of character and
characteristics is used to investigate the characteristics of Randle McMurphy. The
application of psychological theory in this research helps the researcher gets the
understanding of antisocial personality disorder.
The researcher has identified the characteristics of Randle McMurphy,
namely ruthless, rebellious, ambitious, persuasive, deceitful and remorseless. The
way McMurphy repeatedly committed ruthless actions toward other people can be
seen from the doctor’s finding through McMurphy’s record. Randle McMurphy
was often caught by the police and were jailed in many country prisons. Randle
McMurphy considered as a rebellious person seen from the way he always breaks
the rules in the mental institution, in the society and even rules which should be
obeyed in the prison. The way he tries to achieve his goal in order to win the game
to defeat Big Nurse’s authoritative duty forces him to use any possible actions
which shows how ambitious McMurphy is.
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As a smooth-tongued person, McMurphy can easily persuade someone to
follow and influence his idea to others in order to get what he wants. Since he is a
persuasive person, McMurphy used this advantage to manipulate other people for
many times in order to take advantage from other people. His remorseless
characteristic can be seen clearly through his actions toward other person since
McMurphy often harmed others, moreover he does not show any feeling of guilt
Regarding the characteristics of Randle McMurphy explained in the above
paragraphs the researcher aims to answer the next question, which is how the
characteristics of Randle McMurphy related to the symptoms of anti-social
personality disorder. Previously the researcher mentioned seven features defined
from psychologists about people who suffer from antisocial personality disorder
that become the standpoint of the determination on antisocial personality disorder
criteria. The researcher already figured out five out of seven features which
matched.
The first feature is failure to conform to social norms. This feature is
identified by the characteristic of being ruthless. Randle McMurphy has shown his
disregard of the rights of others by committing assault and battery and rape, which
become the mark of being ruthless person.
The second feature is deceitfulness. This feature is identified by the
characteristic of being manipulative or deceitful. Randle McMurphy often
deceives others to get things he wants which makes McMurphy included as
deceitful person. The next feature is irritability and aggressiveness. McMurphy
often attack others in many places, this poor behavioral control marked his
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49
irritable characteristic and is matched to the feature of irritability and
aggressiveness. Another feature is consistent responsibility. Being jobless,
homeless and without any relationship to anybody makes him a person who has
very little sense of loyalty and duty in the job and relationship.
The last feature is lack of remorse which is identified by Randle
McMurphy’s remorseless characteristic. The finding that Rande McMurphy lacks
the feeling of guilt and cannot feel any remorse after committing immoral actions
becomes prove that Randle McMurphy is a remorseless person.
Based on the conclusion above, it can be said that the main character,
Randle McMurphy, suffers from anti-social personality disorder as has been
confirmed by five out of seven features of antisocial personality disorder
indications from the book Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder.
The researcher’s questions are answered after analyzing the description of the
main character and matched his characteristics to the criteria of being anti-social.
The conclusion above reveals that based on the analysis of the main
character’s abnormal behavior turns out Randle McMurphy is in fact having
antisocial personality disorder. The researcher also can identify whether a person
is having antisocial personality disorder through a person characteristic and the
application of psychological approach to the analysis. Through the case of Randle
McMurphy in the novel One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, the researcher hopes
that the readers also able to identify if there are a person around that behave as
Randle McMurphy does.
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50
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Fick, Thomas. H. The Hipster, the Hero and the Physic Frontier in One Flew
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Guerin, Wilfred L. A Handbook of Critical to Literature. New York: Harper and
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Hudson, William Henry. An Introduction to The Study of Literature. London:
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Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. New York: The Viking Press,
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Kalish, Richard. The Psychology of Human Behavior, Third Edition. Berkeley:
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http://www.gallup.com/poll/1654/honesty-ethics-professions.aspx
http://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/slide/one-flew-
over-the-cuckoos-nest-1962-by-ken-kesey/
http://www.thenation.com/article/one-flew-over-cuckoos-nest
http://home.olemiss.edu/~egjbp/spring97/litcrit.html
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